Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and risk factors associated with high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk from dairy farms in Colombia.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the frequency and genetic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. and the risk factors associated with a high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk samples of dairy farms in three municipalities of the Antioquia Department, Colombia. Fifteen samples were positive for E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Subsequent analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene sequences confirmed these isolates included E. coli (n = 3), K. oxytoca (n = 11), and K. pneumoniae (n = 1). None of the isolates was positive for ESBL identification by phenotypic methods, but the only the isolate of K. pneumoniae was positive for the blaSHV61 gene by sequence analysis. The antibiotic susceptibility evaluation for all Klebsiella spp. isolates identified resistance to fosfomycin (50%; 6/12) and ampicillin (100%; 12/12). While most of the herds maintain adequate hygienic quality, specific risk factors such as having more than 60 milking cows, frequent changes in milkers, milking in paddocks, and using a chlorinated product for pre-dipping have been identified as associated with a high total bacterial count > 100,000 CFU/mL in bulk tank milk. However, certain variables including the milker being the owner of the animals and the proper washing and disinfection of the milking machine contribute to maintain a high level of hygiene and quality in the raw milk stored in the tanks. In conclusion, the frequency of ESBL producers was relatively low, with only K. pneumoniae testing positive for the blaSHV ESBL type. The presence of these bacteria in milk tanks represents a potential risk to public health for consumers of raw milk and its derivatives.

Effect of double-premilking teat disinfection protocols on bacterial counts on teat skin of cows and milker gloves in a free-stall-housed dairy herd.

This research communication addresses the hypothesis that double premilking teat disinfection (DD) is more effective in reducing soiling and bacterial count on the cows' teat skin and milkers' gloves than conventional disinfection (CONV). The design was a 3 × 3 Latin square (three groups of cows and three treatments) with conventional teat disinfection (CONV, lactic acid application after forestripping), double teat disinfection using the same disinfectant (DD1D, lactic acid application before and after forestripping), and double teat disinfection using two different disinfectants (DD2D, application of lactic acid before and chlorine-based disinfectant after forestripping). All groups were assigned for six days for each treatment, and the evaluations and samples were collected on the last day, before and after treatment. We evaluated the teat cleanliness score (TCS), count of Gram-negative bacteria (coliforms and noncoliforms), Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and total bacterial count (TBC) on the cows' teats and TBC on the milkers' gloves. TCS after premilking was lower in DD than CONV treatment. The reduction of Staphylococcus spp. count was greater in the DD treatment and tended to be higher in the DD2D. The TBC reduction on the cows' teats was greater in the DD treatments. The TBC on the milkers' gloves was lower for DD before and after premilking. In conclusion, DD can be an alternative for reducing some bacterial populations on cow teats and preventing the transmission of microorganisms between cows via the milkers' hands.

Quality of raw bulk-tank milk produced in northeast Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal influence on the chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC), and total bacterial count (TBC) of raw bulk-tank milk in northeastern Brazilian states. Data were obtained from milk samples from tanks collected monthly by industries registered with the Federal Inspection Service. According to normative instruction #62 (IN-62), two validity periods were considered. The highest recorded averages for chemical composition were between May and July. The mean fat content varied from 3.51% to 3.69%, and the protein content ranged from 3.07% to 3.17%. The averages of SCC ranged from 4.66 to 4.90 × 1,000 cells/ml, with the highest being recorded in July. At the same time, the TBC ranged from 2.34 to 2.53 cfu/ml. The highest TBC was recorded in March. The mean values of fat, protein, defatted dry extract, SCCs, and TBC were influenced by the months of the year. The means for these variables decreased in periods when Brazilian legislation was more severe. However, the SCC and TBC averages found in this study were still high, considering the quality of raw milk production. SCC and TBC presence still did not comply with the limits established by the legislation.

Season effects on the composition of milk produced by a Holstein herd managed under semi-confinement followed by compost bedded dairy barn management / Efeito das estações do ano sobre a composição do leite de rebanho Holandês manejado em semiconfinamento e posteriormente em compost bedded dairy barn

