Late port-site metastasis of unexpected gallbladder carcinoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Incidental gallbladder carcinoma refers to a discovery of gallbladder cancer during or after cholecystectomy. Late port-site metastasis (PSM) following Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is rare with an incidence rate of 10.3%. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a case of a 58-year-old man who presented with a painful abdominal wall mass for 6 weeks. He had a history of LC for symptomatic cholelithiasis, 8 years prior. DIAGNOSIS: Histopathological examination revealed a positive result for metastatic adenocarcinoma from the abdominal wall mass. Moreover, Positron emission tomography (PET) showed a small focus of intense fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the gallbladder bed, which was highly suspicious for malignancy. INTERVENTION: Decision was to proceed with surgery owing to uptake in the gallbladder bed with single-site metastasis to the previous port site. In addition, in the board meeting, an agreement was reached for performing distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy owing to uncertainty of malignancy based on what was discovered during the full metastatic workup. Diagnostic laparoscopy followed by midline laparotomy performed. Radical completion cholecystectomy with lymphadenectomy was done. Followed by complete resection of the anterior abdominal wall. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy were then performed. OUTCOME: Pathological diagnosis showed metastatic/invasive, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with positive margins on the posterior surface of excised port-site mass. The positive margins necessitated further chemoradiotherapy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy until lung metastasis was identified. After this, the patient was scheduled for palliative chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Presence of PSM is often associated with peritoneal metastasis. For this reason, it is advised to evaluate the patient for possible metastasis.

Durable and Robust Antibacterial Polypropylene Hernia Mesh for Abdominal Wall Defect Repair.

Polypropylene (PP) mesh is commonly used in repairing abdominal wall hernia (AWH). However, the use of synthetic prosthesis comes with the risk of developing a prosthetic infection, resulting in delayed healing, secondary surgery, and potentially increased mortality. To address these issues, a facile surface functionalization strategy for PP mesh based on phytic acid (PA) and polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) was constructed through a one-step co-deposition process, referred to as the PA/PHMG coating. The development of PA/PHMG coating is mainly attributed to the surface affinity of PA and the electrostatic interactions between PA and PHMG. The PA/PHMG coating could be completed within 4 h under mild conditions. The prepared PA/PHMG coatings on PP mesh surfaces exhibited desirable biocompatibility toward mammalian cells and excellent antibacterial properties against the notorious "superbug" methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (TRE). The PA/PHMG-coated PP meshes showed killing ratios of over 99% against MRSA in an infected abdominal wall hernia repair model. Furthermore, histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significantly attenuated degree of neutrophil infiltration in the PA/PHMG coating group, attributed to the decreased bacterial numbers alleviating the inflammatory response at the implant sites. Meanwhile, the pristine PP and PA/PHMG-coated meshes showed effective tissue repair, with the PA/PHMG coating group exhibiting enhanced angiogenesis compared with pristine PP meshes, suggesting superior tissue restoration. Additionally, PP meshes with the highest PHMG weight ratio (PA/PHMG(3)) exhibited excellent long-term robustness under phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) immersion with a killing ratio against MRSA still exceeding 95% after 60 days of PBS immersion. The present work provides a facile and promising approach for developing antibacterial implants.

[Clinical value of focused ultrasound ablation surgery in the treatment of abdominal wall endometriosis].

