ABSTRACT
The retina is a central nervous tissue essential to visual perception and highly susceptible to environmental damage. Lower vertebrate retinas activate intrinsic regeneration mechanisms in response to retinal injury regulated by a specialized population of progenitor cells. The mammalian retina does not have populations of progenitor/stem cells available to activate regeneration, but contains a subpopulation of differentiated cells that can be reprogrammed into retinal stem cells, the ciliary epithelium (CE) cells. Despite the regenerative potential, stem cells derived from CE exhibit limited reprogramming capacity probably associated with the expression of intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a lipid mediator widely expressed in many cells and plays an important role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. During mammalian development, PAF receptor signaling showed important effects on retinal progenitors' cell cycle regulation and neuronal differentiation that need to be further investigated. In this study, our findings suggested a dynamic role for PAF receptor signaling in CE cells, impacting stem cell characteristics and neurosphere formation. We showed that PAF receptors and PAF-related enzymes are downregulated in retinal progenitor/stem cells derived from PE cells. Blocking PAFR activity using antagonists increased the expression of specific progenitor markers, revealing potential implications for retinal tissue development and maintenance.
Subject(s)
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Retina , Stem Cells , Animals , Cell Proliferation , Stem Cells/metabolism , Epithelium , MammalsABSTRACT
Avanços no campo das células-tronco proporcionaram muita perspectiva para uso destas células na regeneração dos tecidos oculares danificados por doenças as quais não possuem tratamento disponível até o momento. Terapia baseada com células-tronco para regeneração e reparo ocular constitui uma esperança para a restauração da função visual em indivíduos com tecido oculares irreversivelmente danificados por doença ou trauma. Até o presente momento, somente as células LESC para o reparo da córnea apresentam aplicação clínica reconhecida no campo da oftalmologia. Experiências adquiridas com esta abordagem poderão potencialmente ajudar com o desenho de terapias baseadas em células-tronco para regenerar outros tecidos oculares particularmente a retina. Utilização de células-tronco adultas para tratamento de doenças degenerativas da retina tem sido testada e também sua viabilidade para utilização em humanos. Apesar de muitos problemas práticos, existe um otimismo geral entre a comunidade médica e científica que a terapia baseada nas células-tronco para restaurar a função visual pode tornar-se realidade em um futuro não muito distante. Neste manuscrito, foi realizada uma revisão do estado atual e limitações na aplicação de células-tronco para terapia ocular e consideramos as perspectivas futuras de seu uso na restauração da visão.
Advances in the field of stem cell therapy have provided promising results in the regeneration of tissues damaged by eye diseases for which treatment is so far unavailable. Therapy based on stem cells to regenerate and repair is a hope for the restoration of visual function in individuals with ocular tissue irreversibly damaged by disease or trauma. Until now, only limbal epithelial stem cells have a recognized clinical application in ophthalmology for the repair of the cornea. Experience gained with this approach, may potentially help with the design of therapies based on stem cells to regenerate other eye tissues, in particular the retina. The use of adult stem cells to treat degenerative diseases of the retina has been tested in animals, as has their feasibility for use in humans. Although many practical problems exist, there is general optimism among the medical and scientific community that therapy based on stem cells to restore visual function can become a reality in the not too distant future. This article reviews the current status and limitations of the application of stem cell therapy in the eye and considers future prospects of its use in the restoration of vision.