Here, we studied the composition of milk produced by a Holstein herd in the municipality of Nova Boa Vista, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The herd was first managed under a semi-confinement system and subsequently, in a compost bedded dairy barn system to facilitate animal management and, more importantly, family work. We monitored milk production by the herd under a semi-confinement system from January 2013 through September 2015, and then under a compost bedded dairy barn system from October 2015 through December 2017. The seasons of the year were spring (October to December), summer (January to March), autumn (April to June), and winter (July to September). Our results showed an increase in somatic cell count and total bacterial count with the change from semi-confinement to the compost bedded dairy barn system, possibly due to management factors; however, no changes were observed for any other of the variables under study, including lactose, fat, protein, and total solids. In addition, season markedly influenced milk composition and quality; thus, in winter and spring, milk was of a higher quality, whereas in the hotter months of summer and autumn fodder quality and availability, and the incidence of mastitis, as reflected by somatic cell count, affected milk quality negatively.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar a composição do leite de um rebanho da raça Holandês no município de Nova Boa Vista - RS que era manejado em sistema semiconfinado e posteriormente evoluiu para Compost Bedded Dairy Barn (CBDB) como forma de facilitar o manejo dos animais e principalmente amenizar o trabalho da família. Os dados utilizados são referentes à composição e qualidade do leite entre os meses de janeiro de 2013 a outubro de 2015 em sistema semiconfinado e de novembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017 em sistema confinado CBDB. As estações do ano foram consideradas da seguinte forma: Primavera (outubro, novembro e dezembro), Verão (janeiro, fevereiro e março), Outono (abril, maio e junho) e Inverno (julho, agosto e setembro). Os resultados mostraram um aumento da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana (CBT) com a mudança do sistema semiconfinado para o CBDB, ou seja, estes indicadores foram prejudicados quando as vacas estavam em sistema de CBDB, possivelmente em função dos fatores de manejo, porém, não havendo diferenças para as demais variáveis (lactose, gordura, proteína e EST). Além disso, as estações do ano influenciam a qualidade e composição do leite, sendo que no inverno e na primavera o leite apresentava melhor qualidade uma vez que nos meses mais quentes (verão e outono) a qualidade das forragens e a insciência de mastites (refletida na CCS) foram fatores determinantes.(AU)

Influence of the microbiological quality of raw milk on the shelf life of pasteurized milk / Influência da qualidade microbiológica do leite cru na vida útil do leite pasteurizado

The dairy industry strives to produce high quality products with high nutritional value as well as to meet the legal standards for longer shelf life. However, these goals are made unfeasible by the poor quality of raw milk produced in some regions of Brazil. Others Brazilian dairy regions, however, already succeed in producing milk with low microbial counts, such as the municipality of Castro, Paraná state, designated as the ‘Brazilian dairy capital’. In order to evaluate the effect of raw milk quality on microbial counts during the shelf life of pasteurized milk, samples were collected from two dairy regions of Paraná: the northern and Castro region, characterized by milk production with high and low microbiological counts, respectively. Samples were experimentally pasteurized and the total microorganism counts were analyzed for 18 days at 7°C, using the Brazilian standard microbiological count limit for pasteurized milk (8 x 104 CFU/mL) as the end of the shelf life. Low microbiological counts in raw milk (Castro) resulted in significantly lower counts shortly after pasteurization and over the entire shelf life, meeting the pasteurized milk standard for 18 days. The temporal evolution in the counts over 18 days for the milks of high and low microbiological count was similar; however, the disparity between the absolute counts between the regions was significant (p < 0.05). Of the milk samples from northern Paraná, four (44.4%) already had counts higher than that of the legislative limit for pasteurized milk immediately after pasteurization. The others (five) reached the maximum microbiological count limit for pasteurized milk on the 6th day after pasteurization. In contrast, the milk from the Castro region remained below the limit throughout the analysis period...

Produtos de alta qualidade, com elevado valor nutricional e longa vida útil, são objetivos almejados pela indústria de laticínios, dificultados pela má qualidade microbiológica do leite cru produzido no Brasil. No entanto, algumas regiões já produzem leite com baixas contagens microbianas, como a capital brasileira do leite, Castro, no Paraná. Com a intenção de avaliar o efeito da qualidade do leite cru nas contagens microbianas durante o período de vida útil de leite pasteurizado, amostras de leite cru foram coletadas de duas regiões do Paraná: a região norte e a região de Castro, caracterizadas pela produção de leite com contagens microbiológicas altas e baixas, respectivamente. As amostras foram experimentalmente pasteurizadas e analisadas as contagens totais de micro-organismos pelo período de 18 dias a 7ºC, utilizando o padrão determinado na IN62/2011 para o fim da vida de útil (máx. 8 x 104 UFC/mL). Baixas contagens microbiológicas no leite cru resultaram em contagens significativamente menores logo após a pasteurização e ao longo da vida útil, atendendo ao padrão de qualidade para leite pasteurizado por 18 dias. As evoluções nas contagens durante o período de análise para os leites de alta e baixa contagem microbiológica foram proporcionais, no entanto, a disparidade entre as contagens absolutas entre as regiões foi significativa. O leite do norte do Paraná atingiu o limite máximo para o leite pasteurizado no 6°dia após a pasteurização, enquanto o leite da região de Castro manteve-se abaixo da contagem limite durante todo o período de análise. Dessa forma, é possível afirmar que as contagens de microrganismos e a vida útil do leite pasteurizado está diretamente relacionada às contagens apresentadas pelo leite antes da pasteurização. Assim, para prolongar a vida útil do leite pasteurizado, deve-se diminuir as contagens do leite cru e, como se sabe, as boas práticas de higiene na produção são essenciais para atingir esse objetivo.

