Is it safe to use ovarian follicular fluid from cows seropositive for brucellosis in the production of in vitro embryos?

Animal reproduction biotechniques are important tools for the technological advancement of livestock, as they allow the selection of the reproductive potential of superior quality females and males; however, infectious diseases that have a predilection for the reproductive system can be a hindrance for the use of these technologies. Therefore, the present study aimed to detect Brucella spp. in the ovarian follicular fluid of brucellosis-positive bovine cows. A total of 47 bovine ovarian follicular fluid aspirates from cows, positive in tests for brucellosis and from Brucella-positive herd, were submitted to PCR. The primers used in the PCR were specific to the genus Brucella (bcsp31 gene). All 47 bovine aspirates were negative for Brucella spp. 0.00% (95% CI: 0.00-4.00%). Our results demonstrated that Brucella spp. was absent in the ovarian follicular fluid from seropositive cows, which indicates that Brucella spp.-infected cows could be used for reproductive biotechnologies carried out with follicular aspirates. Future studies are needed to more precisely evaluate the feasibility and safety of using these oocytes from brucellosis-seropositive cows to transfer embryos to heifers/cows not infected by Brucella, aiming to produce calves free of the infection.

Partial Amputation of a Nonreducing Prolapsed Phallus in an Ostrich (Struthio camelus).

A 19-year-old male ostrich (Struthio camelus) was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital (São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil) due to a 6-month history of recurrent prolapse of the phallus. On physical examination, 2 ulcerative wounds were present on the phallus, as well as caseous plaques and myiasis. Conservative treatment resulted in improvement but prolapse of the phallus remained. Thus, a decision was made to perform a partial phallectomy. The surgery was successful and no postoperative complications occurred. When the ostrich was reexamined 6 months postsurgery, the ostrich was alert, in good health, and the surgical site completely healed. The owner verbally reported no recurrence of the phallus prolapse 1 year after surgery.

Hipospadia peniana em cão ­ Relato de caso / Penile hypospadias in a dog - Case report / Hipospadias peneana en un perro ­ Reporte de caso

A hipospadia é oresultado de falha no desenvolvimento em que não ocorre a fusão normal das dobras genitais e intumescência genital, o que causa desenvolvimento anormal da uretra peniana, do pênis, prepúcio e/ou escroto. O objetivodeste relato é descrever um caso de hipospadia peniana de um canino macho, sem raça definida (SRD), de oito meses deidade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, na cidade de Belém/Pará, detalhando os procedimentos cirúrgico e anestésico utilizados para resolução do caso. Ao chegar ao hospital, o animal foi submetido ao exame físicoinicial no qual observou-se uma deformidade na região perianal por onde drenava a urina e uma abertura na região prepucial. A partir disso, foi solicitada a uretrocistografia retrógrada para complemento diagnóstico da hipospadia e seu comprometimento ao sistema urinário interno. Diante disso, foi realizado procedimento cirúrgico reconstrutivo e orquiectomia terapêutica, alcançando permitindoa resolução do caso e a recuperação completa do animal. Considerando que essa deformidade impossibilita a capacidadesexual generandi, a resolução recomendada é a cirúrgica, na qual o prognóstico é bom, possibilitando qualidade de vida ao animal.(AU)

Hypospadias is the result of developmental failure where normal fusion of the genital folds and genital tumescence does not occur, which causes abnormal development of the penile urethra, penis, foreskin and/or scrotum. The objective of this report is to describe a case of penile hypospadias in an eight-month-old male mixed breed (SRD) canine, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Amazônia, in the city of Belém/Pará, detailing the procedures surgical and anesthetic used for resolution of the case. Upon arrival at the hospital, the animal underwent an initial physical examination in which a deformity was observed in the perianal region through which urine drained and an opening in the preputial region. From this, a retrograde urethrocystography was requested to complement the diagnosis of hypospadias and its commitment to the internal urinary system. In view of this, a reconstructive surgical procedure and therapeutic orchiectomy were performed, allowing the resolution of the case and the complete recovery of the animal. Considering that this deformity prevents the sexual capacity generandi, the recommended resolution is surgery, in which the prognosis is good, allowing quality of life for the animal.(AU)

La hipospadias es el resultado de una falla en el desarrollo donde no ocurre la fusión normal de los pliegues genitales y la tumescencia genital, lo que provoca un desarrollo anormal de la uretra peneana, el pene, el prepucio y/o el escroto. El objetivo de este relato es describir un caso de hipospadias peneana en un canino macho mestizo (SRD) de ocho meses de edad, atendido en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad Federal Rural de Amazônia, en la ciudad de Belém/Pará, detallando los procedimientos quirúrgicos y anestésicos utilizados para la resolución del caso. A su llegada al hospital, el animal fue sometido a un examen físico inicial en el que se observó una deformidad en la región perianal por donde salía la orina y una abertura en la región prepucial. A partir de ello se solicitó cistouretrografía retrógrada para complementar el diagnóstico de hipospadias y su afectación en el sistema urinario interno. Ante esto, se realizó un procedimiento quirúrgico reconstructivo y orquiectomía terapéutica, que permitió la resolución del caso y la recuperación completa del animal. Teniendo en cuenta que esta deformidad imposibilita la capacidadgeneradi sexual, la resolución recomendada es la cirugía, en la que el pronóstico es bueno, permitiendo calidad de vida para el animal.(AU)

Bovine Genital Leptospirosis and reproductive disorders of live subfertile cows under field conditions.

