Clinical Success Evaluation of Ultrathin Ceramic Veneers Bonded to Nonprepared Teeth: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Patients' increasing interest in achieving optimal cosmetic outcomes and the widespread use of ultrathin ceramic veneers offer advantages such as high esthetic results and long-term durability. Several issues related to tooth preparation have been raised, including dental sensitivity, periodontal diseases, and increased treatment phases, in addition to complications associated with previous procedures, the treatment of which remains controversial to date. With the advancement of dental ceramic and its manufacturing techniques, it was widely used to manufacture ultrathin ceramic veneers with minimal preparation. Issues such as fracture and abfraction are the most common in ceramic veneers made of feldspathic ceramic due to their weak mechanical properties against various forces, which led to the emergence of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic manufactured using the heat-press technique. This has resulted in ultrathin ceramic veneers with a thickness of up to 0.1-0.2 mm easily bonded and finished as they have high mechanical properties and esthetic qualities that mimic natural tooth color and shape. The current cohort study aimed to evaluate the success rates of this kind of treatment for patients treated at our department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational cohort study's sample comprised 60 ultrathin ceramic veneers manufactured from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic bonded to nonprepared upper teeth. The clinical performance of the studied sample was evaluated and monitored at monthly intervals (one month, three months, six months, and one year) using the clinical success evaluation based on Walton's principles adopted for evaluating the success and failure of fixed restorations. RESULTS: Ultrathin ceramic veneers made from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, bonded to nonprepared teeth, proved to be a successful clinical and esthetic treatment option, with a clinical success rate of 100% during the entire follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: This study's findings indicate that ultrathin ceramic veneers made from lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, bonded to nonprepared teeth, are a successful clinical and esthetic treatment option, with a clinical success rate of 100% during the entire follow-up period.

Value of ultrathin bronchoscope in improving the endobronchial ultrasound localization rate and diagnosing peripheral pulmonary nodules by cryobiopsy.

BACKGROUND: A 3.0-mm ultrathin bronchoscope (UTB) with a 1.7-mm working channel provides better accessibility to peripheral bronchi. A 4.0-mm thin bronchoscope with a larger 2.0-mm working channel facilitates the use of a guide sheath (GS), ensuring repeated sampling from the same location. The 1.1-mm ultrathin cryoprobe has a smaller diameter, overcoming the limitation of the size of biopsy instruments used with UTB. In this study, we compared the endobronchial ultrasound localization rate and diagnostic yield of peripheral lung lesions by cryobiopsy using UTB and thin bronchoscopy combined with GS. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 133 patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions with a diameter less than 30 mm who underwent bronchoscopy with either thin bronchoscope or UTB from May 2019 to May 2023. A 3.0-mm UTB combined with rEBUS was used in the UTB group, whereas a 4.0-mm thin bronchoscope combined with rEBUS and GS was used for the thin bronchoscope group. A 1.1-mm ultrathin cryoprobe was used for cryobiopsy in the two groups. RESULTS: Among the 133 patients, peripheral pulmonary nodules in 85 subjects were visualized using r-EBUS. The ultrasound localization rate was significantly higher in the UTB group than in the thin bronchoscope group (96.0% vs. 44.6%, respectively; P < 0.001). The diagnostic yield of cryobiopsy specimens from the UTB group was significantly higher compared to the thin bronchoscope group (54.0% vs. 30.1%, respectively; p = 0.006). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the cryobiopsy diagnostic yields of the UTB group were significantly higher for lesions ≤ 20 mm, benign lesions, upper lobe lesions, lesions located lateral one-third from the hilum, and lesions without bronchus sign. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrathin bronchoscopy combined with cryobiopsy has a superior ultrasound localization rate and diagnostic yield compared to a combination of cryobiopsy and thin bronchoscopy.

Two-Dimensional Atomically Thin Piezoelectric Nanosheets for Efficient Pyroptosis-Dominated Sonopiezoelectric Cancer Therapy.

