Severity and mortality of acute respiratory failure in pediatrics: A prospective multicenter cohort in Bogotá, Colombia.

Background and Aims: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the most frequent cause of cardiorespiratory arrest and subsequent death in children worldwide. There have been limited studies regarding ARF in high altitude settings. The aim of this study was to calculate mortality and describe associated factors for severity and mortality in children with ARF. Methods: The study was conducted within a prospective multicentric cohort that evaluated the natural history of pediatric ARF. For this analysis three primary outcomes were studied: mortality, invasive mechanical ventilation, and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) length of stay. Eligible patients were children older than 1 month and younger than 18 years of age with respiratory difficulty at the time of admission. Patients who developed ARF were followed at the time of ARF, 48 h later, at the time of discharge, and at 30 and 60 days after discharge. It was conducted in the pediatric emergency, in-hospital, and critical-care services in three hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia, from April 2020 to June 2021. Results: Out of a total of 685 eligible patients, 296 developed ARF for a calculated incidence of ARF of 43.2%. Of the ARF group, 90 patients (30.4%) needed orotracheal intubation, for a mean of 9.57 days of ventilation (interquartile range = 3.00-11.5). Incidence of mortality was 6.1% (n = 18). The associated factors for mortality in ARF were a history of a neurologic comorbidity and a higher fraction of inspired oxygen at ARF diagnosis. For PICU length of stay, the associated factors were age between 2 and 5 years of age, exposure to smokers, and respiratory comorbidity. Finally, for mechanical ventilation, the risk factors were obesity and being unstable at admission. Conclusions: ARF is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Understanding the factors associated with greater mortality and severity of ARF might allow earlier recognition and initiation of prompt treatment strategies.

Effect of Continuous Lateral Rotation Therapy on Clinical Outcomes in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Adults.

BACKGROUND: This Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes-guided systematic review assesses continuous lateral rotation therapy versus conventional position changes in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults, evaluating mortality, ICU length of stay (LOS), and hospital LOS as primary outcomes and respiratory function, mechanical ventilation duration, pulmonary complications, and adverse events as secondary outcomes. METHODS: This systematic review follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42022384258). Searches spanned databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Web of Science, without language or publication year restrictions. Inclusion criteria involved randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials, comparing continuous lateral rotation therapy (intervention) with conventional position changes (control). Risk of bias and quality of evidence for RCTs were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tools. For the quasi-randomized trials, the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies-of Interventions tool was used. RESULTS: In 18 studies with 1,466 participants (intervention, n = 700, 47.7%; control, n = 766, 52.2%), continuous lateral rotation therapy was predominantly used for prophylactic purposes, with protocols varying from 10-24 h/d. Meta-analysis (16 RCTs) favored continuous lateral rotation therapy for reduced mechanical ventilation duration (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.17 [CI -0.29 to -0.04] d, P = .008) and lower nosocomial pneumonia incidence (odds ratio 0.39 [CI 0.29-0.52], P < .001). Continuous lateral rotation therapy showed no significant impact on mortality (odds ratio 1.04 [CI 0.80-1.34], P = .77), ICU LOS (SMD -0.11 [CI -0.25 to 0.02] d, P = .11), hospital LOS (SMD -0.10 [CI -0.31 to 0.11] d, P = .33), and incidence of pressure ulcers (odds ratio 0.73 [CI 0.34-1.60], P = .44). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous lateral rotation therapy showed no significant difference in primary outcomes (mortality, ICU and hospital LOS) but revealed significant differences in secondary outcomes (consistently reduced nosocomial pneumonia, with a minor effect on mechanical ventilation duration), supported by moderate certainty. Very low certainty for other outcomes highlights the need for current studies in diverse clinical settings and protocols to assess continuous lateral rotation therapy effectiveness.

Abordaje respiratorio no invasivo en un niño con diagnóstico de atrofia muscular espinal tipo II y atelectasia masiva: reporte de un caso / Non-invasive respiratory approach in a child diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy type II and massive atelectasis: a case report

RESUMEN Introducción: Existe evidencia sobre los beneficios del tratamiento no invasivo en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA) asociada a la atrofia muscular espinal (AME). Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, no hemos encontrado reportes de casos en nuestro país que describan el manejo no invasivo en la IRA causada por atelectasias masivas en pacientes con AME. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el abordaje respiratorio no invasivo en un niño con AME tipo II que ingresó con IRA y atelectasia masiva, a un hospital público pediátrico. Presentación del caso: Un niño de 10 años con diagnóstico de AME II ingresó con dificultad respiratoria en el contexto de una atelectasia masiva izquierda. Se implementaron medidas no invasivas, que incluyeron el posicionamiento adecuado, la intensificación de la terapia de higiene bronquial, el aumento del tiempo de ventilación no invasiva y la optimización del equipo de soporte ventilatorio y de la interfaz. Luego de cinco días de tratamiento, se observó una resolución significativa de la atelectasia. Al octavo día, se le otorgó el egreso hospitalario. Conclusión: Se describió el abordaje respiratorio no invasivo en un niño con AME tipo II, el cual resultó favorable para la IRA y la resolución de una atelectasia masiva. Los cuidados respiratorios no invasivos son fundamentales para mejorar la sobrevida y calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is evidence supporting the benefits of non-invasive treatment for acute respiratory failure (ARF) associated with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). However, to date, no case reports describing the non-invasive management of ARF due to massive atelectasis in patients with SMA are available in our country. The aim of this study was to describe the non-invasive respiratory approach in a child with SMA type II who was admitted with ARF and massive atelectasis to a public pediatric hospital. Case presentation: A 10-year-old child diagnosed with SMA type II was admitted with respiratory failure due to massive atelectasis of the left lung. Non-invasive measures, including proper positioning, enhanced use of airway clearance techniques, prolonged non-invasive ventilation, and optimization of ventilatory support equipment and interface, were implemented. After five days of treatment, a significant improvement in atelectasis was observed. On the eighth day, the patient was discharged. Conclusion: We described the non-invasive respiratory approach in a child with SMA type II, which proved to be beneficial in addressing ARF and massive atelectasis. Non-invasive respiratory care is essential for improving both the survival and quality of life of these patients.