Objective: To explore the effectiveness and safety of focused ultrasound ablation surgery (FUAS) for abdominal wall endometriosis. Methods: From November 2019 to October 2022, a total of 34 patients with abdominal wall endometriosis who underwent FUAS were collected, and their clinical features, imaging features, intraoperative treatment and side effects after treatment were analyzed retrospectively, and the improvement of symptoms and re-intervention were followed up. Results: (1) Characteristics of clinical data: the average age of 34 patients with abdominal wall endometriosis was (32.8±3.8) years old. The largest diameter of the lesion was 48 mm, and the median lesion diameter was 24 mm. Thirty cases (88%, 30/34) had moderate to severe periodic pain in abdominal incision before FUAS. All patients were diagnosed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, including 19 cases (56%, 19/34) of superficial type, 8 cases (24%, 8/34) of intermediate type and 7 cases (21%, 7/34) of deep type. (2) FUAS treatment parameters: ablation was completed with average operation time of (64±18) minutes, average sonication time was (385±108) s, (103±11) W of average power, (38 819±16 309) J of average total energy, the average treatment area volume of (3.11±1.42) cm3, and (377.79±106.34) s/h of average treatment intensity. (3) Efficiency: the pain of patients after FUAS was significantly relieved, and the pain scores of patients after 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after FUAS were significantly decreased (Z=-4.66, -5.13, -5.11 and -4.91, all P<0.01). One year after FUAS, the near relief and effective pain relief rate was 74% (25/34), and the clinical effective rate was 85% (29/34). Five patients recurred after one year, including 3 patients who underwent abdominal wall endometriosis lesion resection and 2 patients who received drug treatment. One month after FUAS, the size of the lesion did not change significantly compared with that before FUAS (P>0.05), and the size of the lesion decreased significantly after FUAS at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year (Z=-2.15, -2.67 and -3.41, all P<0.05). It has no difference in pain relief among different types (P>0.05), but has significant difference in focus reduction among three types (P<0.01). (4) Safety: there were 34 cases (100%, 34/34) of skin burning sensation, 19 cases (56%, 19/34) of pain in the treatment area and 2 cases (6%, 2/34) of hematuria. All patients got better after corresponding treatments. Conclusion: FUAS is safe and effective for the treatment of abdominal wall endometriosis, which has clinical application value.

An innovative reconstruction of an enbloc resected composite giant chest and abdominal wall chondrosarcoma with 3D-composite mesh.

BACKGROUND: Chest wall chondrosarcomas, although common, pose unique challenges due to their aggressive nature, rarity of abdominal wall involvement, and propensity for recurrence. We highlight the critical role of meticulous surgical planning, multidisciplinary collaboration, and innovative reconstruction techniques in achieving optimal outcomes for patients with composite giant chest and abdominal wall chondrosarcoma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old female patient presented with progressive left chest and abdominal wall swelling for two years; on evaluation had a large lobulated lytic lesion arising from the left ninth rib, scalloping eighth and tenth ribs measuring 13.34 × 8.92 × 10.71 cm (anteroposterior/transverse/craniocaudal diameter) diagnosed with chondrosarcoma grade 2. A three-dimensional (3D) composite mesh was designed based on computed tomography using virtual surgical planning and computer-assisted design and manufacturing technology. She underwent wide local excision and reconstruction of the chest and abdominal wall with 3D-composite mesh under general anesthesia. The postoperative condition was uneventful, with no recurrence at 12 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: A 3D-composite mesh facilitates patient-specific, durable, and cost-effective chest and abdominal wall reconstruction.

Characterising umbilical abdominal wall endometriosis as a distinct subgroup of abdominal wall endometriosis - retrospective cohort study.

Abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) is one of the rarest forms of endometriosis. Little is known about differences between umbilical AWE (U-AWE) and non-umbilical AWE (non-U-AWE) patients. This retrospective cohort study included patients treated for AWE at tertiary endometriosis centre between 2012 and 2020. Patients were divided into two groups - umbilical AWE and non-umbilical AWE.We identified 14 U-AWE and 45 non-U-AWE patients who mostly had lesions in caesarean section scar (38, 64.4%), rarely at other locations (7, 11.9%). Infertility rates for U-AWE patients and non-U-AWE patients were 57.1% and 17.8%, respectively. Concurrent or previous peritoneal endometriosis was noted in 85.7% of U-AWE and 24.4% of non-U- AWE patients. In addition, U-AWE patients and non-UAWE patients significantly differed in following: parity, number of previous caesarean sections, lesion size, prevalence of concurrent or previous deep infiltrating endometriosis, bleeding from abdominal wall, cyclic pain, continuous pain.Infertility and pelvic endometriosis were more prevalent in U-AWE patients. Our data suggests that U-AWE may be a specific marker for a patient highly prone to pelvic endometriosis and subsequent infertility. Findings suggests that clinician should consider comprehensive evaluation of U-AWE patients.