Sonopiezocatalytic therapy is an emerging therapeutic strategy that utilizes ultrasound irradiation to activate piezoelectric materials, inducing polarization and energy band bending to facilitate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the efficient generation of ROS is hindered by the long distance of charge migration from the bulk to the material surface. Herein, atomically thin Bi2O2(OH)(NO3) (AT-BON) nanosheets are rationally engineered through disrupting the weaker hydrogen bonds within the [OH] and [NO3] layer in the bulk material. The ultrathin structure of AT-BON piezocatalytic nanosheets shortens the migration distance of carriers, expands the specific surface area, and accelerates the charge transfer efficiency, showcasing a natural advantage in ROS generation. Importantly, the non-centrosymmetric polar crystal structure grants the nanosheets the ability to separate electron-hole pairs. Under ultrasonic mechanical stress, Bi2O2(OH)(NO3) nanosheets with the remarkable piezoelectric feature exhibit the desirable in vivo antineoplastic outcomes in both breast cancer model and liver cancer model. Especially, the AT-BON-induced ROS bursts lead to the activation of the Caspase-1-driven pyroptosis pathway. This study highlights the beneficial impact of bulk material thinning on enhancing ROS generation efficiency and anti-cancer effects.

Robust Multifunctional Ultrathin 2 Nanometer Organic Nanofibers.

Ultrathin organic nanofibers (UTONFs) represent an emerging class of nanomaterials as they carry a set of favorable attributes, including ultrahigh specific surface area, lightweight, and mechanical flexibility, over inorganic counterparts, for use in biomedicine and nanotechnology. However, precise synthesis of uniform UTONFs (diameter ≤ 2 nm) with tailored functionalities remained challenging. Herein, we report robust multifunctional UTONFs using hydrophobic interaction-driven self-assembly of amphiphilic alternating peptoids containing hydrophobic photoresponsive azobenzene and hydrophilic hydroxyl moieties periodically arranged along the peptoid backbone. Notably, the as-crafted UTONFs are approximately 2 nm in diameter and tens of micrometers in length (an aspect ratio, AR, of ∼10000), exemplifying the UTONFs with the smallest diameter yielded via self-assembly. Intriguingly, UTONFs were disassembled into short-segmented nanofibers and controllably reassembled into UTONFs, resembling "step-growth polymerization". Photoisomerization of azobenzene moieties leads to reversible transformation between UTONFs and spherical micelles. Such meticulously engineered UTONFs demonstrate potential for catalysis, bioimaging, and antibacterial therapeutics. Our study highlights the significance of the rational design of amphiphiles containing alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties in constructing otherwise unattainable extremely thin UTONFs with ultrahigh AR and stimuli-responsive functionalities for energy and bionanotechnology.

Binary-Cooperative Ultrathin Porous Membrane for Gas Separation.

The construction of ultrathin porous membranes with stable structures is critical for achieving efficient gas separation. Inspired by the binary-cooperative structural features of bones and teeth-composed of rigid hydroxyapatite and flexible collagen, which confer excellent mechanical strength-a binary-cooperative porous membrane constructed with gel-state zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (g-ZIFs), synthesized using a metal-gel-induced strategy, is proposed. The enlarged cavity size and flexible frameworks of the g-ZIF nanoparticles significantly improve gas adsorption and diffusion, respectively. After thermal treatment, the coordination structures forming rigid segments in the g-ZIF membranes appear at the stacked g-ZIF boundaries, exhibiting a higher Young's modulus than the g-ZIF nanoparticles, denoted as the flexible segments. The g-ZIF membranes demonstrate excellent tensile and compression resistances, attributed to the effective translation of binary-cooperative effects of rigidity and flexibility into the membranes. The resulting dual-aperture structure, composed of g-ZIF nanoparticles surrounded by nanoscale apertures at the boundaries, yields a membrane with a stable CO2 permeance of 4834 GPU and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 90 within 3.0 MPa.