Influence of the microbiological quality of raw milk on the shelf life of pasteurized milk / Influência da qualidade microbiológica do leite cru na vida útil do leite pasteurizado

The dairy industry strives to produce high quality products with high nutritional value as well as to meet the legal standards for longer shelf life. However, these goals are made unfeasible by the poor quality of raw milk produced in some regions of Brazil. Others Brazilian dairy regions, however, already succeed in producing milk with low microbial counts, such as the municipality of Castro, Paraná state, designated as the ‘Brazilian dairy capital. In order to evaluate the effect of raw milk quality on microbial counts during the shelf life of pasteurized milk, samples were collected from two dairy regions of Paraná: the northern and Castro region, characterized by milk production with high and low microbiological counts, respectively. Samples were experimentally pasteurized and the total microorganism counts were analyzed for 18 days at 7°C, using the Brazilian standard microbiological count limit for pasteurized milk (8 x 104 CFU/mL) as the end of the shelf life. Low microbiological counts in raw milk (Castro) resulted in significantly lower counts shortly after pasteurization and over the entire shelf life, meeting the pasteurized milk standard for 18 days. The temporal evolution in the counts over 18 days for the milks of high and low microbiological count was similar; however, the disparity between the absolute counts between the regions was significant (p < 0.05). Of the milk samples from northern Paraná, four (44.4%) already had counts higher than that of the legislative limit for pasteurized milk immediately after pasteurization. The others (five) reached the maximum microbiological count limit for pasteurized milk on the 6th day after pasteurization. In contrast, the milk from the Castro region remained below the limit throughout the analysis period...(AU)

Produtos de alta qualidade, com elevado valor nutricional e longa vida útil, são objetivos almejados pela indústria de laticínios, dificultados pela má qualidade microbiológica do leite cru produzido no Brasil. No entanto, algumas regiões já produzem leite com baixas contagens microbianas, como a capital brasileira do leite, Castro, no Paraná. Com a intenção de avaliar o efeito da qualidade do leite cru nas contagens microbianas durante o período de vida útil de leite pasteurizado, amostras de leite cru foram coletadas de duas regiões do Paraná: a região norte e a região de Castro, caracterizadas pela produção de leite com contagens microbiológicas altas e baixas, respectivamente. As amostras foram experimentalmente pasteurizadas e analisadas as contagens totais de micro-organismos pelo período de 18 dias a 7ºC, utilizando o padrão determinado na IN62/2011 para o fim da vida de útil (máx. 8 x 104 UFC/mL). Baixas contagens microbiológicas no leite cru resultaram em contagens significativamente menores logo após a pasteurização e ao longo da vida útil, atendendo ao padrão de qualidade para leite pasteurizado por 18 dias. As evoluções nas contagens durante o período de análise para os leites de alta e baixa contagem microbiológica foram proporcionais, no entanto, a disparidade entre as contagens absolutas entre as regiões foi significativa. O leite do norte do Paraná atingiu o limite máximo para o leite pasteurizado no 6°dia após a pasteurização, enquanto o leite da região de Castro manteve-se abaixo da contagem limite durante todo o período de análise. Dessa forma, é possível afirmar que as contagens de microrganismos e a vida útil do leite pasteurizado está diretamente relacionada às contagens apresentadas pelo leite antes da pasteurização. Assim, para prolongar a vida útil do leite pasteurizado, deve-se diminuir as contagens do leite cru e, como se sabe, as boas práticas de higiene na produção são essenciais para atingir esse objetivo.(AU)

Different methods and times of milk conservation: physical-chemical composition and microbiological quality

The objective of this study was to verify methods of preservation of raw milk samples for physical-chemical analysis and bacterial count patterns. In Experiment 1, the experimental design was a factorial arrangement with three preservatives × two temperatures × five storage times. At seven days of storage, the samples with no preservative had higher total bacterial counts (TBC). However, the fat content increased in the refrigerated samples. The levels of protein, lactose and defatted solids were influenced by the analysed variables and by the interaction between them. Milk pH was influenced by the type of preservative and the duration of storage. Experiment 2 involved an evaluation of the influence of initial TBC, temperature and storage days. The factorial arrangement involved two TBCs × two temperatures × five storage times. The TBC, pH and total solid content of milk were influenced by the analysed variables. There was a quadratic pattern for TBC over storage days. With regard to fat, there was an effect of the initial TBC and storage temperature. Protein and lactose increased, with subsequent stabilisation. Samples with high initial TBC presented higher total solids levels. There was an effect of the interaction between TBC and temperature, and between temperature and storage days. For TBC analysis, the use of azidiol as a preservative is dependent on the use of refrigeration during storage. For physical-chemical analysis, the use of bronopol is indicated.