Bovine genital leptospirosis (BGL) is characterized by silent chronic reproductive disorders, most related to early embryonic death leading to estrus repetition, subfertility and abortions. However, most studies were conducted in slaughterhouses, which lacks reproductive and sanitary history of the studied animals. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Leptospira sp. infection in live cows with history of low reproductive efficiency. Blood, urine, cervico-vaginal mucus and uterine fragment were collected from nine cows of the same herd presenting reproductive failure (abortions, estrus repetition and chronic infertility). Serology (MAT) and molecular analysis (PCR and nucleotide sequencing) were performed. Serology showed three (33.3%) seroreactive cows, two to Sejroe and one to Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups. Six cows (66.7%) presented leptospiral DNA on genital samples, while all urine samples were negative. L. interrogans was identified in five samples, very closely related to strains from Sejroe (n = 3) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 2) serogroups, while L. noguchii was identified in one sample. Results from this preliminary study demonstrates the presence of leptospires on uterus and reinforces the negative impact of leptospiral infection on reproductive tract, highlighting its association with reproductive failures on live animals.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype 1a in a mummified fetus from a Brazilian dairy cattle herd.

We describe the molecular analysis of a wild-type field strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) identified in a mummified fetus from a small Brazilian dairy cattle herd. Nucleic acids extracted from samples of the lung, liver, heart, spleen, and kidney were tested by PCR assays for bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp., Histophilus somni, and Brucella abortus, a nested PCR assay for Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Ureaplasma diversum, and a RT-PCR assay for BVDV. Amplicons were only obtained in the RT-PCR assay for the partial amplification of the BVDV 5'UTR (288 bp) in kidney and spleen samples and the Npro (438 bp) gene in the kidney sample. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplified products and phylogenetic analyses based on the 2 BVDV genomic regions enabled the BVDV strain to be classified as subgenotype 1a.

Evidence of porcine circovirus type 2 and co-infection with ungulate protoparvovirus 1 (porcine parvovirus) in mummies and stillborn piglets in subclinically infected farm.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and protoparvovirus 1 (PPV) were detected as single infection (6/131) and (11/131) respectively, or co-infection (6/131) in fetuses and stillborn piglets from normal deliveries in a farm without reproductive problems. Twenty in twenty-three positive samples were over 70 days of gestation, which is when the fetus becomes immunocompetent, and the presence of a NADL-2 PPV strain suggests fetal immune system impairment. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained showed that 8/9 sequences are related to cluster 13 and the remaining is grouped into cluster 11 sequences. An increase in variability in ORF2 sequences in Argentina was observed. It is not clear whether the detection of fetuses positive to PPV and PCV2 is of epidemiological importance in a subclinically affected farm. However, the results of this study showed that currently used vaccines and vaccine protocols do not fully protect against PPV or PCV2 fetus infection.

Soroepidemiological survey of chlamydia abortus infection in bovine in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Inquérito soroepidemiológico da infecção por chlamydia abortus em bovinos no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

The objective of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological survey of Chlamydia abortus infection in dairy cattle herds. A total of 303 blood serum samples were collected from 24 property in Vale do Ipanema microregion in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. For the diagnosis of C. abortus infection, a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit (ELISA) was used. A prevalence of 34.0% (103/303; 95% CI: 28.7%-39.7%) of infected animals was identified. In 79.8% (19/24) of the properties, at least one infected animal was detected. The risk factors identified were: semi-intensive system (OR = 3.47, p ≤ 0.000), extensive system (OR = 8.14; p ≤ 0.000), supply of water in troughs and directly at the fountain (OR = 2.29, p = 0.002), pasture rent (OR = 1.72, p = 0.041), use of artificial insemination (AI) (OR = 3.07, p = 0.002), and use of AI associated with natural mount (OR = 2.22, p = 0.003). The occurrence of C. abortus infection in dairy cattle in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, was recorded for the first time. It is concluded that the infection by this agent is present in the analyzed herds and that hygienic and sanitary management measures based on the identified risk factors should be implemented to avoid reproductive losses and losses to the producers.(AU)

