ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a common condition with frequently not tolerated beta-blockers or ivabradine and a high rate of complication in ablation strategy; we describe an alternative anatomical approach of sinus node (SN) modulation. METHODS: This retrospective study describes a case series of 6 patients from two centers diagnosed with symptomatic IST undergoing SN ablation. RESULTS: The mean age was 40.6 ± 13.9 years; five of the six patients were female, 100% of patients reported heart palpitations, and 66% reported dizziness, the average heart rate (HR) on a 24-h Holter was 93.2 ± 7.9 bpm. HR during the first stage of a stress test using a standard Bruce protocol was 150 ± 70 bpm, The average HR on 24-h Holter postablation was 75 ± 5.6 bpm, the sinus rate HR during stage 1 of a Bruce protocol exercise stress test was 120 ± 10 bpm. CONCLUSION: This is the first case series reporting the acute and long-term results of a novel anatomical approach for SN modulation to treat IST targeting the arcuate ridge (AR) under intracardiac echography (ICE) guidance. The novel anatomic ICE-guided catheter ablation approach aimed to identify the earliest activation at the AR with an extension of RF lesions toward its septal region seems effective and safe to modulate the SN in symptomatic patients with IST refractory to medical treatment.
Subject(s)
Catheter Ablation , Heart Rate , Tachycardia, Sinus , Humans , Female , Tachycardia, Sinus/surgery , Tachycardia, Sinus/physiopathology , Retrospective Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Adult , Treatment Outcome , Action Potentials , Predictive Value of Tests , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Time Factors , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory , Drug Resistance , Sinoatrial Node/surgery , Sinoatrial Node/physiopathology , EchocardiographySubject(s)
COVID-19 , COVID-19/complications , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Syndrome , Post-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeABSTRACT
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is characterized by an inexplicably elevated sinus heart rate (HR) at rest, with an exaggerated response to physical activity. Its etiology is unknown, and IST is more common in the middle-aged population, being rare in children and adolescents. Although a favorable long-term prognosis has been described in a small series, tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy has rarely been associated with IST. In this report, we describe an extremely rare case of IST detected in the first trimester of gestation, focusing on reviewing important features to improve the diagnosis of the different types of tachycardia by applying fetal cardiac ultrasonography. In the case reported, the diagnosis of IST was suspected in a fetus from a pregnant woman with celiac disease, who was referred at 9 weeks of gestation with fetal tachycardia. The fetus remained hemodynamically stable until term, and the female neonate was born unremarkably. Electrocardiography in the newborn showed sinus tachycardia (ST) with normal PR and QTc intervals. Possible causes of ST were excluded, thus confirming the fetal diagnosis. The patient presented with a fast HR at rest with an exaggerated increase with minimal physical activity accompanied by irritability. Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy was initiated, and the female neonate has progressed well.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) avanzada bajo tratamiento con inotrópicos tienden a la taquicardia sinusal, principalmente, por: 1) efecto compensador neuroendocrino, 2) efecto farmacológico, 3) imposibilidad del uso de beta bloqueantes por interferir en el efecto inotrópico. Objetivos. Evaluar mediante cateterismo pulmonar el efecto hemodinámico de la ivabradina en la taquicardia sinusal durante el tratamiento de la IC avanzada bajo contrapulsación aórtica. Material y métodos. Entre el 1° de Enero de 2014 y el 1° de Mayo de 2020, se incluyeron prospectivamente todos los pacientes admitidos al área de cardiología crítica por IC aguda de etiología isquémico-necrótica refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico vía oral e indicación de inotrópicos y contrapulsación intra-aórtica, en ritmo sinusal con más de 110 latidos por minuto (lpm) de frecuencia cardíaca. Resultados. El estudio incluyó a 55 pacientes (33 hombres) con edad promedio de 61,9 años. Post tratamiento con ivabradina, la frecuencia cardíaca bajó de 118±5 lpm a 93±8 lpm (p=0,0002), el volumen minuto cardíaco aumentó de 4637±610 ml a 5176±527 ml (p=0,03) y el volumen sistólico promedio se incrementó significativamente de 39,29±5,2 a 55,65±7,7 ml (p=0,002). No se observaron diferencias significativas pre y post tratamiento en los registros de las presiones de la aurícula derecha ni en las presiones capilar pulmonar, así como en los cálculos de resistencias vasculares sistémicas y pulmonares. No se observaron efectos adversos de las drogas hasta transcurridas cinco vidas medias luego de suspenderla. Conclusiones. La ivabradina mejora la efectividad de la contrapulsación aórtica evaluada mediante catéter de Swan Ganz en paciente con IC avanzada tratada con agentes inotrópicos.
