Peri-implant clinicoradiographic status among betel-quid chewers and controls

Abstract The aim of the present case-control observational study was to evaluate the peri-implant clinicoradiographic status among betel-quid chewers and controls. Self-reported betel-quid chewers and controls were included. Participants were categorized into 3 groups: Group-1: Individuals chewing betel-quid with tobacco; Group-2: Individuals chewing betel-quid without tobacco; and Group-3: Controls (individuals not using tobacco in any form). Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Periodontal and peri-implant clinicoradiologic parameters (plaque and gingival indices [PI and GI], probing depth [PD] and crestal bone loss/marginal bone loss [CBL/MBL]) were assessed. Clinical attachment loss (AL) around teeth was also assessed. Group comparisons were done using the one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni Post-hoc adjustment tests. Correlation of periodontal and peri-implant inflammatory parameters with the duration of betel-quid chewing habit and duration of placement in the mouth were assessed using logistic regression analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Thirty, 30 and 30 patients were included in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Full-mouth PI (P<0.01), GI (P<0.01), clinical AL (P<0.01), PD (P<0.01) and mesial and distal MBL (P<0.01) were higher in groups 1 and 2 than Group-3. Peri-implant mPI (P<0.01), mGI (P<0.01), PD (P<0.01) and MBL/CBL (P<0.01) were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than Group-3 with no significant difference in groups 1 and 2. Betel-quid chewing habit either with or without tobacco is a risk-factor of peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation and CBL.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo observacional de casos-controles foi avaliar o estado clínico-radiográfico periimplantar dos usuários de bétele. Foram incluídos usuários que relataram utlizar a substância bétele como tabaco de mascar. Os participantes foram categorizados em 3 grupos: Grupo-1: Indivíduos que mascam bétele com tabaco; Grupo-2: Indivíduos que mascam bétele sem tabaco; e Grupo-3: Controle (indivíduos que não usam tabaco sob qualquer forma). Os dados demográficos foram recolhidos utilizando um questionário. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínico-radiográfico e periimplantares (índices placa e gengivais [IP e IG], profundidade de sondagem [PS] e perda de crista óssea/ perda óssea marginal [PCO/POM]). Também foi avaliada a perda inserção clínica (IC) em torno dos dentes. As comparações de grupo foram feitas utilizando a análise de variância unidireccional e os testes de ajustamento post-hoc de Bonferroni. A correlação dos parâmetros inflamatórios periodontais e periimplantares com a duração do hábito de mastigação da bétele e duração da colocação na boca foi avaliada utilizando a análise de regressão logística. P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Foram utilizados 30 pacientes em cada grupo. O IP de boca inteira (P<0,01), IG (P<0,01), IC clínica (P<0,01), PS (P<0,01) e POM mesial e distal (P<0,01) foram mais elevados nos grupos 1 e 2 do que no grupo 3. O mPI peri-implantar (P<0,01), '(P<0,01), PD (P<0,01) e POM/PCO (P<0,01) foram significativamente mais elevados nos grupos 1 e 2 do que no grupo 3, sem diferença significativa nos grupos 1 e 2. O hábito de mastigar a substância bétele com ou sem tabaco é um fator de risco de inflamação dos tecidos moles periimplantares e PCO.

Estimation of salivary malondialdehyde Levels in smokeless tobacco chewers with chronic periodontitis-A cross sectional clinico biochemical study / Estimación de los niveles de malondialdehído salival en masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica: un estudio bioquímico clínico transversal

ABSTRACT: Despite the reported effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) on the periodontium and high prevalence of ST use in rural populations and in males studies on this specific topic are limited. The purpose of this cross-sectional investigation was to measure lipid peroxidation (as an end product of oxidative stress) end product i.e. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in saliva of patients with gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and to assess the influence of smokeless tobacco on Salivary Malondialdehyde (S-MDA). Total 30 patients with gingivitis, 30 with chronic periodontitis and 30 Smokeless Tobacco Chewers with Chronic Periodontitis and 30 periodontally healthy subjects were included in the study. Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PD), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) were recorded followed by stimulated Saliva sample collection. Salivary MDA Levels were assessed by UV Spectrophotometry. There was a statistically significant increase in the salivary MDA levels in gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and in smokeless tobacco chewers with chronic periodontitis when compared with healthy group. Higher salivary MDA levels in gingivitis group, chronic periodontitis, and smokeless tobacco chewers with chronic periodontitis reflects increasedoxygen radical activity during periodontal inflammation.