Objetivou-se realizar um inquérito soroepidemiológico da infecção por Chlamydia abortus em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. Foram coletadas 303 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos procedentes de 24 propriedades da microrregião do Vale do Ipanema no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Para o diagnóstico da infecção por C. abortus, utilizou-se kit comercial de ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Foi identificada uma prevalência de 34,0% (103/303; IC 95% - 28,7% - 39,7%) de animais positivos. Em 79,8% (19/24) das propriedades foi detectado pelo menos um animal positivo. Os fatores de risco identificados foram: sistema semi-intensivo (OR = 3,47; p= < 0,000), sistema extensivo (OR = 8,14; p = < 0,000); fornecimento de água em cochos e diretamente na fonte (OR = 2,29; p = 0,002); aluguel de pasto (OR = 1,72; p = 0,041); uso de inseminação artificial (IA) (OR = 3,07; p = 0,002) e uso de IA associado à monta natural (OR = 2,22; p = 0,003). Registra-se, pela primeira vez, a ocorrência da infecção por C. abortus em bovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Conclui-se que a infecção por esse agente está presente nos rebanhos analisados e que medidas de manejo higiênico-sanitário baseadas nos fatores de risco identificados devem ser implementadas com o intuito de evitar perdas reprodutivas e prejuízos para os produtores.(AU)

Campylobacter fetus in abomasal fluid from spontaneously aborted bovine and ovine fetuses

Pregnancy losses are a major concern in livestock industry due to their economic impact on producers. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (Cff) and C. fetus subspecies venerealis (Cfv) are directly related to reproductive failures in ruminants. Cff colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of hosts leading to abortion, while Cfv is restricted to genital tract being generally associated to infertility in bovine. Considering the great economic losses related to campylobacteriosis in cattle and ovine herds, this study aims to investigate the occurrence of C. fetus, considering Cff and Cfv subspecies, in bovine and ovine spontaneously aborted fetuses in state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In this study, samples of abomasal fluid collected from 30 spontaneously aborted bovine (n = 18) and ovine (n = 12) fetuses were investigated for the detection of Campylobacter fetus throughout conventional PCR. Positive fetuses for C. fetus presence were further analyzed by molecular assays for Cff and Cfv detection, in order to determine subspecies identification. When available, samples of the main organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, as well as the brain, skeletal muscle, eyelid, skin, and placenta were collected for further histopathological analyses and bacterial culture, aiming to assess the presence of infection lesions and pathogens in those sites, respectively. Additionally, RT-qPCR assays were also performed for the detection of ruminant pestivirus, in order to detect bovine viral diarrhea cases. Throughout the present methodology, C. fetus was detected in the abomasal fluid samples of 2 bovine fetuses, being both identified as Cfv subspecies by PCR. Histopathological analyses demonstrated that macroscopic and microscopic changes found in the Cfv-positive animals were not either specific or directly related to Campylobacter infections. Moreover, no significant bacterial growth was observed in microbiological culture from the collected tissues, and both fetuses were negative for ruminant pestivirus. Differently, there was no detection of C. fetus in any of the analyzed ovine fetuses. Considering that abortion diagnosis rates reported in cattle and sheep industry are highly variable among the published studies, and that abortion diagnoses are commonly inconclusive due to difficulties in sampling methodology and inadequate identification of the pathogen involved, it is important to investigate the etiological causes of abortion the herds for better understanding the causes of pregnancy issues and monitoring their occurrence. In addition, the absence of pathognomonic lesions in the tissues investigated in the histopathological analyses observed in this study strongly suggests that well-known etiological agents commonly associated to abortion, such as Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma spp., Chlamydia spp. and Neospora caninum, are unlikely to be the cause of infection of the analyzed fetuses. Taking this into account, the presence of C. fetus in the abomasal fluid samples from two bovine fetuses demonstrated in the present study suggests the possible association of Cfv not only with infertility, but also with cases of bovine abortion, highlighting the importance of investigating unusual causal agents of abortions in sheep and cattle. Overall, an adequate diagnosis is essential for establishing better prevention strategies to avoid the circulation of abortion-related infectious agents in the herds.(AU)

Frozen bovine preputial mucus as a suitable sample for the direct molecular diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis.

Long transportation times remain a challenge to the satisfactory diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv). Here we demonstrated that samples of frozen bovine preputial mucus maintained at -20 °C for 10 days can be used as an alternative source for molecular diagnosis of Cfv. This approach will improve the analysis of this bacterium.

Epidemiological study of neosporosis in Uruguayan dairy herds.