Different methods and times of milk conservation: physical-chemical composition and microbiological quality

The objective of this study was to verify methods of preservation of raw milk samples for physical-chemical analysis and bacterial count patterns. In Experiment 1, the experimental design was a factorial arrangement with three preservatives × two temperatures × five storage times. At seven days of storage, the samples with no preservative had higher total bacterial counts (TBC). However, the fat content increased in the refrigerated samples. The levels of protein, lactose and defatted solids were influenced by the analysed variables and by the interaction between them. Milk pH was influenced by the type of preservative and the duration of storage. Experiment 2 involved an evaluation of the influence of initial TBC, temperature and storage days. The factorial arrangement involved two TBCs × two temperatures × five storage times. The TBC, pH and total solid content of milk were influenced by the analysed variables. There was a quadratic pattern for TBC over storage days. With regard to fat, there was an effect of the initial TBC and storage temperature. Protein and lactose increased, with subsequent stabilisation. Samples with high initial TBC presented higher total solids levels. There was an effect of the interaction between TBC and temperature, and between temperature and storage days. For TBC analysis, the use of azidiol as a preservative is dependent on the use of refrigeration during storage. For physical-chemical analysis, the use of bronopol is indicated.(AU)

Relationship between climatic variables and the variation in bulk tank milk composition using canonical correlation analysis.

A number of studies have addressed the relations between climatic variables and milk composition, but these works used univariate statistical approaches. In our study, we used a multivariate approach (canonical correlation) to study the impact of climatic variables on milk composition, price, and monthly milk production at a dairy farm using bulk tank milk data. Data on milk composition, price, and monthly milk production were obtained from a dairy company that purchased the milk from the farm, while climatic variable data were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET). The data are from January 2014 to December 2016. Univariate correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis were performed. Few correlations between the climatic variables and milk composition were found using a univariate approach. However, using canonical correlation analysis, we found a strong and significant correlation (rc = 0.95, p value = 0.0029). Lactose, ambient temperature measures (mean, minimum, and maximum), and temperature-humidity index (THI) were found to be the most important variables for the canonical correlation. Our study indicated that 10.2% of the variation in milk composition, pricing, and monthly milk production can be explained by climatic variables. Ambient temperature variables, together with THI, seem to have the most influence on variation in milk composition.

Herd characteristics and management practices associated with bulk tank milk quality of dairy herds in southeastern Brazil.

This study identified the association of management practices and herd characteristics with milk quality of bulk tanks in southeastern, Brazil. Milk samples were collected weekly during 8 weeks from 63 dairy herds. Bulk tanks were evaluated for total bacteria (TBC), preliminary incubation (PIC), pasteurization (PC), coliform (CC), and somatic cell counts (SCC). Associations found were type of milking system utilized in the farm with TBC, PIC, and SCC; the use of gloves for milking with TBC and PIC; sanitation of milking equipment prior to milking with PC and CC; strip cup testing of cows with PC; teat washing prior to milking with SCC; pre-milking teat disinfection with TBC and CC; post-dipping with TBC and SCC; and the alkaline-acid washing procedure of milking equipment with PIC and PC. The regression analysis explained the variation of bulk tank PC (- 0.47 log cfu/mL) due to the adoption of strip cup test (P = 0.036) and, by 0.366 log cfu/mL due to alkaline and acid washing of milking equipment (P = 0.036). Herringbone milking systems adopted on farms represented a change of - 0.11 log cfu/mL on the log SCC (P = 0.048). Findings may provide a guideline to prioritize efforts aimed at improving milk quality at the farm level in Brazil.

Characterize of production systems and milk quality of production units in the semiarid region of Ceará / Caracterização dos sistemas de produção e qualidade do leite de unidades produtoras no semiárido do Ceará

The aim of this study was to characterize the production systems and milk quality of eight milk production units (MPU) in the semiarid region of the state of Ceará, Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted through a questionnaire on the characteristics of the properties and production systems. Samples of milk and water were collected for a period of 12 months. Four MPUs were classified as semi-specialized and four as non-specialized. No differences were observed in milk composition between the two production systems, and both showed protein, fat, and solids-not-fat levels. Differences were observed for somatic cell count. The semi-specialized systems showed an average somatic cell and total bacterial count which is above the limit established by the 62nd Normative Instruction. All water samples showed presence of Escherichia coli. Somatic cell count was positively correlated (fat) and negatively (lactose). For total bacterial count, correlations were negative for fat, total solids, and somatic cell count. The microbiological quality of milk is not in accordance with the 62st and 7th Normative Instructions. The specialization of the production systems did not result in improved microbiological aspects of milk.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os sistemas de produção e a qualidade do leite de oito unidades de produção de leite (UPL) na região semiárida do estado do Ceará. Entrevistas individuais foram realizadas por meio de um questionário sobre as características das propriedades e sistemas de produção. Amostras de leite e água foram coletadas por um período de 12 meses. Quatro UPLs foram classificadas como semiespecializadas e quatro como não especializadas. Não foram observadas diferenças na composição do leite entre os dois sistemas de produção, e ambos apresentaram níveis de proteína, gordura e sólidos não gordurosos. Diferenças foram observadas para contagem de células somáticas. Os sistemas semiespecializados apresentaram contagem média de células somáticas e bacterianas totais acima do limite estabelecido pela 62ª Instrução Normativa. Todas as amostras de água mostraram presença de Escherichia coli. A contagem de células somáticas foi correlacionada positivamente (gordura) e negativamente (lactose). Para contagem bacteriana total, as correlações foram negativas para gordura, sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas. A qualidade microbiológica do leite não está de acordo com as Instruções Normativas 62ª e 7ª. A especialização dos sistemas de produção não resultou em melhores aspectos microbiológicos do leite.