Reseña Histórica de la Kinesiología Respiratoria en Chile / History of Respiratory Physiotherapy in Chile

Aunque la historia de Kinesiología Respiratoria en Chile es relativamente breve, al igual que nuestra profesión, a lo largo de la historia mundial han existido hitos relevantes para el aprendizaje y desarrollo de los diferentes procedimientos que ejecutamos hoy en día. La evolución en los procesos investigativos y las mejoras tecnológicas han permitido que la Kinesiología Respiratoria se apegue a la ciencia y que el uso de técnicas y procedimientos se acerquen cada vez más a lo estrictamente efectivo de acuerdo a la evidencia.

Although the history of Respiratory Physiotherapy in Chile is relatively new, as is our profession, throughout world history there have been relevant milestones for the learning and development of the different procedures that we perform today. The evolution in research processes and technological improvements have allowed Respiratory Physiotherapy to stick to science and the use of techniques and procedures are increasingly closer to the strictly effective according to the evidence.

Hemodynamic and respiratory support in pulmonary embolism: a narrative review.

Pulmonary embolism is a common and potentially fatal disease, with a significant burden on health and survival. Right ventricular dysfunction and hemodynamic instability are considered two key determinants of mortality in pulmonary embolism, which can reach up to 65% in severe cases. Therefore, timely diagnosis and management are of paramount importance to ensure the best quality of care. However, hemodynamic and respiratory support, both major constituents of management in pulmonary embolism, associated with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest, have been given little attention in recent years, in favor of other novel advances such as systemic thrombolysis or direct oral anticoagulants. Moreover, it has been implied that current recommendations regarding this supportive care lack enough robustness, further complicating the problem. In this review, we critically discuss and summarize the current literature concerning the hemodynamic and respiratory support in pulmonary embolism, including fluid therapy, diuretics, pharmacological support with vasopressors, inotropes and vasodilators, oxygen therapy and ventilation, and mechanical circulatory support with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and right ventricular assist devices, while also providing some insights into contemporary research gaps.

Chest physiotherapy techniques administered by certified specialists to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Brazil: A look towards future practice.

BACKGROUND: Chest physiotherapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 has been poorly reported. Although recommendations were published to guide physiotherapists, practice might have differed depending on education and training. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences in chest physiotherapy applied for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 between certified specialists and non-certified specialists. METHODS: An online questionnaire survey was developed for physiotherapists involved in the management of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The questionnaire inquired about professional information and characteristics of physiotherapy practice. RESULTS: There were 485 respondents, yielding a completion rate of 76%. Of these, 61 were certified specialists and 424 non-certified specialists. The certified specialists were older, had more years of professional experience, were more qualified, and had better job conditions. For mechanically ventilated patients, the certified specialists used the ventilator hyperinflation maneuver more frequently (50.4% vs 35.1%, p = 0.005), and the hard/brief expiratory rib cage compression (ERCC) (26.9% vs 48.3%, p = 0.016), soft/long ERCC (25.2% vs 39.1%, p = 0.047), and manual chest compression-decompression (MCCD) maneuver (22.4% vs 35.6%, p = 0.001) less often. For spontaneously breathing patients, the certified specialists used the active cycle of breathing technique (30.8% vs 67.1%, p<0.001), autogenic drainage (7.7% vs 20.7%, p = 0.017), and MCCD maneuver (23.1% vs 41.4%, p = 0.018) less frequently. CONCLUSIONS: Certified specialists with higher levels of expertise seem to prefer the use of chest physiotherapy techniques that are applied with the mechanical ventilator over manual techniques. Furthermore, they use techniques that could potentially increase the work of breathing less frequently, mitigating the risk of exacerbating respiratory conditions in patients with COVID-19.

Premature newborn positionings and physiologic parameters - a randomized clinical study / Posicionamentos de recém-nascidos prematuros e parâmetros fisiológicos - um estudo clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction Multiple studies have shown the effects of prone (PP), supine (SP) and kangaroo (KP) positions on clinical and physiological outcomes in preterm newborns, but none compared these three types of positioning between them. Objective To investigate the influence of these positionings on heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and alertness status in clinically stable preterm newborns (NBs) admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods In a randomized clinical trial, clinically stable NBs with gestational ages from 30 to 37 weeks who were breathing spontaneously were allocated in three positioning groups: PP, SP and KP. Heart rate, breathing frequency, SpO2 and alertness status were evaluated immediately before and after 30 minutes of positioning. Results In all, 66 NBs were assessed (corrected age: 35.48 ± 1.94 weeks; weight: 1840.14 ± 361.09 g), (PP: n = 22; SP: n = 23; KP: n = 21). NBs in the PP group showed a significant improvement in peripheral SpO2 (97.18 ± 2.16 vs 95.47 ± 2.93 vs 95.57 ± 2.95, p = 0.03) compared with the SP and KP groups. Conclusion In clinically stable preterm NBs, the PP was associated with better peripheral oxygen saturation than the SP or KP. In addition, there was a reduction in heart rate within prone position group and in the KP group there was an increase in the number of NBs in the deep sleep classification.