Lumps and Bumps on the Abdominal Wall: Role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.

OBJECTIVE: Abdominal wall masses often pose diagnostic challenges for clinicians due to their nonspecific symptoms. They include a wide spectrum of lesions ranging from inflammatory to tumor-like masses and malignancies. The majority of the malignant nodules are metastatic in origin and may be the initial presentation of a primary malignancy; hence, an early diagnosis is important. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of such lesions. This was a retrospective study of the cytomorphological spectrum of abdominal wall masses, conducted at a tertiary health care centre over a three-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included patients of all age groups presenting with an abdominal wall mass. These lesions were assessed by FNAC. The diagnosis was made on cytology smears and subsequently correlated with the histopathological diagnosis, wherever possible. RESULTS: Of the 70 cases, 21 were non-neoplastic and 49 neoplastic. A benign neoplasm was the most common lesion (52.9%), followed by non-neoplastic lesions (30%) and malignant neoplasms (17.1%). Lipoma was the most common benign neoplasm and metastasis was the commonest malignant neoplasm. The most common type of tumor metastasising was adenocarcinoma and the primary tumors were predominantly intra-abdominal. No false-negative results were seen. CONCLUSION: Most of the abdominal wall masses display a characteristic cytomorphology, which needs to be identified and recognized by a cytopathologist for an accurate diagnosis. FNAC plays an invaluable role in the detection of metastases, especially at sites such as the umbilicus, which may be the only manifestation of an underlying advanced malignant disease.

Extragonadal recurrence of benign mature teratoma in the pouch of Douglas.

Laparoscopic cystectomy for mature teratomas is associated with a high incidence of intraperitoneal spillage and tumor spread; however, extragonadal recurrence of this benign tumor is rare. We hereby present an additional case of extragonadal mature teratoma that recurred in the pouch of Douglas after ovarian cystectomy. A 43-year-old Japanese woman presented with atypical genital bleeding. A 7 cm mature teratoma was detected using transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. At 26 years old, she underwent bilateral cystectomy for bilateral mature teratoma of the ovary. During laparoscopic surgery, a cystic tumor appeared in the pouch of Douglas and was firmly adhered to the surrounding tissues. Both ovaries were normal. The resected tumor was diagnosed as extragonadal, benign, mature teratoma. To avoid the extragonadal recurrence of mature teratoma, removal of tumor contents from intraperitoneal spillage by lavage should be performed at the end of surgery.

Surgical techniques and effectiveness of laparoscopic resection of abdominal wall desmoid-type fibromatosis and defect reconstruction: a single-center retrospective analysis.

PURPOSE: Although the treatment of abdominal wall desmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) has evolved over the past decades, surgical treatment remains an important approach. Previously, surgeries for abdominal DF were mostly performed by laparotomy, which involves massive dissection and significant trauma. Here, we report our single-center experience of the laparoscopic management of abdominal wall DF in young female patients. METHODS: The clinical data of nine patients diagnosed with abdominal wall DF during January 2020-April 2022 at the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent laparoscopic resection of abdominal wall DF and immediate abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) with mesh augmentation via the intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) technique. RESULTS: Laparoscopic DF resection and AWR were successfully performed in all patients. The mean operation time was 175.56 ± 46.20 min. The width of abdominal wall defect was 8.61 ± 3.30 cm. Full- and partial-thickness myofascial closure and reapproximation were performed in five, two, and two patients, respectively. The average mesh size was 253.33 ± 71.01 cm2. The total and postoperative lengths of hospital stay were 11.00 ± 3.46 and 4.89 ± 2.03 days, respectively. Tumor recurred in one patient after 20 months of the resection. Nonetheless, death, herniation, or bulging were not observed in any patient during a mean follow-up of 16.11 ± 8.43 months. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic resection of abdominal wall DF and immediate AWR with IPOM mesh reinforcement is safe and reliable for young female patients. Management of such patients should be decided according to the biological behavior, size, and location of tumors.