Neosporosis is one of the leading causes of abortion in cattle worldwide, posing a great economic burden on cattle producers. The aim of this study was to determine the national seroprevalence and putative risk factors of Neospora caninum (N. caninum) in dairy cattle in Uruguay. A cross-sectional study was carried out. Herds were stratified by size (1-50, 51-250, and >250 cattle) and up to 60 dairy cows per herd were randomly selected. Four thousand two hundred twenty-three serum samples from 102 dairy herds were analyzed by indirect ELISA test, under the manufacturer's recommendations. In addition, the herdsman was surveyed and a population study was carried out. The in degree data, geographical coordinates, and seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea, enzootic bovine leukemia and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis were available for each herd. A sampling design was used to estimate population seroprevalence of N. caninum. In order to determine the factors associated with the disease, herds with an intra-herd seroprevalence over 20% were considered as case herds. Seroprevalence of N. caninum was 22.3% (95% CI: 18.7-25.9 %) and 96.0% (95% CI: 92.1-99.8%) at the animal and herd level, respectively. The number of dogs on the dairy farms were associated with infection levels (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.03). It was concluded that N. caninum is endemic in the country, and is spreading over dairy herds. Although this study showed evidence that the number of dogs were associated with high levels of infection, more studies should be conducted, to better understand the epidemiology of the disease and thus develop efficient control measures.

Immunogenicity in sheep of Uruguayan commercial vaccines against bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, 5 and bovine pestiviruses / Imunogenicidade em ovelhas de vacinas comerciais Uruguaias para alfaherpesvírus bovino 1, 5 e pestivírus de bovinos

The serological responses induced by four commercial inactivated Uruguayan vaccines against bovine alphaherpesviruses (BoHV)-1 and -5 and bovine pestiviruses (BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and HoBiPeV) were evaluated in sheep. Thirty-seven sheep were immunized twice (day 0 and 25) and their serum samples were tested at different intervals (days 0, 25, 40, 60, and 90) post-vaccination (PV). Among the four vaccines tested, only one (G4) could induce the production of moderate neutralizing antibody titers against BoHV-1 and -5 and BVDV-1 and -2. The G3 vaccine showed a neutralizing serological response against the bovine alphaherpesviruses only. The G1 and G2 vaccines produced extremely low levels of antibodies in a few vaccinated animals only (geometric mean titers (GMT) 2.2). Similar levels of immunological responses were induced by the G4 vaccine against BoHV-1 and -5, and titers of neutralizing antibodies induced in approximately 70% of the animals are known to confer protection (GMT > 8). For bovine pestiviruses, the vaccine stimulated response of G4 against BVDV-2 was higher compared to that against BVDV-1, and extremely low for HoBiPeV. The peak of neutralizing antibodies to BoHV-1 and BVDV-1 was observed on days 40 and 60 PV, respectively. Thereafter, a remarkably decrease in neutralizing antibody response was observed at day 90 PV. These results demonstrated that tested commercial Uruguayan vaccines did not induce a serological response of adequate magnitude and duration. Thus, it is important to periodically review formulations and compositions of commercial vaccines against bovine alphaherpesviruses and pestiviruses.(AU)

A resposta sorológica induzida por quatro vacinas comerciais uruguaias inativadas contra os alfaherpesvírus bovinos (BoHV-1 e -5) e pestivírus de bovinos (BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e HoBiPeV) foi avaliada em ovinos. Os animais foram imunizados duas vezes (dia 0 e dia 25) e o soro testado em diferentes intervalos (dias 0, 25, 40, 60 e 90) após a vacinação (PV). Dentre as quatro vacinas testadas, apenas uma (G4) apresentou títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes moderados para os BoHV-1 e -5, BVDV-1 e 2. A vacina G3 apresentou resposta somente para alfaherpesvírus bovinos. As vacinas G1 e G2 estimularam resposta somente em alguns animais vacinados. Para a vacina G4, observou-se que a resposta imunológica frente ao BoHV-1 e 5 foi semelhante e pelo menos 70% dos animais apresentaram níveis protetivos de anticorpos neutralizantes. Para os pestivírus bovinos, a vacina G4 estimulou resposta para o BVDV-2 mais elevada quando comparada com o BVDV-1, e quase que indetectável para HoBiPeV. O pico de anticorpos neutralizantes para o BoHV-1 foi observado no dia 40 PV e no dia 60 PV para o BVDV-1. Após isso, observou-se um decréscimo considerável na resposta de anticorpos neutralizantes. Os resultados demonstraram que vacinas comerciais uruguaias testadas não induziram resposta sorológica de magnitude e duração adequadas. Assim, ressalva-se a importância de rever periodicamente a formulação e composição das vacinas comerciais para alfaherpesvírus e pestivírus bovinos.(AU)

Immunogenicity in sheep of Uruguayan commercial vaccines against bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, 5 and bovine pestiviruses / Imunogenicidade em ovelhas de vacinas comerciais Uruguaias para alfaherpesvírus bovino 1, 5 e pestivírus de bovinos