Resumo Introdução Vários estudos têm demonstrado os efeitos das posições prona (PP), supina (SP) e canguru (KP) sobre os resul-tados clínicos e fisiológicos em recém-nascidos prematuros, mas nenhum comparou esses três tipos de posicionamento. Objetivo Investigar a influência desses posicionamentos na frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) e estado de alerta em recém-nascidos pré-termo (RN) clinicamente estáveis internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Métodos Em um ensaio clínico randomizado, RN clinicamente estáveis com idade gestacional de 30 a 37 semanas e respirando espontaneamente foram alocados em três grupos de posicionamento: PP, SP e KP. Frequência cardíaca e respiratória, SpO2 e estado de alerta foram avaliados imediatamente antes e após 30 minutos de posicionamento. Resultados Ao todo, foram avaliados 66 RNs (idade corrigida: 35,48 ± 1,94 semanas; peso: 1840,14 ± 361,09 g), (PP: n = 22; SP: n = 23; KP: n = 21). Os RNs do grupo PP apresentaram melhora significativa na SpO2 periférica (97,18 ± 2,16 vs 95,47 ± 2,93 vs 95,57 ± 2,95, p = 0,03) em comparação aos grupos SP e KP. Conclusão Em RN prematuros clinicamente estáveis, o PP foi associado à melhor saturação periférica de oxigênio do que o SP ou KP. Além disso, houve redução da frequência cardíaca no grupo de posição prona e no grupo KP houve aumento do número de RNs na classificação sono profundo.

Physical, Functional, Psychological, and Social Effects of a Physical Activity Program in Adults and Older Adults During and/or After Hospitalization for COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

Background: It is necessary to investigate the effects of physical activity (PA) on the recovery of adults and the elderly, considering PA positively affects pathologies that share similarities with COVID-19. We present the results of a systematic review whose objective was to analyze the physical, functional, psychological, and social effects of PA in adults and the elderly during and/or after hospitalization for COVID-19. Methods: Searches were conducted between July and August 2021, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and non-randomized interventional studies were included in the databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and electronic search engines. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro for RCTs and the methodological index scale for non-randomized studies. This systematic review included original articles investigating the physical, functional, psychological, and social effects of any PA program on adults and older adults. Results: A total of 302 studies were found. After applying filters according to the eligibility criteria, five studies were finally included for analysis, three RCTs and two intervention studies without a control group. Although the studies measured different variables of the physical, functional, and psychological components, the results showed significant differences in the variables between the control and intervention groups in both the RCTs and the single-group studies. The variables assessed in the social aspect were less homogeneous. Conclusion: In the available scientific evidence, respiratory muscle training was the most widely used intervention, which showed positive results in the physical, pulmonary, psychological, and social components. More research is required on the effects of PA on the population studied.

Efeitos agudos da técnica PEEP-ZEEP em pacientes traqueostomizados de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Acute effects of the PEEP-ZEEP technique on tracheostomized patients in an Intensive Care Unit

RESUMO Introdução: A pressão expiratória final positiva-pressão expiratória final zero (PEEP-ZEEP) é uma técnica fisioterapêutica para desobstrução brônquica. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos agudos da PEEP-ZEEP comparada à hiperinsuflação manual (HM) em pacientes críticos traqueostomizados em relação à segurança e eficiência para higiene brônquica. Métodos: Indivíduos submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva por cânula de traqueostomia foram aleatorizados em dois grupos, um que recebia a técnica PEEP-ZEEP primeiramente, e outro que recebia HM. A coleta das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias foi realizada antes, 1 minuto e 30 minutos após cada técnica, bem como o peso da secreção pulmonar aspirada. Resultados: Para 18 pacientes com média de idade de 66,4 (17,3) anos, não foram encontradas diferenças entre grupos para nenhuma das variáveis hemodinâmicas e respiratórias. A quantidade de secreção pulmonar removida também foi semelhante entre as técnicas. Conclusão: PEEP-ZEEP e hiperinsuflação manual não diferem entre si em relação à depuração de secreções brônquicas e variáveis cardiorrespiratórias.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure (PEEP-ZEEP) is a physical therapy technique for bronchial clearance. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of PEEP-ZEEP compared to manual hyperinflation (MH) in critically ill tracheostomized patients in relation to safety and efficiency for bronchial hygiene. Methods: Individuals submitted to invasive mechanical ventilation through a tracheostomy tube were randomized into two groups, one that received the PEEP-ZEEP technique first, and another that received MH. The collection of cardiorespiratory variables was performed before, 1 minute and 30 minutes after each technique, as well as the weight of the aspirated pulmonary secretion. Results: For 18 patients with a mean age of 66.4 (17.3) years, no differences were found between groups for any of the hemodynamic and respiratory variables. The amount of pulmonary secretion removed was also similar between the techniques. Conclusion: PEEP-ZEEP and manual hyperinflation do not differ in relation to the clearance of bronchial secretions and cardiorespiratory variables.