Abdominal scar endometriosis: A case report and review of literature.

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Abdominal wall or cutaneous endometriomas are quite uncommon with an incidence of less than 1%. Abdominal wall endometrioma can occur in a previous surgical scar, commonly following obstetrical and gynecological surgeries. Cutaneous endometriosis is difficult to diagnose because of its nonspecific symptoms and is often confused with other dermatological and surgical diseases thereby delaying the diagnosis and management. We are reporting a case of scar endometriosis at the site of previous cesarean scar involving the rectus sheath. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare condition are being discussed. Awareness of the clinical features and presentation of this rare condition is essential for timely diagnosis and management.

Abdominal Wall Endometriosis at the Cesarean Section Scar.

Abdominal wall endometriosis is atypical localization of the extra-pelvic endometriosis with non-specific symptoms and is difficult for diagnosis. Cesarean scar endometriosis (CSE) is the most common type of abdominal wall endometriosis, which usually develops after obstetric operations. We report a case of a 33-year-old woman who had two previous cesarean sections presented with a mass in the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall, approximately 4 cm superior to the Pfannenstiel incision, 5 years after her second lower segment caesarean section. The classic clinical presentation, imaging findings on ultrasonography and computed tomography are analyzed. Treatment with local surgical excision of the mass is discussed. The diagnosis was confirmed with histopathological analysis of the surgical sample. When it comes to the limited painful lesion in the subcutaneous tissue at the cesarean scar, with a pain intensifying during menstruation, the physician should consider cesarean scar endometriosis in women of reproductive age with a history of cesarean section.

[Clinical analysis of 244 cases with abdominal wall endometriosis].

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes and prognostic factors of abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE). Methods: A total of 265 AWE patients who underwent surgical treatment in The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2010 to April 2023 were retrospectively selected, and 244 patients had complete follow-up data. According to different depth of lesions, the enrolled patients were divided into three types: type Ⅰ (subcutaneous fat layer, n=30), type Ⅱ (anterior sheath muscle layer, n=174) and type Ⅲ (peritoneum layer, n=40). The general clinical features, perioperative conditions, recurrent outcome and prognostic factors were analyzed in three types. Results: (1) Compared with type Ⅲ patients, the age of onset, parity and incidence of pelvic endometriosis were significantly decreased in type Ⅱ patients [(32.0±4.0) vs (30.0±4.6) years, 1.6±0.6 vs 1.4±0.5, 10.0% (4/40) vs 1.7% (3/174), respectively; all P<0.05], while the proportion of patients with transverse incision was significantly increased [37.5% (15/40) vs 67.3% (115/171); P<0.01]. The first symptoms of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ were mainly palpable mass in the abdominal wall [73.3% (22/30), 63.2% (110/174), respectively], but the first symptom of type Ⅲ was pain in the abdominal wall [55.0% (22/40); all P<0.05]. (2) No matter the results of preoperative B-ultrasound or intraoperative exploration, the lesion diameters of type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ showed significant upward trends (all P<0.05). The proportions of lesion diameter≥3 cm in type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ [67.8% (118/174), 80.0% (32/40)] were significantly higher than that in type Ⅰ (all P<0.05). The median operation time and blood loss of type Ⅰ and Ⅱ were significantly lower than those of type Ⅲ (type Ⅰ vs type Ⅲ: 37.5 vs 50.0 minutes, 10 vs 20 ml, all P<0.05; type Ⅱ vs type Ⅲ: 35.0 vs 50.0 minutes, 10 vs 20 ml, all P<0.05). (3) The median follow-up time was 49 months, the overall symptom remission rate was 98.4% (240/244), and the recurrence rate was 7.0% (17/244). There were no significant differences in recurrence rate and recurrence free time among three types (all P>0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the depth, number, diameter of lesions and postoperative adjuvant medication were not significant factors for postoperative recurrence (all P>0.05). Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of type Ⅲ are the most serious, including obvious abdominal pain symptoms, larger lesion diameter, prolonged operation time, increased intraoperative blood loss and increased incidence of pelvic endometriosis. Complete resection of lesions is an effective treatment for AWE, with high symptom remission rate and low recurrence rate. The depth, number, diameter of lesions and postoperative adjuvant medication are not risk factors for recurrence.