Characterize of production systems and milk quality of production units in the semiarid region of Ceará / Caracterização dos sistemas de produção e qualidade do leite de unidades produtoras no semiárido do Ceará

The aim of this study was to characterize the production systems and milk quality of eight milk production units (MPU) in the semiarid region of the state of Ceará, Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted through a questionnaire on the characteristics of the properties and production systems. Samples of milk and water were collected for a period of 12 months. Four MPUs were classified as semi-specialized and four as non-specialized. No differences were observed in milk composition between the two production systems, and both showed protein, fat, and solids-not-fat levels. Differences were observed for somatic cell count. The semi-specialized systems showed an average somatic cell and total bacterial count which is above the limit established by the 62nd Normative Instruction. All water samples showed presence of Escherichia coli. Somatic cell count was positively correlated (fat) and negatively (lactose). For total bacterial count, correlations were negative for fat, total solids, and somatic cell count. The microbiological quality of milk is not in accordance with the 62st and 7th Normative Instructions. The specialization of the production systems did not result in improved microbiological aspects of milk.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os sistemas de produção e a qualidade do leite de oito unidades de produção de leite (UPL) na região semiárida do estado do Ceará. Entrevistas individuais foram realizadas por meio de um questionário sobre as características das propriedades e sistemas de produção. Amostras de leite e água foram coletadas por um período de 12 meses. Quatro UPLs foram classificadas como semiespecializadas e quatro como não especializadas. Não foram observadas diferenças na composição do leite entre os dois sistemas de produção, e ambos apresentaram níveis de proteína, gordura e sólidos não gordurosos. Diferenças foram observadas para contagem de células somáticas. Os sistemas semiespecializados apresentaram contagem média de células somáticas e bacterianas totais acima do limite estabelecido pela 62ª Instrução Normativa. Todas as amostras de água mostraram presença de Escherichia coli. A contagem de células somáticas foi correlacionada positivamente (gordura) e negativamente (lactose). Para contagem bacteriana total, as correlações foram negativas para gordura, sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas. A qualidade microbiológica do leite não está de acordo com as Instruções Normativas 62ª e 7ª. A especialização dos sistemas de produção não resultou em melhores aspectos microbiológicos do leite.(AU)

Impact of farm size on milk quality in the Brazilian dairy industry according to the seasons of the year / Impacto do tamanho da propriedade na qualidade do leite na indústria leiteira brasileira de acordo com as estações do ano

ABSTRACT: Milk produced in Brazil has been seen as having poor quality and is associated with a large number of small farms. However, there are few studies demonstrating lower quality of milk of small properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between production scale on dairy farms and milk quality, how it behaviors throughout the year and set goals to improve quality according to each strata. A total of 21,917 analysis of 409 farmers conducted from January 2005 to December 2014 were used. To study the database, the properties were divided according to monthly average daily milk yield: 10 to 100; 100 to 200; 200 to 500; 500 to 1,000; and 1,000 to 5,000L of milk day-1. The data showed that dairy farming is predominantly carried out on small-scale production properties; however, the highest volumes are produced by a small number of producers. Additional data reveals that milk quality can vary because of distinct factors as nutritional condition and feed supply. Quality of the milk produced should be a matter of concern for the entire milk-production chain, because it still has problems such as high total bacterial count, high somatic cell count and low solids.

RESUMO: O leite produzido no Brasil é visto como tendo má qualidade e associado a grande número de pequenas propriedades. No entanto, não há estudos que demonstram menor qualidade do leite dessas pequenas propriedades. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a escala de produção e qualidade do leite, como é o comportamento ao longo do ano, e definir metas para melhorar a qualidade de acordo com cada estrato. Utilizou-se um total de 21.917 análises de 409 agricultores realizadas de Janeiro/2005 a Dezembro/2014. As propriedades foram divididas de acordo a produção de leite: 10 a 100; 100 a 200; 200 a 500; 500 a 1000; e 1000 a 5000L de leite dia-1. Os dados mostraram que a produção leiteira é predominantemente realizada em pequenas propriedades; no entanto, os volumes mais elevados são produzidos por um pequeno número de produtores. Dados adicionais revelam que a qualidade do leite pode variar devido a fatores como condição nutricional e alimentos para animais. Concluiu-se que a qualidade do leite deve ser um motivo de preocupação para toda a cadeia de produção de leite, porque ainda tem problemas tais como elevada contagem bacteriana total e contagem celular somática e baixo teor de sólidos.

