Effect of the Association of Fixed Oils from Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Euterpe oleracea Martius, Bixa orellana Linné and Chronic SM® on Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats.

Dyslipidemia presents high levels of serum cholesterol and is characterized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, especially for the development of atherosclerosis. E. oleracea oil (OFEO), A. esculentus oil (OFAE), B. orellana oil (OFBO), and Chronic SM® granules (CHR) are rich in bioactive compounds with the potential to treat changes in lipid metabolism. This study investigated the effects of treatments with oils from A. esculentus, E. oleracea, B. orellana, and Chronic SM® on Cocos nucifera L. saturated-fat-induced dyslipidemia. The chromatographic profile showed the majority presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the tested oils. The quantification of tocotrienols and geranylgeraniol in OFBO and CHR was obtained. Treatments with OFEO, OFAE, OFBO, and CHR were able to significantly reduce glycemia, as well as hypertriglyceridemia, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, besides increasing HDL-cholesterol. The treatments inhibited the formation of atheromatous plaques in the vascular endothelium of the treated rats. The obtained results suggest that the OFEO, OFAE, OFBO, and CHR exhibit antidyslipidemic effects and antiatherogenic activity.

Supplementation with okra combined or not with exercise training is able to protect the heart of animals with metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical manifestation strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death worldwide. In view of this scenario, many therapeutic proposals have appeared in order to optimize the treatment of individuals with MetS, including the practice of exercise training (ET) and the consumption of okra (O). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of O consumption and/or ET in animals with MetS. In all, 32 male Zucker rats (fa/fa) at 10 weeks old were randomly distributed into four groups of 8 animals each: MetS, MetS+O, MetS+ET and MetS+ET+O, and 8 lean Zucker rats (fa/ +) comprised the control group. Okra was administered by orogastric gavage 2x/day (morning and night, 100 mg/kg), 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. The ET was performed on a treadmill 1x/day (afternoon), 5 days/week, 60 min/day, in an intensity of 70% of maximal capacity, for the same days of O treatment. It was found that, O consumption alone was able to promote improved insulin sensitivity (MetS 93.93 ± 8.54 mg/dL vs. MetS+O 69.95 ± 18.7 mg/dL, p ≤ 0.05, d = 1.65, CI = 50.32 -89.58, triglyceride reduction (MetS 492.9 ± 97.8 mg/dL vs. MetS+O 334.9 ± 98.0 mg/dL, p ≤ 0.05, d = 1.61, CI = 193.2-398.7). In addition, it promoted a reduction in systolic blood pressure (MetS 149.0 ± 9.3 mmHg vs. MetS+O 132.0 ± 11.4 mmHg, p ≤ 0.05, d = 1.63, CI = 120-140), prevented an increase in cardiac collagen (MetS 12.60 ± 2.08% vs. MetS+O 7.52 ± 0.77%, p ≤ 0.05, d = 3.24, CI = 6.56-8.49). When associated with ET, the results were similar. Thus, we conclude that O consumption combined or not with aerobic ET can have a protective effect on the cardiac tissue of rats with MetS.

Aerobic exercise training combined or not with okra consumption as a strategy to prevent kidney changes caused by metabolic syndrome in Zucker rats.

The complications of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) include kidney disease, and most dialysis patients are diagnosed with MetS. The benefit of exercise training (ET) for MetS treatment is already well defined in the literature, but the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic benefits of okra (O) have been discovered only recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of O and/or ET supplementation on renal function and histology; serum urea and creatinine value; inflammation (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and oxidative stress in renal tissue. For this, 32 Zucker rats (fa/fa) were randomly separated into four groups of 8 animals each: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), MetS + Okra (MetS + O), MetS + Exercise Training (MetS + ET), and MetS + Exercise Training and Okra (MetS + ET + O), and 8 Zucker lean (fa/+) rats comprised the Control group (CTL). Okra was administered by orogastric gavage 2x/day (morning and night, 100 mg/kg) and ET performed on the treadmill, at moderate intensity, 1h/day, 5x/week for 6 weeks. Although the renal function was not altered, the animals with MetS showed greater fibrotic deposition accompanied by a worse stage of renal injury, in addition to increased kidney weight. Although all interventions were beneficial in reducing fibrosis, only ET combined with O was able to improve the degree of renal tissue impairment. ET improved the anti-inflammatory status and reduced nitrite levels, but the combination of ET and O was more beneficial as regards catalase activity. Okra consumption alone did not promote changes in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in the kidney. In conclusion, ET combined or not with O seems to be beneficial in preventing the progression of renal disease when renal function is not yet altered.