RESUMEN: A pesar de los efectos reportados del tabaco sin humo (TS) sobre el periodonto y la alta prevalencia del uso de TS en poblaciones rurales y en hombres, los estudios sobre este tema específico son limitados. El propósito de esta investigación transversal fue medir el producto final de la peroxidación lipídica (como producto final del estrés oxidativo), es decir, malondialdehído (MDA) en la saliva de pacientes con gingivitis, periodontitis crónica y evaluar la influencia del tabaco sin humo en el malondialdehído salival (S-MDA). Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 30 pacientes con gingivitis, 30 con periodontitis crónica y 30 masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica y 30 sujetos periodontalmente sanos. Se registraron el índice de placa (PI), el índice gingival (GI), la profundidad de la bolsa de sondeo (PD) y la pérdida de adherencia clínica (CAL), seguidos de la recogida de muestras de saliva estimuladas. Los niveles de MDA en saliva se evaluaron mediante espectrofotometría UV. Hubo un aumento estadísticamente significativo en los niveles de MDA en saliva en gingivitis, periodontitis crónica y en masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica en comparación con el grupo sano. Los niveles más altos de MDA en saliva en el grupo de gingivitis, periodontitis crónica y masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica reflejan un aumento de la actividad de los radicales de oxígeno durante la inflamación periodontal.

The effect of Maras powder and smoking on the microRNA deregulation of oral mucosa

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of Maras powder (a type of smokeless tobacco obtained from Nicotiana rustica Linn and mixed with the ashes of wood, especially from oak, walnut or grapevine) on the microRNA (miRNA) deregulation of oral mucosa, and it compares these effects with those of smoking. Methodology Oral mucosal samples were collected from 74 patients, consisting of 16 nonusers, 26 smokers, and 32 Maras powder users. Genes associated with oral cancer were selected and 90 microRNAs targeting these genes were identified. MicroRNA were isolated and purified using the microRNA isolation kit. MicroRNA were expressed using Fluidigm RT-PCR. Results A positive correlation between the duration of Maras powder use with miR-31 expression levels, and a negative correlation between the Maras powder chewing time and miR-372 expression levels was found. In addition, there is a negative correlation between the amount of Maras powder consumed and expression levels of miR-375, miR-378a, miR-145, and miR-10b; moreover, another negative correlation is observed between the number of cigarettes consumed and the expression levels of miR-23a, miR-23b, miR-203a, miR-200b, and miR-375. However, miR-200b and miR-92a levels were downregulated significantly more in Maras powder users when compared with smokers and nonusers (p<0.05). Conclusion The results show both chewing Maras powder and smoking have an effect on deregulation of miR-200b and miR-92a expressions. This leads to the belief that assessing the expression of these two miRNAs is a promising noninvasive method of analysis, especially in mutagen exposures. Finally, large-scale and high-throughput studies may help to identify an extensive miRNA expression profile associated with tobacco use and improve the understanding of oral malignancies.

A qualitative study of tobacco use in eight economically disadvantaged Dominican Republic communities.

Understanding social conditions prior to intervention design can enhance tobacco control interventions. This paper describes formative research conducted in 2010 about tobacco use in eight economically disadvantaged Dominican Republic communities, four of which participated in a previous intervention study (2003-2008). A combined US-Dominican team used a rapid assessment process to collect qualitative social and cultural data on tobacco use, knowledge and attitudes; plus observations about social and policy factors, such as exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), tobacco regulations, pregnancy, health care provider (HCP) practices and sustainability of the 2003-2008 intervention. This assessment found that tobacco use varied by age. While all ages typically used cigarettes, older adults used relatively more unprocessed tobacco, which is seen as less harmful and less addictive. Middle-aged smokers typically used commercial cigarettes, which are viewed as dangerous, addictive, expensive and offensive. Young adults reported avoiding smoking, but using relatively more smokeless tobacco. Smoking during pregnancy has reportedly decreased. SHS was viewed as harmful, although smoke-free homes were uncommon. HCPs discussed tobacco issues mostly for patients with tobacco-related conditions. Sustainability of the 2003-2008 intervention appeared to be linked to active Community Technology Centers with strong leadership, and community social capital. This information could be used to design better targeted interventions in these communities.