ABSTRACT: The serological responses induced by four commercial inactivated Uruguayan vaccines against bovine alphaherpesviruses (BoHV)-1 and -5 and bovine pestiviruses (BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and HoBiPeV) were evaluated in sheep. Thirty-seven sheep were immunized twice (day 0 and 25) and their serum samples were tested at different intervals (days 0, 25, 40, 60, and 90) post-vaccination (PV). Among the four vaccines tested, only one (G4) could induce the production of moderate neutralizing antibody titers against BoHV-1 and -5 and BVDV-1 and -2. The G3 vaccine showed a neutralizing serological response against the bovine alphaherpesviruses only. The G1 and G2 vaccines produced extremely low levels of antibodies in a few vaccinated animals only (geometric mean titers (GMT) 2.2). Similar levels of immunological responses were induced by the G4 vaccine against BoHV-1 and -5, and titers of neutralizing antibodies induced in approximately 70% of the animals are known to confer protection (GMT > 8). For bovine pestiviruses, the vaccine stimulated response of G4 against BVDV-2 was higher compared to that against BVDV-1, and extremely low for HoBiPeV. The peak of neutralizing antibodies to BoHV-1 and BVDV-1 was observed on days 40 and 60 PV, respectively. Thereafter, a remarkably decrease in neutralizing antibody response was observed at day 90 PV. These results demonstrated that tested commercial Uruguayan vaccines did not induce a serological response of adequate magnitude and duration. Thus, it is important to periodically review formulations and compositions of commercial vaccines against bovine alphaherpesviruses and pestiviruses.

RESUMO: A resposta sorológica induzida por quatro vacinas comerciais uruguaias inativadas contra os alfaherpesvírus bovinos (BoHV-1 e -5) e pestivírus de bovinos (BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e HoBiPeV) foi avaliada em ovinos. Os animais foram imunizados duas vezes (dia 0 e dia 25) e o soro testado em diferentes intervalos (dias 0, 25, 40, 60 e 90) após a vacinação (PV). Dentre as quatro vacinas testadas, apenas uma (G4) apresentou títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes moderados para os BoHV-1 e -5, BVDV-1 e 2. A vacina G3 apresentou resposta somente para alfaherpesvírus bovinos. As vacinas G1 e G2 estimularam resposta somente em alguns animais vacinados. Para a vacina G4, observou-se que a resposta imunológica frente ao BoHV-1 e 5 foi semelhante e pelo menos 70% dos animais apresentaram níveis protetivos de anticorpos neutralizantes. Para os pestivírus bovinos, a vacina G4 estimulou resposta para o BVDV-2 mais elevada quando comparada com o BVDV-1, e quase que indetectável para HoBiPeV. O pico de anticorpos neutralizantes para o BoHV-1 foi observado no dia 40 PV e no dia 60 PV para o BVDV-1. Após isso, observou-se um decréscimo considerável na resposta de anticorpos neutralizantes. Os resultados demonstraram que vacinas comerciais uruguaias testadas não induziram resposta sorológica de magnitude e duração adequadas. Assim, ressalva-se a importância de rever periodicamente a formulação e composição das vacinas comerciais para alfaherpesvírus e pestivírus bovinos.

Evidence of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in a Yorkshire terrier / Evidencias de síndrome de persistencia del conducto Mülleriano en un Yorkshire terrier / Evidências de sindrome do ducto Mülleriano persistente em um Yorkshire terrier

Abstract Anamnesis: A one-year-old female Yorkshire terrier, weighing 2.2 kg, was referred for evaluation of an abnormal structure in the inguinal region. Clinical and laboratory findings: Upon examination, the structure -similar to a penis- was found protruding from the preputial orifice. Physical, laboratory, ultrasound, and radiographic examinations were performed. The initial suspicion was a case of sexual development disorder, so the dog was referred for exploratory laparotomy and karyotyping. Treatment approach: During the surgical procedure, two macroscopically similar structures were found at the caudal pole of the left and right kidneys. These tissues were attached to two structures similar to the uterine horns, caudally fused to a body in the pelvic cavity. All the tissue was removed and submitted for histopathological examination, revealing the presence of typical seminiferous tubules (testis) and proliferative endometrial glands (uterine tubes). Subsequently, a surgical correction procedure was performed to cover the penile tissue and avoid damage by exposure and contact. Conclusion: This case reports unique information on diagnosis and therapeutic approach in a Yorkshire terrier with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS). Because they are unusual, sexual development disorders are challenging in terms of diagnostic and therapy, making this report a valuable tool for veterinarians.

Resumen Anamnesis: Una hembra Yorkshire terrier de un año de edad y 2,2 kg de peso fue remitida para evaluación de una estructura anormal en la región inguinal. Hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio: Tras el examen, se encontró una estructura similar a un pene sobresaliendo del orificio prepucial. Se realizó examen clínico, paraclínico, ecografía y radiografía abdominal. El diagnóstico presuntivo inicial fue trastorno del desarrollo sexual, por lo que la perra fue remitida para laparotomía exploratoria y cariotipaje. Abordaje terapéutico: Durante el procedimiento quirúrgico se encontraron dos estructuras macroscópicas similares en la región caudal de ambos riñones. Estos tejidos se unían a dos estructuras similares a los cuernos uterinos, caudalmente fusionados a un cuerpo en la cavidad pélvica. Se retiró todo el tejido y se envió para examen histopatológico, revelando la presencia de túbulos seminíferos típicos (testículos) y glándulas endometriales proliferativas (tubos uterinos). Posteriormente se realizó un procedimiento quirúrgico de corrección para cubrir el tejido peneano y evitar daños por exposición y contacto. Conclusión: Este informe aporta información única sobre el diagnóstico y el enfoque terapéutico en un Yorkshire terrier con síndrome de persistencia del conducto Mülleriano (PMDS). Dado que los trastornos del desarrollo sexual son inusuales y plantean un desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico, este reporte puede representar una valiosa herramienta para los veterinarios.