Oxigenoterapia em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos com ou sem hipercapnia: revisão sistemática / Oxygenotherapy in patients with disability of the respiratory system by chronic obstruction to air flows with or without hypercapnia: systematic review

Introdução: a deficiência no sistema por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos é uma doença caracterizada por inflamação, associada a alterações anatômicas e fisiológicas, podendo ocasionar exacerbações respiratórias. A oxigenoterapia tem sido uma alternativa usada em pacientes que possuem insuficiência respiratória decorrente da obstrução crônica, como tentativa de diminuir os sintomas e as complicações geradas. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos da oxigenoterapia em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica, com e sem hipercapnia, quanto aos desfechos pressão parcial de oxigênio, frequência respiratória, tempo de internamento e qualidade de vida.Metodologia: revisão de ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECR) nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane e PEDro. Incluídos estudos originais que utilizaram a oxigenoterapia como intervenção em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos ou que outras síndromes. Resultados: na busca realizada nas bases de dados foram identificados um total de 387 estudos, reduzindo para 87 quando aplicado o descritor "ensaio clínico" e 7 estudos foram incluídos publicados entre os anos de 2004 e 2019. Conclusão: A oxigenoterapia mostrou-se incremento da pressão parcial de oxigênio, frequência respiratória e redução do tempo de internamento com impactos na melhora da qualidade de vida.

Introduction: system deficiency due to chronic airflow obstruction is a disease characterized by inflammation, associated with anatomical and physiological changes, which can cause respiratory exacerbations. Oxygen therapy has been an alternative used in patients who have respiratory failure due to obstruction of the obstruction as an attempt to reduce symptoms and as complications generated. Objective: to evaluate the effects of oxygen therapy in patients with respiratory system deficiency due to chronic obstruction, with and without hypercapnia, in terms of partial oxygen pressure, respiratory rate, length of stay and quality of life. Methodology: review of controlled clinical trials and (RCT) in the PubMed, Cochrane and PEDro databases. Included original studies that used oxygen therapy as an intervention in patients with respiratory system deficiency due to obstruction to flow flows or other syndromes. Results: in the search carried out in the databases, a total of 387 studies were identified, for 87 when the descriptor "clinical trial" was projected and 7 studies were included between the years 2004 and 2019. Conclusion: oxygen therapy showed an increase in pressure partial oxygen, respiratory rate and reduction in hospital stay with impacts on improving the quality due.

Changes in renal function increase the need for advanced ventilatory support and increase the risk of mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19.

In addition to respiratory failure, another important outcome presented by patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is renal failure, which is related to increased severity of infection and a greater risk of mortality. Severity is often represented by the need for respiratory and/or life support, which can range from oxygen therapy to invasive mechanical ventilation. This study aimed to determine the association between the degree of renal and inflammatory impairment in patients with the need for advanced respiratory support and mortality. Included in the present study were 79 critically ill patients with COVID-19 on different days, who required a nasal cannula and/or orotracheal intubation. Data from laboratory tests, arterial blood gases and information on their clinical evolution were collected. The results obtained showed that the biochemical markers of renal function, as well as the inflammatory markers and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, were significantly increased in patients who succumbed to the infection. Similarly, these markers were higher amongst patients who required increased respiratory assistance.

Desvendando a técnica de compressão torácica em pacientes em ventilação mecânica: uma revisão narrativa / A deep look into the rib cage compression technique in mechanically ventilated patients: a narrative review

RESUMO O manejo deficiente das secreções é uma das complicações mais frequentes em pacientes em ventilação mecânica invasiva. A depuração das secreções por meio da fisioterapia respiratória é um aspecto crítico do tratamento desses pacientes. A compressão torácica manual é uma das técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória mais praticadas em pacientes ventilados, mas seu impacto nos desfechos clínicos permanece controverso devido a questões metodológicas e ao pouco conhecimento sobre sua ação. Nesta revisão, apresenta-se uma análise detalhada dos princípios físicos envolvidos na execução da técnica de compressão torácica. Também investigam-se os efeitos fisiológicos observados em estudos experimentais e clínicos, que mostram que o uso de compressão torácica curta e vigorosa, baseada no aumento de fluxos expiratórios (diferença de fluxo aéreo inspiratório-expiratório > 33L/minuto), pode melhorar o movimento do muco em direção à glote. Por outro lado, o uso de compressão torácica suave e gradual ao longo de toda a fase expiratória não afeta os fluxos expiratórios, resultando em efeitos ineficazes ou indesejados em alguns casos. Mais estudos fisiológicos são necessários para entender os princípios da técnica de compressão torácica em pacientes ventilados. No entanto, de acordo com as evidências, a compressão torácica tem mais benefícios potenciais do que riscos, o que incentiva sua implementação.