Favorable Outcome of Repeated Salvage Surgeries for Rare Metastasis to the Ligamentum Teres Hepatis and the Upper Abdominal Wall in a Stage IV Gastric Cancer Patient.

Gastric cancer with peritoneal metastases is typically a devastating diagnosis. Ligamentum teres hepatis (LTH) metastasis is an extremely rare presentation with only four known cases. Herein, we report salvage surgery of successive metastases to the abdominal wall and LTH in a patient originally presenting with advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis, leading to long-term survival. A 72-year-old man with advanced gastric cancer underwent curative-intent distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection for gastric outlet obstruction. During this procedure, three small peritoneal metastases were detected in the lesser omentum, the small mesentery, and the mesocolon; however, intraoperative abdominal lavage cytology was negative. We added cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal metastasis. The pathological diagnosis of the gastric cancer was tubular adenocarcinoma with pT4aN1pM1(PER/P1b)CY0 stage IV (Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma/JCGC 15th), or T4N1M1b stage IV (UICC 7th). Post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 (TS-1)+cisplatin (CDDP) was administered for 8 months followed by S-1 monotherapy for 4 months. At 28 months after the initial surgery, a follow-up computed tomography (CT) detected a small mass beneath the upper abdominal wall. The ass showed mild avidity on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission (FDG-PET) CT. Salvage resection was performed for diagnosis and treatment, and pathological findings were consistent with primary gastric cancer metastasis. At 49 months after the initial gastrectomy, a new lesion was detected in the LTH with a similar level of avidity on FDG-PET CT as the abdominal wall metastatic lesion. We performed a second salvage surgery for the LTH tumor, which also showed pathology of gastric cancer metastasis. There has been no recurrence up to 1 year after the LTH surgery. With multidisciplinary treatment the patient has survived almost 5 years after the initial gastrectomy. Curative-intent gastrectomy with cytoreductive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer with localized peritoneal metastasis might have had a survival benefit in our patient. Successive salvage surgeries for oligometastatic lesions in the abdominal wall and the LTH also yielded favorable outcomes.

Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Excision of Abdominal Wall Endometrioma Utilizing Intraoperative Ultrasound and Transabdominal Needle Placement.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with endometriosis, extra pelvic endometriosis is estimated to have an incidence of 11% and a rare subset of extra pelvic lesions include abdominal wall endometriosis with an incidence of 0.03% to 3.5% [1,2]. Evaluation for and surgical management of abdominal wall endometriosis are an essential skill set for the advanced gynecologic surgeon. In this video, we demonstrate a surgical technique for robot-assisted laparoscopic excision of abdominal wall endometriosis with intraoperative ultrasound-guided needle placement. DESIGN: Description and demonstration of surgical technique. SETTING: A patient with previous history of 2 cesarean sections and right lower quadrant cyclic abdominal wall pain; a tertiary care, academic center. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoperative ultrasound-guided needle placement to map location and boundaries of the lesion followed by minimally invasive resection of the lesion with the intermittent advancement and withdrawal of needles to confirm clear margins. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive resection of abdominal wall endometriosis using intraoperative ultrasound-guided needle placement is an effective technique to guide surgical dissection and allow for clear surgical margins and successful treatment of this rare condition.