Background. Patients with advanced heart failure (HF) under inotropic treatment tend to sinus tachycardia, mainly due to: 1) neuroendocrine compensatory effect, 2) pharmacological effect, 3) impossibility of using beta-blockers because they interfere with the inotropic effect. Objectives. To evaluate the hemodynamic effect of ivabradine on sinus tachycardia during the treatment of advanced HF under aortic balloon pump using pulmonary catheterization. Material and methods. Between January 1, 2014 and May 1, 2020, all patients admitted to the critical cardiology area for acute HF of ischemic-necrotic etiology refractory to oral pharmacological treatment and indication of inotropic drugs and aortic balloon pump were prospectively included, in sinus rhythm with more than 110 beats per minute (bpm) of heart rate. Results. The study included 55 patients (33 men) with a mean age of 61.9 years. Post-treatment with ivabradine, the heart rate decreased from 118±5 bpm to 93±8 bpm (p=0.0002), the cardiac minute volume increased from 4637±610 ml to 5176±527 ml (p=0.03) and mean stroke volume increased significantly from 39.29±5.2 to 55.65±7.7 ml (p=0.002). No significant differences were observed before and after treatment in the recordings of the pressures of the right atrium or in the pulmonary capillary pressures, as well as in the calculations of systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. No adverse effects of the drugs were observed until five half-lives after stopping it. Conclusions. Ivabradine improves the effectiveness of aortic balloon pump evaluated by means of a Swan Ganz catheter in patients with advanced HF treated with inotropic agents.
Introdução. Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada em tratamento inotrópico tendem a apresentar taquicardia sinusal, principalmente devido a: 1) efeito compensatório neuroendócrino, 2) efeito farmacológico, 3) impossibilidade de uso de betabloqueadores por interferirem no efeito inotrópico. Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito hemodinâmico da ivabradina na taquicardia sinusal durante o tratamento da IC avançada sob contrapulsação aórtica por cateterismo pulmonar. Material e métodos. Entre 1º de Janeiro de 2014 e 1º de Maio de 2020, foram incluídos prospectivamente todos os pacientes admitidos na área de cardiologia crítica por IC aguda de etiologia isquêmico-necrótica refratária ao tratamento farmacológico oral e indicação de inotrópicos e de balão de contrapulsação intra-aórtico, em ritmo sinusal com mais de 110 batimentos por minuto (bpm) de frequência cardíaca. Resultados. O estudo incluiu 55 pacientes (33 homens) com idade média de 61,9 anos. Após o tratamento com ivabradina, a frequência cardíaca caiu de 118±5 bpm para 93±8 bpm (p=0,0002), o volume minuto cardíaco aumentou de 4637±610 ml para 5176±527 ml (p=0,03) e o volume sistólico médio aumentou significativamente de 39,29±5,2 para 55,65±7,7 ml (p=0,002). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas antes e após o tratamento nos registros das pressões do átrio direito ou nas pressões capilares pulmonares, bem como nos cálculos da resistência vascular sistêmica e pulmonar. Nenhum efeito adverso dos medicamentos foi observado até cinco meias-vidas após a descontinuação. Conclusões. A ivabradina melhora a eficácia da contrapulsação aórtica avaliada por meio de um cateter de Swan Ganz em pacientes com IC avançada tratados com agentes inotrópicos.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto hemodinámico de la ivabradina utilizada para reducir la taquicardia sinusal durante el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada bajo terapia inotrópica. Material y métodos. Entre Enero de 2011 y Marzo de 2015 se trataron con ivabradina prospectivamente pacientes en ritmo sinusal con más de 100 lpm de frecuencia cardíaca admitidos al área de cardiología crítica por insuficiencia cardíaca estadio D de etiología isquémico necrótica refractaria al tratamiento oral y endovenoso convencional con indicación de terapia inotrópica endovenosa con, al menos, una sumatoria de 10 γ/Kg/minuto y, al menos, 2,2 litros/ m²superficie corporal de índice cardíaco. Se excluyeron pacientes en shock o que requirieran asistencia respiratoria mecánica o asistencia circulatoria mecánica. Se realizaron mediciones con catéter de Swan Ganz antes y tres horas después de la administración de 15 mg de ivabradina, vía enteral. Resultados. El estudio incluyó a 61 pacientes (39 hombres y 22 mujeres) con edad promedio de 65,8 años. La fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo fue del 31,8%. La dosis promedio de fármaco inotrópico endovenoso fue de 15,2 γ/Kg/minuto. Tres horas después de la ivabradina la frecuencia cardíaca bajó de 121 ± 6 a 98 ± 7 (p=0,00002), leve aumento del volumen minuto cardíaco medido por termodilución de 4597 ± 550 mL/min a 4825 ± 535 mL/ min (p=0,041). El