Modulation of π-Electron Density in Ultrathin 2D Layers of Graphite Carbon Nitride for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

The rational design and synthesis of novel semiconductor nano-/quantum materials have been ambitiously pursued in the field of photocatalysis as the technology is promising and critical for attaining future energy and environmental sustainability. Herein, the integrity of aromatic carbon into graphitic carbon nitride (CN) at the same molecular plane with a few 2D layers is achieved by using modulated precursors of CN, forming carbon regulated ultrathin CN (CUCN) with improved charge transfer kinetics and photocatalytic hydrogen production. The grafted graphite rings adjacent to carbon nitride frameworks induce a significant rearrangement and relocalization of the overall framework, and form conjugated sp2 hybridized interfaces and internal electric fields that drive the separation and directional transfer of photogenerated electrons from CN sheets towards intralayer graphite regions, where the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction occurs extensively, yielding largely increased HER rate of 2231.8 µmol g-1 h-1 by 8.2 times relative to CN, as well as a remarkable apparent quantum yield of 2.93% under monochromatic light at 420 nm. The high physicochemical stability and low synthesis cost of CUCN make it a potential benchmark photocatalyst that can be readily modified via element doping, heterojunction introduction, defect engineering, and so on, to further enhance its HER performance.

Unraveling the Dynamic Reconstruction of Active Co(IV)-O Sites on Ultrathin Amorphous Cobalt-Iron Hydroxide Nanosheets for Efficient Oxygen-Evolving.

Highly-efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial for advancing sustainable energy technologies. Herein, a novel approach leveraging corrosion engineering is presented to facilitate the in situ growth of amorphous cobalt-iron hydroxides on nickel-iron foam (CoFe(OH)x-m/NFF) within a NaCl-CoCl2 aqueous solution. By adjusting the concentration of the solution, the compositions can tailored and morphologies of these hydroxides to optimize the OER electrocatalytic performance. Specifically, the CoFe(OH)x-500/NFF electrode manifests as distinctive 3D flower-like clusters composed of remarkably thin nanosheets, measuring a mere 1 nm in thickness. By virtue of the amorphous and ultrathin nanosheet structure, the CoFe(OH)x-500/NFF electrode exhibits superior OER activity, characterized by notably low overpotentials (η100, 274 mV) and an exceptionally small Tafel slope of 40.54 mV dec-1. Moreover, the electrode's performance remains robust, maintaining low overpotentials for 168 h at 100 mA cm-2. In situ Raman spectroscopy indicates that the hydroxides experience surface structural reconstruction and transform into high-valent CoFeO2 with active Co(IV)-O sites during the OER. Theoretical calculations underscore the critical role of the NiFe substrate in enhancing the electrode's OER activity by improving electrical conductivity and modifying the adsorption energy of reaction intermediates, thereby reducing the energy barrier for the reaction.

Ferroelectricity in Ultrathin Halide Perovskites.

Ferroelectricity has recently been demonstrated in germanium-based halide perovskites. We use first-principles-based simulations to study 4-18 nm CsGeBr3 films and develop a theory for ferroelectric ultrathin films. The theory introduces (i) a local order parameter, which identifies phase transitions into both monodomain and polydomain phases, and (ii) a dipole pattern classifier, which allows efficient and reliable identification of dipole patterns. Application of the theory to both halides CsGeBr3 and CsGeI3 and oxide BiFeO3 ultrathin ferroelectrics reveals two distinct scenarios. First, the films transition into a monodomain phase below the critical value of the residual depolarizing field. Above this critical value, the second scenario occurs, and the film undergoes a transition into a nanodomain phase. The two scenarios exhibit opposite responses of Curie temperature to thickness reduction. Application of a dipole pattern classifier reveals rich nanodomain phases in halide films: nanostripes, labyrinths, zig-zags, pillars, and lego domains.

Substrate Charge Transfer Induced Ferromagnetism in MnSe/SrTiO3 Ultrathin Films.

The observation of superconductivity in MnSe at 12 GPa motivated us to investigate whether superconductivity could be induced in MnSe at ambient conditions. A strain-induced structural change in the ultrathin film could be one route to the emergence of superconductivity. In this report, we present the physical property of MnSe ultrathin films, which become tetragonal (stretched ab-plane and shortened c-axis) on a (001) SrTiO3 (STO) substrate, prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The physical properties of the tetragonal MnSe ultrathin films exhibit very different characteristics from those of the thick films and polycrystalline samples. The tetragonal MnSe films show substantial conductivity enhancement, which could be associated with the presence of superparamagnetism. The optical absorption data indicate that the electron transition through the indirect bandgap to the conduction band is significantly enhanced in tetragonal MnSe. Furthermore, the X-ray Mn L-edge absorption results also reveal an increase in unoccupied state valance bands. This theoretical study suggests that charge transfer from the substrate plays an important role in conductivity enhancement and the emergence of a ferromagnetic order that leads to superparamagnetism.