Impact of farm size on milk quality in the Brazilian dairy industry according to the seasons of the year / Impacto do tamanho da propriedade na qualidade do leite na indústria leiteira brasileira de acordo com as estações do ano

Milk produced in Brazil has been seen as having poor quality and is associated with a large number of small farms. However, there are few studies demonstrating lower quality of milk of small properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between production scale on dairy farms and milk quality, how it behaviors throughout the year and set goals to improve quality according to each strata. A total of 21,917 analysis of 409 farmers conducted from January 2005 to December 2014 were used. To study the database, the properties were divided according to monthly average daily milk yield: 10 to 100; 100 to 200; 200 to 500; 500 to 1,000; and 1,000 to 5,000L of milk day-1. The data showed that dairy farming is predominantly carried out on small-scale production properties; however, the highest volumes are produced by a small number of producers. Additional data reveals that milk quality can vary because of distinct factors as nutritional condition and feed supply. Quality of the milk produced should be a matter of concern for the entire milk-production chain, because it still has problems such as high total bacterial count, high somatic cell count and low solids.(AU)

O leite produzido no Brasil é visto como tendo má qualidade e associado a grande número de pequenas propriedades. No entanto, não há estudos que demonstram menor qualidade do leite dessas pequenas propriedades. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a escala de produção e qualidade do leite, como é o comportamento ao longo do ano, e definir metas para melhorar a qualidade de acordo com cada estrato. Utilizou-se um total de 21.917 análises de 409 agricultores realizadas de Janeiro/2005 a Dezembro/2014. As propriedades foram divididas de acordo a produção de leite: 10 a 100; 100 a 200; 200 a 500; 500 a 1000; e 1000 a 5000L de leite dia-1. Os dados mostraram que a produção leiteira é predominantemente realizada em pequenas propriedades; no entanto, os volumes mais elevados são produzidos por um pequeno número de produtores. Dados adicionais revelam que a qualidade do leite pode variar devido a fatores como condição nutricional e alimentos para animais. Concluiu-se que a qualidade do leite deve ser um motivo de preocupação para toda a cadeia de produção de leite, porque ainda tem problemas tais como elevada contagem bacteriana total e contagem celular somática e baixo teor de sólidos.(AU)

Efeito da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru nos resultados das análises eletrônicas / Effect of temperature and time of storage of raw milk samples on eletronic analysis results

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru refrigerado nos resultados das análises eletrônicas da qualidade do leite. Amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas de tanques de expansão de uso individual de fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro Goiano, no estado de Goiás, e armazenadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (3°C, 11°C, 17°C e 25°C) durante 16 dias. Foram realizadas diariamente análises de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição química. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Concluiu-se que as amostras destinadas à análise de CBT, adicionadas do conservante azidiol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até 10 dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C. As amostras destinadas às análises de CCS e composição química, adicionadas do conservante bronopol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até sete dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and storage time of cooled samples of raw milk on the results of milk quality electronic analysis. Refrigerated raw milk samples were collected from expansion tanks for individual use of farms located in the middle region of the state of Goiás, and stored at four different temperatures (3°C, 11°C, 17°C, and 25°C) for 16 days. Total bacterial count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC), and chemical composition were performed daily. The results were submitted to analysis of variance in split plot design in randomized blocks, and the means were compared by Duncan test. We concluded that, when azidiol is added as preservative to samples for TBC, they can be analyzed up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and up to 10 days when stored at 17°C. Moreover, when bronopol is added as preservative, samples for SCC and chemical composition analysis can be stored for up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and for up to seven days when stored at 17°C.(AU)

Efeito da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru nos resultados das análises eletrônicas / Effect of temperature and time of storage of raw milk samples on eletronic analysis results

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru refrigerado nos resultados das análises eletrônicas da qualidade do leite. Amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas de tanques de expansão de uso individual de fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro Goiano, no estado de Goiás, e armazenadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (3°C, 11°C, 17°C e 25°C) durante 16 dias. Foram realizadas diariamente análises de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição química. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Concluiu-se que as amostras destinadas à análise de CBT, adicionadas do conservante azidiol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até 10 dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C. As amostras destinadas às análises de CCS e composição química, adicionadas do conservante bronopol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até sete dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and storage time of cooled samples of raw milk on the results of milk quality electronic analysis. Refrigerated raw milk samples were collected from expansion tanks for individual use of farms located in the middle region of the state of Goiás, and stored at four different temperatures (3°C, 11°C, 17°C, and 25°C) for 16 days. Total bacterial count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC), and chemical composition were performed daily. The results were submitted to analysis of variance in split plot design in randomized blocks, and the means were compared by Duncan test. We concluded that, when azidiol is added as preservative to samples for TBC, they can be analyzed up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and up to 10 days when stored at 17°C. Moreover, when bronopol is added as preservative, samples for SCC and chemical composition analysis can be stored for up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and for up to seven days when stored at 17°C.(AU)