Resumo Anamnese: Uma fêmea Yorkshire terrier de 1 ano de idade, com 2,2 kg de peso e uma estrutura anormal na região inguinal, similar ao orifício prepucial. Achados clínicos e laboratoriais: Após o exame, uma estrutura semelhante a um pênis foi encontrada saindo do orifício prepucial. Foram realizados exames físicos, laboratoriais, ecográficos e radiográficos. A suspeita inicial seria um caso de desordem do desenvolvimento sexual, pelo que a cadela foi encaminhada para laparotomia exploratória e cariotipagem. Abordagem terapêutica: Durante o procedimento cirúrgico macroscopicamente duas estruturas semelhantes foram encontradas: uma na região caudal do rim direito e outro na região caudal do rim esquerdo. Estes tecidos encontravam-se ligados a duas estruturas semelhantes aos cornos uterinos, caudalmente fusionados a um corpo na cavidade pélvica. Todo o tecido foi removido e enviado para exame histopatológico e revelou a presença de túbulos seminíferos típicos (testículos) e glândulas endometriais proliferativas (tubas uterinas). Subsequentemente, foi realizado procedimento cirúrgico de correção para cobrir o tecido peniano e evitar danos por exposição e contato. Conclusão: Este relatório aporta informações únicas sobre diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica em um Yorkshire terrier com síndrome de persistência do ducto de Müller (PMDS). Distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual são anomalias incomuns que representam um desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico considerando este relato uma ferramenta valiosa para os veterinários.

A nested-PCR strategy for molecular diagnosis of mollicutes in uncultured biological samples from cows with vulvovaginitis.

Bacteria classified in Mycoplasma (M. bovis and M. bovigenitalium) and Ureaplasma (U. diversum) genera are associated with granular vulvovaginitis that affect heifers and cows at reproductive age. The traditional means for detection and speciation of mollicutes from clinical samples have been culture and serology. However, challenges experienced with these laboratory methods have hampered assessment of their impact in pathogenesis and epidemiology in cattle worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop a PCR strategy to detect and primarily discriminate between the main species of mollicutes associated with reproductive disorders of cattle in uncultured clinical samples. In order to amplify the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region of the genome, a consensual and species-specific nested-PCR assay was developed to identify and discriminate between main species of mollicutes. In addition, 31 vaginal swab samples from dairy and beef affected cows were investigated. This nested-PCR strategy was successfully employed in the diagnosis of single and mixed mollicute infections of diseased cows from cattle herds from Brazil. The developed system enabled the rapid and unambiguous identification of the main mollicute species known to be associated with this cattle reproductive disorder through differential amplification of partial fragments of the ITS region of mollicute genomes. The development of rapid and sensitive tools for mollicute detection and discrimination without the need for previous cultures or sequencing of PCR products is a high priority for accurate diagnosis in animal health. Therefore, the PCR strategy described herein may be helpful for diagnosis of this class of bacteria in genital swabs submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories, not demanding expertise in mycoplasma culture and identification.

Impacto econômico da retenção de placenta em vacas leiteiras / Economic impact of retained placenta in dairy cows

Aproximadamente 75% das doenças em vacas leiteiras acontecem no primeiro mês após o parto e esses problemas têm sua origem associada ao sistema imune e ao consumo de alimentos duas a três semanas antes do parto. Doenças relacionadas ao trato reprodutivo como, por exemplo, retenção de placenta pode afetar a eficiência reprodutiva assim como a produção de leite. Os efeitos das doenças nos processos fisiológicos dos animais se transformam em impactos econômicos passíveis de serem mensurados. Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto econômico da retenção de placenta em um rebanho composto de 900 vacas em lactação. O diagnóstico de retenção de placenta foi definido como presença da placenta 24 horas após o parto. Foi utilizado um banco de dados no estudo, do qual foram extraídas as seguintes informações: ano de parição, época de parição, ordem de lactação, presença da placenta 24 horas após o parto, e número de doses de sêmen por gestação. Para cálculo do impacto econômico foram considerados os custos diretos (tratamento, mão de obra, redução da produção de leite e descarte de leite durante o período de tratamento) e indiretos (aumento do período de serviço, aumento do número de doses de sêmen e aumento do risco de descarte). Os valores médios relacionados aos custos foram obtidos junto ao veterinário responsável pela propriedade com referência ao ano de 2009 para que os cálculos fossem realizados. O custo total por ocorrência de retenção de placenta em vacas primíparas no período de chuva e seca foi de US$51,8 e em vacas multíparas foi de US$70,6 e US$87,9 nas épocas de seca e de chuvas, respectivamente. A retenção de placenta apresentou custo para a propriedade no período avaliado de US$8.878,0 ou 19.666 litros de leite. A retenção de placenta apresentou impacto econômico importante na propriedade leiteira nas condições avaliadas.(AU)