ABSTRACT Defective management of secretions is one of the most frequent complications in invasive mechanically ventilated patients. Clearance of secretions through chest physiotherapy is a critical aspect of the treatment of these patients. Manual rib cage compression is one of the most practiced chest physiotherapy techniques in ventilated patients; however, its impact on clinical outcomes remains controversial due to methodological issues and poor understanding of its action. In this review, we present a detailed analysis of the physical principles involved in rib cage compression technique performance, as well as the physiological effects observed in experimental and clinical studies, which show that the use of brief and vigorous rib cage compression, based on increased expiratory flows (expiratory-inspiratory airflow difference of > 33L/minute), can improve mucus movement toward the glottis. On the other hand, the use of soft and gradual rib cage compression throughout the whole expiratory phase does not impact the expiratory flows, resulting in ineffective or undesired effects in some cases. More physiological studies are needed to understand the principles of the rib cage compression technique in ventilated humans. However, according to the evidence, rib cage compression has more potential benefits than risks, so its implementation should be promoted.

Prueba incremental en rehabilitación pulmonar pediátrica / Incremental test in pediatric pulmonary rehabilitation

RESUMEN La prueba incremental (PI) permite cuantificar la capacidad de ejercicio que tiene un individuo ya sea en condiciones de salud o de enfermedad. En nuestro ámbito, los niños/as con diagnóstico de fibrosis quística u otra patología respiratoria crónica cursan con alteración en el acondicionamiento y rendimiento físico. Por tal motivo, la PI permite explorar los factores limitantes al ejercicio, llevar a cabo el seguimiento funcional mediante la tolerancia al ejercicio, planificar programas de rehabilitación pulmonar, evaluar el pronóstico y la respuesta a las intervenciones realizadas. El objetivo de este paso a paso es describir el procedimiento para la realización de la PI.

ABSTRACT The incremental test (IT) allows us to measure the exercise capacity of both healthy and ill individuals. In our daily practice, we observe that children with cystic fibrosis or other chronic respiratory diseases display alterations in physical performance and fitness. Therefore, the IT allows us to explore the limiting factors of exercise, functionally monitor exercise tolerance, plan pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and assess prognosis and response to interventions. This study aims to describe the procedure to perform the IT.

Avaliação da resposta à posição prona em pacientes acordados com COVID-19 / Evaluación de la respuesta a la posición prono en pacientes despiertos hospitalizados con COVID-19 / Evaluation of the response to prone positioning in awake patients with COVID-19

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos agudos dos tipos de resposta à posição prona (PP) em pacientes acordados com COVID-19. Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, unicêntrico, com 32 pacientes acordados com COVID-19, e com uso de oxigênio suplementar. A resposta à posição prona foi feita durante 30 minutos. Após o teste, os pacientes foram orientados a permanecer na PP diariamente, de acordo com a tolerância de cada um. As variáveis saturação de oxigênio (SpO2), frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, índice ROX e taxa de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) foram registradas. Um total de 25 pacientes (78,1%) responderam à PP, sendo que 13 (40,6%) apresentaram resposta persistente e 12 (37,5%) transitória. Sete pacientes (21,9%) não responderam. Os pacientes com respostas persistente e transitória tiveram aumento da SpO2 (p<0,001) e do índice ROX (p=0,001 e p<0,001, respectivamente), e redução das frequências cardíaca (p=0,01 e p=0,02, respectivamente) e respiratória (p=0,003 e p=0,001, respectivamente). Não houve diferença em nenhuma das variáveis nos pacientes que não responderam à PP. A taxa de internação na UTI dos pacientes que apresentaram resposta persistente, transitória ou que não responderam foi de 30,8% (4/13), 41,7% (5/12) e 57,1% (4/7), respectivamente. Conclui-se que os pacientes que responderam à PP apresentaram redução das frequências cardíaca e respiratória e aumento do índice ROX, sem interferir na taxa de internação.

RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos agudos de los tipos de respuesta a la posición prona (PP) en los pacientes despiertos hospitalizados por COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, unicéntrico, con la participación de 32 pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 y con el uso de oxígeno suplementario. La respuesta a la posición prono se realizó durante 30 minutos. Después de la prueba, se orientó que los pacientes permanezcan en la PP diariamente según su tolerancia. Se registraron las variables saturación de oxígeno (SpO2), frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria, índice ROX y tasa de ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Un total de 25 pacientes (78,1%) respondieron a la PP, de los cuales 13 (40,6%) tuvieron respuesta persistente y 12 (37,5%) presentaron respuesta transitoria. Siete pacientes (21,9%) no respondieron. Los pacientes con respuestas persistentes y transitorias presentaron un incremento de la SpO2 (p<0,001) y el índice ROX (p=0,001 y p<0,001, respectivamente), y una reducción de las frecuencias cardiaca (p=0,01 y p=0,02, respectivamente) y respiratoria (p=0,003 y p=0,001, respectivamente). No hubo diferencia en ninguna de las variables en los pacientes que no respondieron a la PP. La tasa de ingreso en la UCI de pacientes que tuvieron una respuesta persistente, transitoria o que no respondieron a la PP fue de un 30,8% (4/13), un 41,7% (5/12) y un 57,1% (4/7), respectivamente. Se concluye que los pacientes que respondieron a la PP tuvieron una reducción de las frecuencias cardiaca y respiratoria, e incremento del índice ROX, sin interferir en la tasa de hospitalización.