Qualidade do leite e perfil das propriedades leiteiras no sul de Santa Catarina: abordagem multivariada / Milk quality and profile of dairy farms in southern Santa Catarina: multivariate approach

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar as propriedades leiteiras da região do Vale do Braço do Norte, sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil, quanto à qualidade do leite e ao perfil em infraestrutura, manejo e alimentação dos animais. Foram coletadas informações de 50 propriedades leiteiras, obtidas por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado, abrangendo questões socioeconômicas dos produtores, manejo do rebanho, estrutura da propriedade, caracterização dos animais, alimentação das vacas além de manejo e higiene da ordenha. As amostras de leite foram submetidas a análises de composição, contagem bacteriana total, contagem de células somáticas e estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. Os dados foram analisados pela análise fatorial, discriminante, canônica, e de agrupamento. As propriedades têm como principal característica a agricultura familiar, com área média de 30 hectares; destes, 15,1 são destinados à pecuária leiteira, com média de 23,1 vacas ordenhadas. Na análise fatorial, o primeiro fator representa as relações entre as práticas de higiene na ordenha e de controle/prevenção de mastite, o segundo fator compreende a infraestrutura da fazenda com o nível de produção e o terceiro fator demonstra a relação entre a suplementação concentrada, a produção e a estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. A análise de agrupamento formou três grupos, sendo dois compostos por produtores com maior nível tecnológico e outro constituído por pequenos produtores com menor infraestrutura e nível de tecnologia. As propriedades que apresentam infraestrutura mais adequada para a produção, maior adoção das práticas recomendadas de manejo de ordenha e critérios de alimentação mais adequados produzem leite com melhor qualidade.

The aim of this study was to characterize the dairy farms of the Vale do Braço do Norte region, south of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, regarding milk quality and profile of the farms for infrastructure, management and nutrition of the animals. Information about 50 dairy farms was obtained through a survey regarding socio-economic conditions of the farmers, farm structure, characterization of animals, cow feeding and also milking management and hygiene. The milk samples were analyzed for total bacterial count, somatic cell count and stability of milk to ethanol. The data were analyzed in factorial, discriminant, canonical and cluster analysis. The main characteristic of farms is family farming with an average area of 30 hectares, of which 15.1 are destined for dairy farming, where an average of 23.1 cows are milked. On the factor analysis, the first factor represents the relation between hygiene practices during milking and control / prevention of mastitis, the second factor comprises the infrastructure of the farm with the level of production and the third factor shows the ratio of concentrate supplementation, production and stability of the milk to the ethanol test. The cluster analysis formed three groups, two composed of producers with higher technological level and another by small producers with lower infrastructure and level of technology. The dairy farms that have more adequate infrastructure for production, greater adoption of practices recommended for milking management and more appropriate criteria for cow feeding produce better quality milk.

Qualidade do leite e perfil das propriedades leiteiras no sul de Santa Catarina: abordagem multivariada / Milk quality and profile of dairy farms in southern Santa Catarina: multivariate approach

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar as propriedades leiteiras da região do Vale do Braço do Norte, sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil, quanto à qualidade do leite e ao perfil em infraestrutura, manejo e alimentação dos animais. Foram coletadas informações de 50 propriedades leiteiras, obtidas por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado, abrangendo questões socioeconômicas dos produtores, manejo do rebanho, estrutura da propriedade, caracterização dos animais, alimentação das vacas além de manejo e higiene da ordenha. As amostras de leite foram submetidas a análises de composição, contagem bacteriana total, contagem de células somáticas e estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. Os dados foram analisados pela análise fatorial, discriminante, canônica, e de agrupamento. As propriedades têm como principal característica a agricultura familiar, com área média de 30 hectares; destes, 15,1 são destinados à pecuária leiteira, com média de 23,1 vacas ordenhadas. Na análise fatorial, o primeiro fator representa as relações entre as práticas de higiene na ordenha e de controle/prevenção de mastite, o segundo fator compreende a infraestrutura da fazenda com o nível de produção e o terceiro fator demonstra a relação entre a suplementação concentrada, a produção e a estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. A análise de agrupamento formou três grupos, sendo dois compostos por produtores com maior nível tecnológico e outro constituído por pequenos produtores com menor infraestrutura e nível de tecnologia. As propriedades que apresentam infraestrutura mais adequada para a produção, maior adoção das práticas recomendadas de manejo de ordenha e critérios de alimentação mais adequados produzem leite com melhor qualidade.(AU)