Metastatic juvenile granulosa cell tumor in abdominal wall.

Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) is an uncommon ovarian tumor. There are only a few cases in the literature that depict the cytomorphology of JGCT at the primary/metastatic site. We described the fine-needle aspiration cytology of a recurrent metastatic JGCT of the anterior abdominal wall, 5 years post-surgery (total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy).

[Abdominal wall skin nodules revealing xanthogranulomatous pylonephritis]. / Des nodules cutanés de la paroi abdominale révélant une pyelonéphrite xanthogranulomateuse.

INTRODUCTION: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic pyelonephritis characterized by an inflammatory granulomatous reaction that destroys the renal parenchyma. It is an uncommon entity. Diffuse inflammation has the potential to spread to nearby organs, especially the skin. OBSERVATION: A 73-year-old patient presented with a three-year history of painful and fistulized nodules on the abdominal wall. The results of abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with extension to the skin, colon, and psoas muscle. The skin lesions were improved by a double antibiotic therapy. The patient was advised to have a radical left nephrectomy, but he refused surgery and was then lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: We report an uncommon case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis revealed by cutaneous nodules of the abdominal wall, with an extension toward the skin, the colon and the psoas muscle.

Surgery for primary malignant tumors of the abdominal wall: experiences of three African surgical oncology units and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tumors of the abdominal wall are uncommon but diverse. The surgical challenge is double. The tumor must be completely removed and the abdominal wall repaired. Our aim was to describe the indications, techniques, and results of surgery on these tumors in an African context. METHODS: Retrospective, multicentric and descriptive study conducted in three West African surgical oncology units. We included all abdominal wall tumors followed up between January 2010 and October 2022. Histological type, size, surgical procedure, and method of abdominal wall repair were considered. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons of proportions were made using the Student t test. RESULTS: We registered 62 tumors of the abdominal wall and we operated on 41 (66.1%). The mean size of the tumors was 14.3 ± 26 cm. Dermatofibrosarcoma and desmoid tumor were present in 33 and 3 cases respectively. In 31.7% of cases in addition to the tumour, the resections carried away the muscular aponeurotic plane. Parietal resections required the use of a two-sided prosthesis in 6 cases. In 13 cases, we used skin flaps. The resections margins were invaded in 5 cases and revision surgery was performed in all of them. Incisional hernia was noticed in 2 cases. The tumor recurrence rate was 12.2% with an average time of 13 months until occurrence. Overall survival at 3 years was 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for abdominal wall tumors. It must combine tumor resections and parietal repair. Cancer surgeons need to be trained in abdominal wall repair.

Caesarean-section scar endometriosis (CSSE): clinical and imaging fundamentals of an underestimated entity.

Caesarean-section scar endometriosis (CSSE) is a form of extra-pelvic endometriosis developing through endometrial cell implantation anywhere along the route of a previous caesarean section (CS) surgery, including the skin, subcutaneous tissue, abdominal wall muscles, intraperitoneally, and the uterine scar itself. Synchronous intra-abdominal endometriosis is not a prerequisite. Given the rising prevalence of CS, CSSE may be underrepresented in the literature and occur more frequently than previously thought. Locating a painful soft-tissue mass-like lesion along the path of a previous CS scar is the most indicative sign that should initially alarm physicians towards suggesting CSSE, especially if symptoms are typical (cyclically reoccurring with menstruation). The detection of hyperintense (haemorrhagic) foci on T1 fat-saturated sequences will strongly support the diagnosis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the most sensitive imaging method for CSSE assessment. A non-specific, contrast-enhancing, hypodense nodule with spiculate edges may be suggestive if the lesion was originally detected on computed tomography (CT). Although ultrasound is frequently the first imaging method used, the findings are non-specific; therefore, making it more useful for ruling out other differentials and for image-guided biopsy. In any case, histopathology provides the definitive diagnosis. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment; however, minimally invasive, percutaneous techniques have also been implemented successfully.