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the acute effects of the responses to prone positioning (PP) in awake patients with COVID-19. A prospective, single-centered study, using supplemental oxygen, was conducted with 32 awake patients with COVID-19. The response to PP was performed for 30 minutes. According to their tolerance, the patients were instructed to daily remain in PP. The variables for oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, respiratory rate, ROX index and intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate were registered. In total, 25 patients (78.1%) responded to PP, with 13 (40.6%) showing persistent response and 12 (37.5%) showing transient response. Seven patients (21.9%) did not respond. Patients with persistent and transient responses increased SpO2 (p<0.001) and ROX index (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), and reduced heart rate (p=0.01 and p=0.02, respectively), and respiratory rate (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). The variables were similar in patients who did not respond to PP. The ICU admission rate of patients who had persistent or transient response, or did not respond was 30.8% (4/13), 41.7% (5/12), and 57.1% (4/7), respectively. The patients who responded to PP showed reduced heart and respiratory rates and increased ROX index, without interfering in the hospitalization rate.

Reporte de un caso clínico. Rehabilitación Fisioterapéutica Mediante Facilitación Neuromuscular Propioceptiva en paciente POST-COVID19 / Report of a clinical case. Physiotherapeutic Rehabilitation Through Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation in POST-COVID19 patient / Relato de um caso clínico. Reabilitação Fisioterapêutica por Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva em paciente PÓS-COVID19

El virus por COVID-19 ha causado dificultades tanto físicas, psicológicas como respiratorias, entre los síntomas principales que presenta esta enfermedad resalta insuficiencia respiratoria a la que se suma la fragilidad física en respuesta a largos periodos de encamamiento en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. La investigación del caso clínico realizada a una paciente post COVID -19 quien tuvo una estancia prolongada de hospitalización, posteriormente tratada en su domicilio, donde la fisioterapia empleada se basó en la técnica de Facilitación Neuromuscular Propioceptiva combinada con ejercicios respiratorios que tienen como objetivo mejorar la funcionalidad del paciente post COVID-19. Se monitorizó los signos vitales al comienzo y final de la terapia. De igual manera se emplearon patrones bilaterales de F.N.P. en las extremidades superiores e inferiores, combinándose con los ejercicios respiratorios evidenciándose aumento de la capacidad respiratoria y mejorando el nivel de funcionalidad de la paciente. Se realizó una valoración mediante la escala de Borg para la percepción subjetiva de la dificultad respiratoria o del esfuerzo físico realizado.

The COVID-19 virus has caused both physical, psychological and respiratory difficulties, among the main symptoms that this disease presents is respiratory failure to which is added physical fragility in response to long periods of bedridden in the Intensive Care Unit. The clinical case investigation carried out on a post-COVID-19 patient who had a prolonged hospitalization stay, subsequently treated at home, where the physiotherapy used was based on the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation technique combined with respiratory exercises that aim to improve the post-COVID-19 patient functionality. Vital signs were monitored at the beginning and end of therapy. Similarly, bilateral F.N.P. patterns were used. in the upper and lower extremities, combining with respiratory exercises, showing an increase in respiratory capacity and improving the level of functionality of the patient. An assessment was made using the Borg scale for the subjective perception of respiratory distress or physical exertion.

O vírus COVID-19 tem causado dificuldades físicas, psicológicas e respiratórias. Os principais sintomas desta doença incluem insuficiência respiratória e fragilidade física em resposta a longos períodos de descanso no leito na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. O estudo de caso clínico foi realizado em um paciente pósCOVID-19 que teve uma estadia hospitalar prolongada, posteriormente tratado em casa, onde a fisioterapia utilizada foi baseada na técnica de Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva combinada com exercícios respiratórios destinados a melhorar a funcionalidade do paciente pósCOVID-19. Os sinais vitais foram monitorados no início e no final da terapia. Da mesma forma, foram utilizados padrões de N.P.F. bilaterais nas extremidades superiores e inferiores, combinados com os exercícios respiratórios, mostrando um aumento na capacidade respiratória e melhorando o nível de funcionalidade do paciente. Foi feita uma avaliação utilizando a escala Borg para a percepção subjetiva da dificuldade respiratória ou do esforço físico realizado.

Avaliação da técnica inalatória em atendimentos de primeira consulta em ambulatório de asma de hospital terciário / Evaluation of the inhalation technique in first care visits in an asthma outpatient clinic at a tertiary hospital

Introdução: Técnica inalatória (TI) correta é fundamental para o controle da asma. Objetivo: Avaliar TI de pacientes em atendimento de primeira consulta em um ambulatório de asma. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal com amostra de conveniência de asmáticos com idade ≥ 18 anos, em primeira consulta no ambulatório de asma do Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro (HUAP) da Universidade Federal Fluminense e em uso de medicamentos disponíveis para uso em aerossol dosimetrado (AD), Aerocaps, Aerolizer ou Diskus. Participantes preencheram questionário com dados sociodemográficos, avaliação de controle da doença segundo o documento GINA, existência de orientações médicas para uso dos dispostivos inalatórios (DI), tempo de uso de DI e especialidade do médico encaminhador. A TI era considerada apropriada quando todas as etapas foram realizadas corretamente baseando-se nas bulas das medicações e foram demonstradas com os DI vazios. Resultados: Entre os 51 pacientes incluídos, 43 (84,3%) tinham TI incorretas e 4 (7,8%) apresentavam asma controlada. Trinta e cinco (70%) referiram orientação prévia quanto ao uso do DI. A TI correta associou-se com tempo de uso maior que 2 anos (p=0,006) e uso de DI de pó seco em detrimento de AD (p=0,019). Conclusão: Somente 16% dos pacientes encaminhados ao ambulatório da pneumologia específico de asma, de um hospital terciário, tinham a TI correta em sua primeira consulta e a quase totalidade não tinha a asma controlada. Atenção deve ser dada sempre a supervisão da qualidade da TI, principalmente dos usuários de AD e dos que usam seus DI há menos de 2 anos.