Breathable, Adhesive, and Biomimetic Skin-Like Super Tattoo.

Electronic tattoo, capable of imperceivably acquiring bio-electrical signals from the body, is broadly applied in healthcare and human-machine interface. Tattoo substrate, the foundation of electronic tattoo, is expected to be mechanically mimetic to skin, adhesive, and breathable, and yet remains highly challenging to achieve. Herein, the study mimics human skin and design a breathable, adhesive, and mechanically skin-like super tattoo substrate based on an ultra-thin film (≈2 µm). Similar to skin, super tattoo demonstrates strain-adaptive stiffening properties with high tear energy (5.4 kJ·m-2) and toughness (1.3 MJ·m-3). Superior to skin, it exhibits high adhesion, ionic conductivity, and permeability. A variety of conductive electrodes can be processed on it, showing the universality toward an ideal platform for electronic tattoo with stable and low contact impedance. Super tattoo-based electrodes can imperceivably and accurately monitor weak electromyography (EMG) of swallowing on the junction, providing effective guidance for rehabilitation training of dysphagia.

Designing Cooperative Ion Transport Pathway in Ultra-Thin Solid-State Electrolytes toward Practical Lithium Metal Batteries.

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising for high-energy-density solid-state Li metal batteries due to their decent flexibility, safety, and interfacial stability. However, their development was seriously hindered by the interfacial instability and limited conductivity, leading to inferior electrochemical performance.  Herein, we proposed to design ultra-thin solid-state electrolyte with long-range cooperative ion transport pathway to effectively increase the ionic conductivity and stability. The impregnation of PVDF-HFP inside pores of  fluorinated covalent organic framework (CF3-COF) can disrupt its symmetry, rendering rapid ion transportation and inhibited anion imigration. The functional groups of CF3-COF can interact with PVDF-HFP to form fast Li+ transport channels, which enables the uniform and confined Li+ conduction within the electrolyte. The introduction of CF3-COF also enhances the mechanical strength and flexibility of SPEs, as well as ensures homogeneous Li deposition and inhibited dendrite growth.  Hence, a remarkably high conductivity of 1.21×10-3 S cm-1 can be achieved. Finally, the ultra-thin SPEs with an extremely long cycle life exceed 9000 h can be obtained (the longest cycle life reported until now) while the NCM523/Li pouch cell demonstrates a high capacity of 760 mAh and 96% capacity retention after cycling, holding great promises to be utilized for practical solid-state Li metal batteries.

Electrostatic Interaction-Driven Fabrication of Large-Area, Freestanding Nanoparticle Surfactant Membranes with Controllable Elastic Properties.

Nanoparticle surfactants assembled at water-oil interfaces can significantly lower the interfacial tension and can be used to stabilize liquids. Understanding and actively tuning the mechanical properties of the generated membranes, which comprise the nanoparticle surfactants, are of significant fundamental interest for the interfacial behavior of nanoparticles and of interest for water purification, drug encapsulation, enhanced oil recovery, and innovative energy transduction applications. Here, we present electrostatic interaction-driven fabrication of freestanding and close-packed SiO2 surfactant membranes with diameters up to 0.10 mm. The membranes of 20-30 nm in thickness were spanned over holes with a diameter of 2 µm, exhibiting a Young's modulus ranging from 1.5 to 5.9 GPa. The controllable elastic properties of the fabricated nanoparticle surfactant membranes are found to be dictated by the strength of interactions between nanoparticles and ligands, between ligands and ligands, and between the nanoparticle surfactants. The results present an efficient approach for fabricating and developing nanoparticle surfactant-based large-area, freestanding, and ultrathin membranes with finely tunable mechanical properties on a large scale.

Thinned Perforator Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction.