Approximately 75% of diseases in dairy cows occur in the first month after parturition and these problems have their origin associated with the immune system and food consumption two to three weeks before parturition. Diseases related to the reproductive tract, such as retained placenta, can affect reproductive efficiency as well as milk production. The effects of diseases on the physiological processes of animals become economic impacts that can be measured. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of retained placenta on a herd of 900 lactating cows. The diagnosis of placental retention was defined as presence of the placenta 24 hours postpartum. A database was used in the study, from which the following information was extracted: placenta presence 24 hours after calving, year of calving, calving season, and number of semen doses per gestation. In order to calculate the economic impact, the direct costs (treatment, labor, reduction of milk production and milk discharge during the treatment period) and indirect costs (increase in the service period, increase in the number of semen doses and increase of the risk of disposal). The average values related to the costs were obtained from the veterinarian responsible for the property with reference to the year 2009 for the calculations to be carried out. The total cost per occurrence of placenta retention in primiparous cows in the rainy and dry season was US$51.8 and in multiparous cows was US$70.6 and US$87.9 in times of drought and rain, respectively. Retention of placenta presented a cost for the property in the evaluated period of US$8,878.0 or 19,666 liters of milk. Retention of placenta presented a significant economic impact on milk production under the conditions evaluated.(AU)

Impacto econômico da retenção de placenta em vacas leiteiras / Economic impact of retained placenta in dairy cows

Aproximadamente 75% das doenças em vacas leiteiras acontecem no primeiro mês após o parto e esses problemas têm sua origem associada ao sistema imune e ao consumo de alimentos duas a três semanas antes do parto. Doenças relacionadas ao trato reprodutivo como, por exemplo, retenção de placenta pode afetar a eficiência reprodutiva assim como a produção de leite. Os efeitos das doenças nos processos fisiológicos dos animais se transformam em impactos econômicos passíveis de serem mensurados. Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto econômico da retenção de placenta em um rebanho composto de 900 vacas em lactação. O diagnóstico de retenção de placenta foi definido como presença da placenta 24 horas após o parto. Foi utilizado um banco de dados no estudo, do qual foram extraídas as seguintes informações: ano de parição, época de parição, ordem de lactação, presença da placenta 24 horas após o parto, e número de doses de sêmen por gestação. Para cálculo do impacto econômico foram considerados os custos diretos (tratamento, mão de obra, redução da produção de leite e descarte de leite durante o período de tratamento) e indiretos (aumento do período de serviço, aumento do número de doses de sêmen e aumento do risco de descarte). Os valores médios relacionados aos custos foram obtidos junto ao veterinário responsável pela propriedade com referência ao ano de 2009 para que os cálculos fossem realizados. O custo total por ocorrência de retenção de placenta em vacas primíparas no período de chuva e seca foi de US$51,8 e em vacas multíparas foi de US$70,6 e US$87,9 nas épocas de seca e de chuvas, respectivamente. A retenção de placenta apresentou custo para a propriedade no período avaliado de US$8.878,0 ou 19.666 litros de leite. A retenção de placenta apresentou impacto econômico importante na propriedade leiteira nas condições avaliadas.(AU)

Approximately 75% of diseases in dairy cows occur in the first month after parturition and these problems have their origin associated with the immune system and food consumption two to three weeks before parturition. Diseases related to the reproductive tract, such as retained placenta, can affect reproductive efficiency as well as milk production. The effects of diseases on the physiological processes of animals become economic impacts that can be measured. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of retained placenta on a herd of 900 lactating cows. The diagnosis of placental retention was defined as presence of the placenta 24 hours postpartum. A database was used in the study, from which the following information was extracted: placenta presence 24 hours after calving, year of calving, calving season, and number of semen doses per gestation. In order to calculate the economic impact, the direct costs (treatment, labor, reduction of milk production and milk discharge during the treatment period) and indirect costs (increase in the service period, increase in the number of semen doses and increase of the risk of disposal). The average values related to the costs were obtained from the veterinarian responsible for the property with reference to the year 2009 for the calculations to be carried out. The total cost per occurrence of placenta retention in primiparous cows in the rainy and dry season was US$51.8 and in multiparous cows was US$70.6 and US$87.9 in times of drought and rain, respectively. Retention of placenta presented a cost for the property in the evaluated period of US$8,878.0 or 19,666 liters of milk. Retention of placenta presented a significant economic impact on milk production under the conditions evaluated.(AU)