Introduction: Correct inhalation technique (IT) is essential for asthma control. Objective: To evaluate the IT of patients making their first visit to the asthma outpatient clinic. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study with a convenience sample of asthmatics aged ≥ 18 years, in their first visit to the asthma outpatient clinic of the Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro (HUAP) of the Universidade Federal Fluminense and using medications available in metered-dose aerosol (DA) , Aerocaps, Aerolizer or Diskus. Participants completed a questionnaire with sociodemographic data, assessment of disease control according to the GINA document, existence of medical guidelines for the use of inhalation devices (IDs), length of ID use, and specialty of the refer-ring clinician. IT was considered appropriate when all steps were performed correctly based on medication package inserts and were demonstrated with empty IDs. Results: Among the 51 patients included, 43 (84.3%) had incorrect IT and 4 (7.8%) had controlled asthma. Thirty-five (70%) reported previous guidance regarding the use of ID. Correct IT was associated with time of use greater than 2 years (p=0.006) and use of dry powder ID rather than DA (p=0.019). Conclusion: Only 16% of the patients referred to the asthma-specific pulmonology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital had the correct IT at their first appointment and almost all of them did not have controlled asthma. Attention should always be given to the supervision of IT quality, especially for DA users and those who have been using their ID for less than 2 years.

Hiperinsuflação manual em crianças / Manual hyperinflation in children

RESUMO A hiperinsuflação manual é utilizada em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal e pediátrica para promover um flow bias expiratório, porém não há consenso sobre os benefícios da técnica. Assim faz-se necessária uma revisão que apresente suas evidências. Este estudo objetiva revisar a literatura sobre a manobra de hiperinsuflação manual em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal e pediátrica, para analisar as evidências dessa técnica em relação às formas de aplicação (associadas ou não a outras técnicas), sua segurança, o desempenho dos ressuscitadores manuais e a influência da experiência do fisioterapeuta, além de avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos artigos encontrados. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados: Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMedⓇ, Scopus, CINAHL e SciELO. Dois pesquisadores selecionaram os artigos de forma independente. Verificaram-se os estudos duplicados, avaliados por títulos, resumos e, então, leitura na íntegra. Analisou-se a qualidade dos artigos pela escala PEDro. Foram incluídos seis artigos, sendo dois com alta qualidade metodológica. Os principais resultados trouxeram informações sobre a contribuição da válvula de pressão positiva expiratória final no aumento dos volumes pulmonares e a utilização das compressões torácicas para otimizar o flow bias expiratório, a influência negativa da experiência do operador no aumento do pico de fluxo inspiratório, o desempenho de diferentes ressuscitadores manuais durante a realização da técnica e a segurança na aplicação, com manutenção da estabilidade hemodinâmica e aumento da saturação periférica de oxigênio. Os estudos disponíveis apontam para um efeito positivo da manobra de hiperinsuflação manual realizada em crianças internadas em unidades de terapia intensiva. Registro PROSPERO: CRD42018108056.

ABSTRACT Manual hyperinflation is used in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units to promote expiratory flow bias, but there is no consensus on the benefits of the technique. Thus, a review that presents supporting evidence is necessary. This study aims to review the literature on the manual hyperinflation maneuver in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units to analyze the evidence for this technique in terms of the forms of application (associated with other techniques or not), its safety, the performance of manual resuscitators and the influence of the physical therapist's experience, in addition to evaluating the methodological quality of the identified articles. A search was performed in the following databases: Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMedⓇ, Scopus, CINAHL and SciELO. Two researchers independently selected the articles. Duplicate studies were assessed, evaluated by title and abstract and then read in full. The quality of the articles was analyzed using the PEDro scale. Six articles were included, two of which had high methodological quality. The main results provided information on the contribution of the positive end-expiratory pressure valve to increasing lung volumes and the use of chest compressions to optimize expiratory flow bias, the negative influence of operator experience on the increase in peak inspiratory flow, the performance of different manual resuscitators when used with the technique and the safety of application in terms of maintaining hemodynamic stability and increasing peripheral oxygen saturation. The available studies point to a positive effect of the manual hyperinflation maneuver in children who are admitted to intensive care units. Registration PROSPERO: CRD42018108056.