Comprehensive chemical characterization of Rapé tobacco products: Nicotine, un-ionized nicotine, tobacco-specific N'-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavor constituents.

Rapé, a diverse group of smokeless tobacco products indigenous to South America, is generally used as a nasal snuff and contains substantial amount of plant material with or without tobacco. Previously uncharacterized, rapé contains addictive and harmful chemicals that may have public health implications for users. Here we report % moisture, pH, and the levels of total nicotine, un-ionized nicotine, flavor-related compounds, tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for manufactured and hand-made rapé. Most rapé products were mildly acidic (pH 5.17-6.23) with total nicotine ranging from 6.32 to 47.6 milligram per gram of sample (mg/g). Calculated un-ionized nicotine ranged from 0.03 to 18.5 mg/g with the highest values associated with hand-made rapés (pH 9.75-10.2), which contain alkaline ashes. In tobacco-containing rapés, minor alkaloid levels and Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to confirm the presence of Nicotiana rustica, a high nicotine tobacco species. There was a wide concentration range of TSNAs and PAHs among the rapés analyzed. Several TSNAs and PAHs identified in the products are known or probable carcinogens according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Milligram quantities of some non-tobacco constituents, such as camphor, coumarin, and eugenol, warrant additional evaluation.

Prevalencia de consumo de tabaco no inhalado (chimó) en el municipio Miranda del estado Mérida, Venezuela: asociación con ansiedad y estrés

Objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco no inhalado (chimó) en el Municipio Miranda del Estado Mérida, Venezuela, así como, su asociación con la ansiedad y el estrés. Métodos: Estudio transversal; tipo encuesta; modo de selección: muestreo aleatorio poliestratificado de las casas del Municipio; criterio de inclusión: sujetos de 10 años o más edad. Se aplicó un formato estándar, así mismo, la escala de ansiedad y depresión de Zigmond y Snaith, escala de estrato social de Graffar - Méndez Castellano y el cuestionario de estrés del estudio INTERHEART. Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 sujetos (50 hombres y 50 mujeres), con una edad promedio de 34,1 años (DE ± 14,4). Predominantemente de raza mixta (96%), en estratos sociales III - IV (96%). La prevalencia de tabaco no inhalado fue del 38% (58% hombres - 18% mujeres; p< 0,0001), la cual se incrementó con la edad (10 - 20 años 13%; 21 - 34 años 40%; 35 - 48 años 44,8%; 49 y más años 55,5%; p= 0,029). El consumo de tabaco se asoció con la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad (p=0,039), depresión (p=0,023) y número de eventos estresantes (p=0,016). Al calcular el OR, el consumo de chimó en el género femenino incremento en 10 veces la posibilidad de presentar síntomas de ansiedad y 15 veces los síntomas de depresión. Conclusión: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de consumo de chimó en el Municipio Miranda del Estado Mérida, Venezuela.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of used smokeless tobacco (chimó) in Miranda Township, Mérida State, Venezuela, and his association with anxiety and stress. Methods: A cross-sectional health survey Township representative randomized sample of population was done. There were included all subjects of 10 years or older. Standard questionnaire was applied, and anxiety and depression scale of Zigmond and Snaith, social stratum scales Graffar - Méndez Castellano, stress questionnaire of INTERHEART study. Results: There were included 100 subjects (50 men - 50 women), average of age 34.1 years (ED ± 14.4). Mostly mix race (96%) and social stratum III - IV (96%). Smokeless tobacco prevalence was 38% (men 58% - women 18%, p< 0.0001), increased with age (10 - 20 years old 13%; 21 - 34 years old 40%; 35 - 48 years old 44.8%; 49 years and older 55.5%; p= 0.029). Prevalence smokeless tobacco were associated with anxiety (p=0.039) and depression (p=0.023) symptoms, and number stress events (p=0.016). When calculating the OR, chimó consumption in females increased 10 times the chance of developing symptoms of anxiety and 15 times the symptoms of depression. Conclusion: There are highest prevalence smokeless tobacco (chimó) products in Miranda Township from Mérida State, Venezuela.