The aim of this study was to characterize the dairy farms of the Vale do Braço do Norte region, south of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, regarding milk quality and profile of the farms for infrastructure, management and nutrition of the animals. Information about 50 dairy farms was obtained through a survey regarding socio-economic conditions of the farmers, farm structure, characterization of animals, cow feeding and also milking management and hygiene. The milk samples were analyzed for total bacterial count, somatic cell count and stability of milk to ethanol. The data were analyzed in factorial, discriminant, canonical and cluster analysis. The main characteristic of farms is family farming with an average area of 30 hectares, of which 15.1 are destined for dairy farming, where an average of 23.1 cows are milked. On the factor analysis, the first factor represents the relation between hygiene practices during milking and control / prevention of mastitis, the second factor comprises the infrastructure of the farm with the level of production and the third factor shows the ratio of concentrate supplementation, production and stability of the milk to the ethanol test. The cluster analysis formed three groups, two composed of producers with higher technological level and another by small producers with lower infrastructure and level of technology. The dairy farms that have more adequate infrastructure for production, greater adoption of practices recommended for milking management and more appropriate criteria for cow feeding produce better quality milk.(AU)

Cervicovaginal bacterial count and failure of metronidazole therapy for bacterial vaginosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether total bacterial count in cervicovaginal fluid is associated with failure of metronidazole therapy for bacterial vaginosis. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, women attending a primary health center in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, for routine cervical screening between September 2012 and October 2013 were enrolled. Women who tested positive for bacterial vaginosis (Nugent classification) were offered oral metronidazole. Women who completed metronidazole treatment and an equal number of control women with normal vaginal flora at initial screening were included in analyses of total bacterial count, assessed by flow cytometry of cervicovaginal fluid samples. RESULTS: Of 287 women who enrolled, 49 were excluded because they tested positive for trichomoniasis, chlamydial endocervicitis, gonorrhea, or candidiasis. Among the remaining 238, 85 (35.7%) had bacterial vaginosis. Among 36 women evaluated at follow-up, 23 (63.9%) had successfully restored lactobacilli-dominant flora, 12 (33.3%) had persistent bacterial vaginosis, and 1 (2.8%) had vaginal candidiasis (excluded from flow cytometry). Total bacterial count did not differ between 35 women with bacterial vaginosis and 35 with normal vaginal flora (P=0.62). Total bacterial count did not differ at enrollment between women who went on to have persistent bacterial vaginosis and those who had successful treatment (P=0.78). CONCLUSION: Failure of oral metronidazole therapy for bacterial vaginosis was not associated with total bacterial count in cervicovaginal fluid.

Multiplicação microbiana no leite cru armazenado em tanques de expansão direta / Microbial multiplication in raw milk stored in direct expansion bulk tanks

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do tempo de armazenagem do leite em tanques de expansão direta, modelo de duas e quatro ordenhas, sobre a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e a contagem de bactérias psicrotróficas (CBP). As avaliações foram conduzidas em 19 propriedades leiteiras, localizadas nas regiões Serrana e Oeste de Santa Catarina, as quais utilizavam equipamentos de refrigeração do leite por expansão direta, modelo de duas ou quatro ordenhas, com taxa de ocupação variando de 60 a 100% de sua capacidade. Antes e após cada ordenha, foram coletadas amostras de leite para análise de CBT, CBP e contagem de células somáticas (CCS), totalizando aproximadamente 36 horas de armazenagem (quatro ordenhas). O tempo de armazenagem do leite cru resfriado não afetou a CBT e CBP (P>0,05) em ambos os modelos. O modelo de tanque de expansão afetou somente a CBP (P<0,05), com média inferior para amostras de leite de tanques de duas ordenhas em relação ao de quatro ordenhas (3,61±0,104 e 4,00±0,120UFC mL-1 (log10), respectivamente). Conclui-se que tanques de resfriamento por expansão direta, utilizados dentro de suas especificações quanto ao volume de leite a ser resfriado, permitem a manutenção da CBT e da CBP em sistemas de transporte do leite ao laticínio a cada 48 horas.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cold storage period of raw milk in bulk tanks, using two and four milking models, on total bacterial count (TBC) and psychrotrophic bacterial count (PBC). A total of 19 dairy farms, located in West and Uplands of the Santa Catarina State - Brazil, was been evaluated. Each dairy farm had direct expansion bulk milk tank and an occupancy rate varying from 60% to 100%. Samples were collected before and after each milking procedure to determine PBC and TBC, totalizing four milking and a storage period of 36 hours. The storage time did not affect TBC and PBC (P>0.05). The bulk tank model only affected the PBC (P < 0.05), with two-milking model presenting a lower mean than four-milking model (3.61±0.104 and 4.00±0.120CFU mL-1 (log10)). It was possible to conclude that bulk tanks, when used properly concerning raw milk volume to be chilled, allow the TBC and PBC to remain stable in the transportation systems of raw milk to the industry each 48 hours.