rendimiento cardíaco evaluado por el índice cardíaco aumentó en el límite de la significación estadística de 2,21 ± 0,3 a 2,33 ± 0,3 L/m² superficie corporal (p=0,052). El volumen sistólico promedio se incrementó significativamente de 37,9 ± 5 a 49,3 ± 8 mL (p=0,00002). No se observaron diferencias significativas en los registros de presiones de aurícula derecha, ni en las presiones capilares pulmonares, así como en los cálculos de resistencias vasculares sistémicas y pulmonares. No se observaron efectos adversos de las drogas hasta transcurridas cinco vidas medias, luego de suspenderla. La mortalidad a 30 días de este grupo de paciente fue del 8,1%. Conclusiones. La ivabradina es útil para moderar la taquicardia sinusal en la insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada durante la terapia inotrópica.
Objective. To evaluate the hemodynamic effect of ivabradine used to reduce sinus tachycardia for the treatment of advanced heart failure under inotropic therapy. Material and methods. Between January 2011 and March 2015 we treated prospectively with ivabradine patients in sinus rhythm with over 100 pm of heart rate admitted to the critical cardiology unit for stage D heart failure with indication intravenous inotropic therapy with at least a sum of 10 γ/Kg/minute and at least 2.2 L/m² body surface of cardiac index. Shock patients were excluded or requiring mechanical ventilation or mechanical circulatory support. Measurements were made with Swan Ganz catheter before and three hours after administration of 15 mg of ivabradine enterally. Results. The study included 61 patients (39 men and 22 women) with a mean age of 65.8 years. The ejection fraction of the left ventricle was 31.8% .The average dose of intravenous inotropic drug was 15.2 γ/Kg/minute. Three hours after administration of ivabradine heart rate decreased from 121 ± 6 to 98 ± 7 (p=0.00002), slight increase cardiac output measured by thermodilution measured 4597 ± 550 mL/min to 4825 ± 535 mL/min (p=0.041). Cardiac performance measured by the cardiac index increased by the limit of statistical significance of 2.21 ± 0.3 to 2.33 ± 0.3 L/m² body surface area (p=0.052). The mean stroke volume increased significantly from 37.9 ± 5 to 49.3 ± 8 mL (p=0.00002). No significant difference in pressures records right atrium or pulmonary capillary pressures were observed; as well as calculations of systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. No adverse drug effects were observed up to five halflives elapsed after suspending it. The 30-day mortality in this group of patients was 8.1%. Conclusions. Ivabradine is useful to moderate sinus tachycardia in advanced heart failure during inotropic therapy.
Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito hemodinâmico da ivabradina utilizado para reduzir taquicardia sinusal para o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca avançada sob terapia inotrópica. Material e métodos. Entre Janeiro de 2011 e Março de 2015, prospectivamente foram tratados com ivabradina pacientes em ritmo sinusal, com mais de 100 bpm frequência cardíaca admitidos na área de cardiologia crítica por insuficiência cardíaca estádio D de etiologia isquêmica necrótica refratada ao tratamento intravenoso e oral convencional, com indicação de terapia inotrópica intravenosa com, pelo menos, uma dose de 10 γ/Kg/min e, pelo menos, 2,2 L/m² de superfície corporal do índice cardíaco. Os pacientes em estado de choque foram excluídos ou necessidade de ventilação mecânica ou suporte circulatório mecânico. As medições foram feitas com cateter de Swan Ganz antes e três horas após a administração de 15 mg de ivabradina via enteral. Resultados. O estudo incluiu 61 pacientes (39 homens e 22 mulheres), com idade média de 65,8 anos. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi de 31,8%. A dose média de droga inotrópica intravenosa foi de 15,2 γ/kg/min. Três horas após a administração de ivabradina ritmo cardíaco diminuiu de 121 ± 6 para 98 ± 7 bpm (p=0,00002), ligeiro aumento do débito cardíaco medido por termodiluição de 4597 ± 550 mL/min para 4825 ± 535 mL/min (p=0,041). O desempenho cardíaco medido pelo índice cardíaco aumentou no limite de significância estatística de 2,21 ± 0,3 para 0,3 ± 2.33 L/m² de área de superfície corporal (p=0,052). O volume sistólico médio aumentou significativamente de 37,9 ± 5 para 49,3 ± 8 mL (p=0,00002). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos registros de pressão do átrio direito, nem nas pressões capilares pulmonares; assim como nos cálculos de resistência vascular sistêmica e pulmonar. Não foram observados efeitos adversos da droga até ter transcorreram cinco meias-vidas após sua suspensão. A mortalidade aos 30 dias, neste grupo de pacientes foi de 8,1%. Conclusões. A ivabradina é útil para moderar taquicardia sinusal na insuficiência cardíaca avançada durante a terapia inotrópica.