The authors aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in head and neck reconstructive surgery using thinned perforator flaps. The article categorizes these flaps based on thickness and discusses the importance of standardized terminology. Critical aspects like flap vascularity, pre-operative planning, and imaging technologies for perforator mapping are examined with practical considerations. The article then delves into various thinning techniques and their applications in head and neck reconstructions, highlighting challenges and concerns. In conclusion, significant progress in reconstructive surgery using thinned perforator flaps has brought advancements in improving surgical precision and patient outcomes in head and neck reconstructions.

In Situ Polymerization of Ultra-Thin and Defect-Free Polyamide Layer for Effectively Impeding the Polysulfides Shuttle.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries present significant potential for next-generation high-energy-density devices. Nevertheless, obstacles such as the polysulfide shuttle and Li-dendrite growth severely impede their commercial production. It is still hard to eliminate gaps between individual particles on separators that serve as potential conduits for polysulfide shuttling. Herein, the synthesis of a nanoscale thickness and defect-free cross-linked polyamide (PA) layer on a polypropylene (PP) separator is presented through in situ polymerization. The PA modification layer can effectively impede the diffusion of polysulfides with a thickness of only 1.5 nm, as evidenced by the results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and time-of-flight (TOF) testing. Therefore, the Li/Li symmetric battery assembled with the functional separator exhibits an overpotential of merely 12 mV after 1000 h of cycling under test conditions of 1 mA cm-2-1 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, the capacity degradation rate of the Li-S battery is only 0.06% per cycle over 450 cycles at 1 C, while the Li-S pouch cell retains 87.63% of its capacity after 50 cycles. This work will significantly advance the preparation and application of molecules in Li-S batteries, and it will also stimulate further research on defect-free modification of separators.

Distinguishing the Rhombohedral Phase from Orthorhombic Phases in Epitaxial Doped HfO2 Ferroelectric Films.

Epitaxial strain plays an important role in the stabilization of ferroelectricity in doped hafnia thin films, which are emerging candidates for Si-compatible nanoscale devices. Here, we report on epitaxial ferroelectric thin films of doped HfO2 deposited on La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-buffered SrTiO3 substrates, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 SrTiO3-buffered Si (100) wafers, and trigonal Al2O3 substrates. The investigated films appear to consist of four domains in a rhombohedral phase for films deposited on La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-buffered SrTiO3 substrates and two domains for those deposited on sapphire. These findings are supported by extensive transmission electron microscopy characterization of the investigated films. The doped hafnia films show ferroelectric behavior with a remanent polarization up to 25 µC/cm2 and they do not require wake-up cycling to reach the polarization, unlike the reported polycrystalline orthorhombic ferroelectric hafnia films.

Rapid fluorescent nucleic acid sensing with ultra-thin gold nanosheets.

Fluorescently labeled DNA oligonucleotides and gold nanospheres have been frequently utilized in biosensors, providing efficient nucleic acid detection. Nevertheless, the restricted loading capacity of gold nanospheres undermines overall sensitivity. In this study, we employed four-atom-thick ultrathin gold nanosheets (AuNSs), utilizing a "pre-mix model" for rapid target nucleic acid detection. In this approach, fluorescently labeled DNA probes were pre-incubated with the target nucleic acid, followed by the addition of AuNSs for probe adsorption and fluorescence quenching. With the developed method, we efficiently and rapidly detected the SARS-CoV-2 N gene sequence within 30 min, involving a brief 15-min target pre-incubation and a subsequent 15-min adsorption of free probes and fluorescence quenching by AuNSs. This method exhibited heightened sensitivity compared to gold nanospheres, boasting a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.808 nM. Furthermore, exceptional recovery was achieved in simulated biological samples. The study introduces an effective strategy for nucleic acid sensing characterized by rapidity, heightened sensitivity, ease of operation, and robustness. These findings encourage further development of rapid biomarker sensing methods employing 2D nanomaterials.

Thickness-dependent Relative Dielectric Constant of Organic Ultrathin Films.