Pico de fluxo da tosse para predizer o resultado da extubação: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Cough peak flow to predict extubation outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a utilidade do pico de fluxo da tosse para predizer o desfecho da extubação em pacientes que obtiveram sucesso no teste de respiração espontânea. Métodos: A busca cobriu as bases de dados científicos MEDLINE, Lilacs, Ibecs, Cinahl, SciELO, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science e literatura cinzenta. Utilizaram-se os critérios Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies para avaliar a qualidade da metodologia e o risco de viés dos estudos. A heterogeneidade estatística da razão de verossimilhança (LR) e razão de chance diagnóstica (RCD) do diagnóstico foram avaliadas com utilização de gráficos em floresta, teste Q de Cochran e um gráfico crosshair summary Receiver Operating Characteristic, utilizando um modelo com múltiplos pontos de corte. Resultados: Inicialmente obteve-se, nas bases de dados, um total de 3.522 referências; dentre estas, selecionaram-se para análise qualitativa 12 estudos que incluíram 1.757 participantes. Muitos estudos apresentavam um risco de viés incerto em termos da seleção de pacientes e do fluxo e tempo. Dentre os 12 estudos incluídos, sete tinham alto risco e cinco risco incerto para o item padrão de referência. O desempenho diagnóstico do pico de fluxo da tosse para o resultado da extubação foi baixo a moderado quando se consideram os resultados de todos os estudos incluídos, com +LR de 1,360 (IC95% 1,240 - 1,530), -LR de 0,218 (IC95% 0,159 - 0,293) e razão de chance diagnóstica de 6,450 (IC95% 4,490 - 9,090). Uma análise de subgrupos que incluiu somente estudos com valores de corte entre 55 e 65 L/minuto demonstrou desempenho ligeiramente melhor, porém ainda moderado. Conclusão: A avaliação do pico de fluxo da tosse, considerando valor de corte entre 55 e 65 L/minuto, pode ser útil como medida complementar antes da extubação. São necessários estudos com melhor delineamento para elucidar o melhor método e equipamento para registrar o pico de fluxo da tosse, assim como o melhor ponto de corte.

Abstract Objective: This systematic review was designed to assess the usefulness of cough peak flow to predict the extubation outcome in subjects who passed a spontaneous breathing trial. Methods: The search covered the scientific databases MEDLINE, Lilacs, Ibecs, Cinahl, SciELO, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science and gray literature. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies was used to assess the methodological quality and risk of study bias. The statistical heterogeneity of the likelihood (LR) and diagnostic odds ratios were evaluated using forest plots and Cochran's Q statistic, and a crosshair summary Receiver Operating Characteristic plot using the multiple cutoffs model was calculated. Results: We initially retrieved 3,522 references from the databases; among these, 12 studies including 1,757 subjects were selected for the qualitative analysis. Many studies presented an unclear risk of bias in the "patient selection" and "flow and time" criteria. Among the 12 included studies, seven presented "high risk" and five "unclear risk" for the item "reference standard." The diagnostic performance of the cough peak flow for the extubation outcome was low to moderate when we considered the results from all included studies, with a +LR of 1.360 (95%CI 1.240 - 1.530), -LR of 0.218 (95%CI 0.159 - 0.293) and a diagnostic odds ratio of 6.450 (95%CI 4.490 - 9.090). A subgroup analysis including only the studies with a cutoff between 55 and 65 L/minute showed a slightly better, although still moderate, performance. Conclusion: A cough peak flow assessment considering a cutoff between 55 and 65L/minute may be useful as a complementary measurement prior to extubation. Additional well-designed studies are necessary to identify the best method and equipment to record the cough peak flow as well as the best cutoff.

Displasia broncopulmonar y su relación con los cuidados respiratorios en prematuros menores de 32 semanas en una unidad neonatal, Bogotá 2017 / Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and its relationship with respiratory care in premature infants under 32 weeks in a neonatal unit, Bogotá, 2017

RESUMEN Introducción: la displasia broncopulmonar es una enfermedad crónica que afecta al recién nacido prematuro que ha requerido ventilación mecánica y suplementación de oxígeno por su prematurez. La displasia está asociada a múltiples factores, entre los cuales se encuentran las medidas de cuidado respiratorio. Objetivo: describir la relación de presentación de displasia broncopulmonar con parámetros de atención respiratoria en prematuros menores de 32 semanas de edad gestacional en una unidad neonatal en Bogotá durante al año 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico transversal, desarrollado utilizando datos extraídos de una base secundaria de registro de recién nacidos prematuros atendidos en una unidad de cuidados neonatales de la ciudad de Bogotá. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia del 30% de presentación de displasia broncopulmonar en este grupo y relaciones significativas (p<0,05) entre la presentación de displasia y la administración de surfactante pulmonar exógeno y de citrato de cafeína (como factores protectores), la ventilación mecánica y la ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Conclusiones: las guías y consensos internacionales dirigen sus recomendaciones hacia un manejo más conservador de los parámetros de cuidado respiratorio para el recién nacido prematuro. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 41-7.

ABSTRACT Introduction: bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic disease that affects the premature newborn, which has required mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation because of its prematurity. Dysplasia is associated with multiple factors, among which are respiratory care measures. Objective: describe the relationship of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with parameters of respiratory care in premature infants under 32 weeks of gestational age in a neonatal unit in Bogotá during 2017. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical observational study, developed using data extracted from a secondary registry database for preterm infants treated in a neonatal care unit in the city of Bogotá. Results: a 30% prevalence of dysplasia was found in this group and significant relationships (p <0.05) between the presentation of dysplasia and the administration of exogenous pulmonary surfactant and caffeine citrate (as protective factors), mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation Conclusions: international guidelines and consensus direct their recommendations towards a more conservative management of respiratory care parameters for the premature newborn. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 41-7.