ABSTRACT
El síntoma palpitaciones es frecuente en la consulta médica. Se valoró retrospectivamente la prevalencia de disfunción contráctil miocárdica y de disfunción tiroidea en un grupo de pacientes con taquicardia sinusal inapropiada. Material y métodos: De todos los registros electrocardiográficos de 24 horas (Holter) realizados en el servicio de cardiología del Hospital México, Costa Rica, en el año 2006, se eligieron los que resultaron con taquicardia sinusal inapropiada, definida como frecuencia cardiaca promedio mayor de 80 latidos por minuto (1pm) o bien la presencia de múltiples episodios de taquicardia sinusal sin correlación fisiológica. Se analizaron los factores demográficos, la presencia de disfunción contráctil miocárdica por ecocardiograma y la función tiroidea (medición de T3, T4, TSH). Se excluyeron del análisis a los pacientes con cardiopatía estructural conocida de previo. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 105 registros (81 mujeres, 24 hombres) de un total de 380 (27,6 por ciento). La edad promedio fue 38,97 años (rango de 9-81 años). La frecuencia cardiaca promedio fue 86,23 1pm (108-71), la máxima promedio 143,19 1pm (189-111) y la mínima promedio 55,7 1pm (89-22). En 49 pacientes, se documentó la fracción de eyección, encontrándose un valor promedio normal (0,6 rango 0,7-0,45); en 29 pacientes se obtuvieron los resultados de función tiroidea, en promedio, T4 libre y TSH estuvieron en límites normales (1,48 ng/dL y 1,7 mUI/L respectivamente). Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes que consulta por palpitaciones cuyo resultado del Holter es taquicardia sinusal inapropiada, no tiene disfunción contráctil miocárdica ni disfunción tiroidea. Por tanto, en este grupo de pacientes no se justifica valorar estos parámetros en forma rutinaria.
Palpitations are a frequent complaint during medical consultation. In a group of patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia, we retrospectively, assessed the prevalence of cardiac contractile and thyroid dysfunction Materials and methods: We selected from all 24 hour Holter studies performed during 2006 at the Cardiology Service of the México Hospital (Costa Rica) those of patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia, defined as mean heart rate equal o greater than 80 beats per minute (bpm) or multiple episodes of sinus tachycardia without physiologic explanation. We analyzed demographicdata, echocardiographic presence or absence of systolic cardiac dysfunction and thyroid function by means of TSH and total T3-4. We excluded from the analysis those patients with knowncardiac disease. Results: We selected 105 Holter registries from 380 studies, 27,6% or 81 were women, and 24men. Mean age was 38,97 years old (range 9-81). The mean heart rate was 86,23 bpm (108-71), mean maximal heart rate 143,19 (189-111) and mean minimal heart rate 55,7 (89-22) bpm. In 49 patients an ejection fraction was available; a normal mean value of 0,6 (0,7-0,45) was reported. In 29 patients thyroid function tests were obtained and the mean value of free-T4 y TSH werebetween normal limits (1,48 ng/dL and 1,7 mUI/L respectively). Conclusion: The majority of patients consulting for palpitations and in whom a Holter analysis results in inappropriate sinus tachycardia, have no cardiac contractility nor thyroid dysfunction.Therefore, in this group of patients it is not justified to evaluate these parameters routinely.