In formulas employed for analysis of organic electronic devices, the relative dielectric constant value of the semiconductor organic films is often assumed rather than measured, even though it is a fundamental parameter for a correct interpretation. This is particularly true for ultrathin films made of discrete molecular layers. In this work, Spectroscopy Ellipsometry and Scanning Capacitance Microscopy were used to study thin films made of N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-x:y,dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide). The relative dielectric constant presents a non-monotonic trend with thickness: it is equal to 2.1 for one molecular layer, saturating at 3.2 for increasing thickness. This maximum value, equivalent to the bulk one, occurs when the coverage is in between the third to the fourth layer. In this range, the growth switches from a Frank-Van der Merwe (2D growth) to a Volmer-Weber mode (3D growth); in addition, the molecular configuration assumes a bent/distorted geometry with respect to the initial edge-on one. These results establish a morphological dependence of the dielectric constant, especially in the vicinity of the substrate interface, that disappears at a certain distance from it.

Features of magnetic structures in perforated films due to the finite thickness of the sample.

The paper examines ferromagnetic films with strong uniaxial anisotropy of the 'easy plane' type, in which vortex-like inhomogeneities can arise in the presence of artificially created perforations. A universal approach has been developed that makes it possible to reduce the problem of calculating demagnetizing fields in a film of arbitrary thickness to the simplest case, when the film thickness is large. It has been shown that the influence of demagnetizing fields causes the magnetization vector to necessarily move out of the sample plane, and the spatial distribution of magnetization corresponding to this effect has been studied. It has been revealed that the contribution of demagnetizing fields to the total energy of the magnet changes slightly during the transition from a homogeneous structure to an inhomogeneous one.

Ultrathin Flexible Silica Nanosheets with Surface Chemistry-Modulated Affinity to Mammalian Cells.

Flexibility of nanomaterials is challenging but worthy to tune for biomedical applications. Biocompatible silica nanomaterials are under extensive exploration but are rarely observed to exhibit flexibility despite the polymeric nature. Herein, a facile one-step route is reported to ultrathin flexible silica nanosheets (NSs), whose low thickness and high diameter-to-thickness ratio enables folding. Thickness and diameter can be readily tuned to enable controlled flexibility. Mechanism study reveals that beyond the commonly used surfactant, the "uncommon" one bearing two hydrophobic tails play a guiding role in producing sheeted/layered/shelled structures, while addition of ethanol appropriately relieved the strong interfacial tension of the assembled surfactants, which will otherwise produce large curled sheeted structures. With these ultrathin NSs, it is further shown that the cellular preference for particle shape and rigidity is highly dependent on surface chemistry of nanoparticles: under high particle-cell affinity, NSs, and especially the flexible ones will be preferred by mammalian cells for internalization or attachment, while this preference is basically invalid when the affinity is low. Therefore, properties of the ultrathin silica NSs can be effectively expanded and empowered by surface chemistry to realize improved bio-sensing or drug delivery.

Development of High-Precision NO2 Gas Sensor Based on Non-Dispersive Infrared Technology.

Increasing concerns about air quality due to fossil fuel combustion, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) from marine and diesel engines, necessitate advanced monitoring systems due to the significant health and environmental impacts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In this study, a gas detection system based on the principle of the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technique is proposed. Firstly, the pyroelectric detector was developed by employing an ultra-thin LiTaO3 (LT) layer as the sensitive element, integrated with nanoscale carbon material prepared by wafer-level graphics technology as the infrared absorption layer. Then, the sensor was hermetically sealed using inert gas through energy storage welding technology, exhibiting a high detectivity (D*) value of 4.19 × 108 cm·âˆšHz/W. Subsequently, a NO2 gas sensor was engineered based on the NDIR principle employing a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) infrared (IR) emitter, featuring a light path chamber length of 1.5 m, along with integrated signal processing and software calibration algorithms. This gas sensor was capable of detecting NO2 concentrations within the range of 0-500 ppm. Initial tests indicated that the gas sensor exhibited a full-scale relative error of less than 0.46%, a limit of 2.8 ppm, a linearity of -1.09%, a repeatability of 0.47% at a concentration of 500 ppm, and a stability of 2% at a concentration of 500 ppm. The developed gas sensor demonstrated significant potential for application in areas such as industrial monitoring and analytical instrumentation.