Cytogenetic damage in khaini users of Tamilnadu, Southern India

Aim: The smokeless tobacco (ST) has a strong association with the risk of oral leukoplakia (OL), oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer (OC). ST components exhibit genotoxicity and may alter the structure of DNA, proteins and lipids, resulting in the production of antigenicity. In this study, an attempt was made to estimate the cytogenetic damage [chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN)] in people habituated to consume khaini (ST), which is one of the major forms of tobacco consumption in Tamilnadu, India, and believed to be a major risk factor for OC. Methods: After signing a consent form, volunteers provided blood samples (108 samples from including experimental and control subjects) to establish cell cultures at 52 h. For CA analysis, 100 complete metaphase cells per subject were evaluated. Chromatid- and chromosomal- type aberrations were identified in experimental and control subjects, where the latter showed a very minimal number of CA in age wise manner. Results: Statistically significant results were obtained in experimental subjects when compared to controls as confirmed by chi-square test. Exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosaof Khaini users were examined by using the micronucleus assay. The difference in mean micronucleated cell count for buccal mucosa between cases and controls were significant (p<0.01). Hence, specific biomarkers on cytogenetic endpoints might help in establishing preventive measures to reduce cancer risks. Conclusion: the genotoxic effect of smokeless tobacco should be considered in addition to other known hazards for assessing health risks.

El problema del tabaquismo en odontología: creencias, conocimientos, actitudes y práctica clínica de profesionales de la odontología en relación al tabaco de uso oral. / The problem of tobacco use in dentistry: believes, attitudes, behaviors and clinical practice of dentists in relation to smokeless tobacco use.

En Venezuela el  consumo  de chimó,  producto de tabaco,  era tradicionalmente una actividad rural,  pero actualmente es común entre jóvenes urbanos y rurales que es el  grupo más susceptible de acudir a consultas de odontología que de medicina. Materiales y métodos Para conocer sobre creencias, actitudes, conocimientos, y práctica clínica de las(os) odontólogas(os) en relación al tabaco y en especial Chimó, se realizó una encuesta auto-administrada, anónima en una muestra aleatoria en el  Estado Lara, Venezuela. Resultados La tasa de respuesta fue 67.2% con predominio de mujeres (61%) jóvenes. Para la mayoría, el chimo es una droga y  un problema de salud pública actual y futuro; pero 33% piensan que previene caries y preserva el tejido dentario,  y  14% de las mujeres y 18.8% de los hombres piensan que  no causa patologías de los tejidos blandos de la boca. Menos del 30% tiene información científica sobre el Chimó y 79% no leyó ni discutió trabajos científicos sobre el  tema en la universidad.  80% afirma no haber tenido pacientes consumidores de chimó en el último año, pero de estos, 60% no interroga al respecto.  Cerca de 80% se sienten preparados y  piensan que podrían  ayudar a los consumidores a dejarlo, pero solo 60% lo hace. discusión Lograr una vida saludable para nuestra población es tarea multidisciplinaria, un aspecto importante es solventar la brecha entre el conocimiento sobre tabaquismo y el conocimiento y práctica clínica de los profesionales de la odontología, evidenciado en el presente trabajo. Es necesario fomentar la investigación sobre tabaco y salud dental, así como diseminar el conocimiento,  y  promover la participación activa de odontólogas(os) en el proceso de  prevención y cesación tabáquica.

In the rural Venezuela it was a tradition the use of a smokeless tobacco product called Chimó, it is now fashionable among rural and urban youth, those more likely of attending a dental rather than a medical consultation. methods This is a cross sectional, self administered, anonymous survey done on a random sample of dentist of Lara State, Venezuela. It explores knowledge, believes, attitudes and actual practice of active dentists concerning tobacco use. It was delivery and collected from each selected dentist by a courier service. results There was a 62% response rate, 60% of responders were female. The majority think Chimó use is a drug that is, and will remain, a public health problem, however, 33% think it is harmless or even beneficial, 14% of males and 18.8% of female think it does not cause damage to oral tissues. About 79% never had a discussion about Chimó as university students and less than 30% ever read a scientific article about Chimó. 80% said they haven’t had any Chimó user patient in the last year, but 60% of dentist never ask about it; 80% think they are prepared to help patients to stop tobacco use, but 40% never offer any counseling. discusion  The goal of healthy living status for our population only could be achieved by a multidisciplinary approach.  One key element if to bridge the gap on professional education and current practice of dentist, which were disclosed by this research project. It is necessary to promote research on tobacco and dental health and to  disseminate practical knowledge about tobacco among dentist to facilitate their participation on prevention and cessation activities.