Avaliação dos fatores de risco e prevalência da leptospirose em caprinos em municípios do Alto Médio Gurguéia do Estado do Piauí / Evaluation of risk factors and prevalence of leptospirosis in goats in minicipalities of Microrregion of the Upper-middle Gurguéia the State of Piaui

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors and to calculate the prevalence ofLeptospirosis in goats in municipalities of the Upper Gurguéia micro region of the State of Piauí. A total of 143goat samples were collected from four (4) municipalities of the micro-region. Applied an epidemiologicalquestionnaire with possible risk factors. The diagnosis was made by the microscopic sero-agglutination (SAM)technique against 22 pathogenic serovars. The reagents were determined serovar appears when 50% or moreagglutination reaction on the cutting point titer of 1: 100. The overall prevalence was 9.09%. SerumIcterohaemorrhagiae were found in 5.59%, Grippotyphosa in 1.4%, Icterohaemorragiae + Pomona (0.7%),Icterohaemorrhagiae + Canicola (0.7%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae + Autumnalis (0.7%). It is concluded that inthe studied region it has a high prevalence for leptospirosis and that there are no measures of controls tocontain the risk factors.(AU)

Avaliação dos fatores de risco e prevalência da leptospirose em caprinos em municípios do Alto Médio Gurguéia do Estado do Piauí / Evaluation of risk factors and prevalence of leptospirosis in goats in minicipalities of Microrregion of the Upper-middle Gurguéia the State of Piaui

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors and to calculate the prevalence ofLeptospirosis in goats in municipalities of the Upper Gurguéia micro region of the State of Piauí. A total of 143goat samples were collected from four (4) municipalities of the micro-region. Applied an epidemiologicalquestionnaire with possible risk factors. The diagnosis was made by the microscopic sero-agglutination (SAM)technique against 22 pathogenic serovars. The reagents were determined serovar appears when 50% or moreagglutination reaction on the cutting point titer of 1: 100. The overall prevalence was 9.09%. SerumIcterohaemorrhagiae were found in 5.59%, Grippotyphosa in 1.4%, Icterohaemorragiae + Pomona (0.7%),Icterohaemorrhagiae + Canicola (0.7%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae + Autumnalis (0.7%). It is concluded that inthe studied region it has a high prevalence for leptospirosis and that there are no measures of controls tocontain the risk factors.

Herpesvirus bovino 4 (BoHV-4): aspectos generales de su biología y situación en la República Argentina / Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4): general aspects of the biology and status in Argentina

El herpesvirus bovino 4 [Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4)] ha sido aislado de bovinos con infecciones respiratorias, vulvovaginitis, mastitis, abortos, endometritis y de animales aparentemente sanos en diferentes partes del mundo. Si bien no se ha reconocido como agente causal de una entidad patológica en particular, se asocia principalmente con infecciones del tracto reproductivo de los bovinos. Este virus puede infectar un amplio rango de especies tanto in vivo como in vitro. Los primeros aislamientos dieron origen a dos grupos de cepas prototipo: el grupo americano tipo DN599 y el grupo europeo tipo Movar. En Argentina, el BoHV-4 fue aislado y caracterizado en el año 2007; este aislamiento se obtuvo de muestras de mucus cérvico-vaginal de vacas que abortaron. Hasta el momento se han registrado más de 40 aislamientos, provenientes principalmente de hembras bovinas que han abortado

Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been isolated from cattle with respiratory infections, vulvovaginitis, mastitis, abortions, endometritis and from apparently healthy animals throughout the world. Although it has not yet been established as causal agent of a specific disease entity, it is primarily associated with reproductive disorders of cattle. This virus can infect a wide range of species, either in vivo or in vitro. Two groups of prototype strains were originated from the first isolates: the DN599-type strains (American group) and the Movar-type strains (European group). In Argentina, BoHV-4 was isolated and characterized in 2007 from vaginal discharge samples taken from cows that had aborted. So far, more than 40 isolates, mainly associated with aborting bovine females have been registered in our country

[Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4): general aspects of the biology and status in Argentina]. / Herpesvirus bovino 4 (BoHV-4): aspectos generales de su biología y situación en la República Argentina.

Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been isolated from cattle with respiratory infections, vulvovaginitis, mastitis, abortions, endometritis and from apparently healthy animals throughout the world. Although it has not yet been established as causal agent of a specific disease entity, it is primarily associated with reproductive disorders of cattle. This virus can infect a wide range of species, either in vivo or in vitro. Two groups of prototype strains were originated from the first isolates: the DN599-type strains (American group) and the Movar-type strains (European group). In Argentina, BoHV-4 was isolated and characterized in 2007 from vaginal discharge samples taken from cows that had aborted. So far, more than 40 isolates, mainly associated with aborting bovine females have been registered in our country.