Effect of dietary plants on the production of immunoglobulins A in healthy Wistar rats / Efeito de plantas dietéticas na produção de imunoglobulinas A em ratos Wistar saudáveis

Introduction: some plants such as turmeric, cinnamon, and okra are known to have therapeutic functions such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, an immunomodulatory role has been observed in the production of antibodies, in particular immunoglobulin A (IgA), which mediates a variety of protective functions for the organism. Objective: the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary plants on the production of IgA in healthy Wistar rats. Methods: thus, 48 male Wistar rats of 90 days of age were allocated to four groups. The animals were treated for 14 days with dried turmeric, cinnamon, or okra (50, 50, 12.5 mg/day, respectively) in phosphate buffered saline, or with only phosphate buffered saline by gavage. The animals received water and feed ad libitum. Body mass and relative weight ofperitoneal fat, adrenal gland, kidney, spleen, liver and thymus, biochemical parameters, and IgA levels were analyzed. Results: no significant changes were observed in the body mass, relative weight of organs and tissues, and biochemical parameters. An increase in serum IgA levels was observed in animals treated with turmeric or cinnamon. Conclusion: we conclude that the treatment with turmeric and cinnamon increased IgA production. Therefore, our study supports the idea that dietary supplementation with these plants may improve humoral immunity.

Introdução: algumas plantas como a cúrcuma, a canela e o quiabo são conhecidas por apresentar funções terapêuticas, como atividade antioxidante e anti-inflamatória. Além disso, tem sido observado um papel imunomodulador sobre a produção de anticorpos, em especial a imunoglobulina A (IgA), a qual medeia uma variedade de funções protetoras para o organismo. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de plantas dietéticas na produção de IgA em ratos Wistar saudáveis. Métodos: destarte, 48 ratos machos Wistar com 90 dias de idade foram alocados em quatro grupos. Os animais foram tratados por 14 dias com cúrcuma seca, canela ou quiabo (50, 50, 12,5 mg/dia, respectivamente) em solução salina tamponada com fosfato ou apenas solução salina tamponada com fosfato, por gavagem. Os animais receberam água e ração ad libitum. Foram analisados a massa corporal e o peso relativo da gordura peritoneal, glândula adrenal, rim, baço, fígado e timo, parâmetros bioquímicos e níveis de IgA. Resultados: não foram observadas alterações significativas na massa corporal, no peso relativo dos órgãos e tecidos e nos parâmetros bioquímicos. Foi observado aumento dos níveis séricos de IgA nos animais tratados com cúrcuma ou canela. Conclusão: podemos concluir que o tratamento com cúrcuma e canela aumentou a produção de IgA. Portanto, nosso estudo suporta a ideia de que a suplementação alimentar com essas plantas pode melhorar a imunidade humoral.

Impact of Meloidogyne incognita (nematode) infection on root tissues and cell wall composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench, Malvaceae).

Root-knot nematodes are endoparasites whose mature females lodge and grow inside the root of some cultivated plants, leading to losses in productivity. Herein, we investigated if the infection of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae), promoted by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Meloidogynidae) changes some agronomic traits of the host plant, as well as the cell wall composition of the root tissues. The okra Santa Cruz 47® cultivar was infected with a suspension of 5000 M. incognita juveniles. The inoculated and non-inoculated okra plants were then submitted to morphological analysis at the end of experiment, as well as histological (at 4, 11, 18, 39, ad 66 days after inoculation) and immunocytochemical analysis (control and 66 days after inoculation). Root-knot nematode infection reduced the dry weight of the stem system but, unexpectedly, the number and weight of fruits increased. At 11 days after inoculation, we detected the presence of giant cells that increased in number and size until the end of the experiment, at 66 days after inoculation. These cells came from the xylem parenchyma and showed intense and moderate labeling for epitopes recognized by JIM5 and JIM7. The presence of homogalacturonans (HGs) with different degrees of methyl esterification seems to be related to the injuries caused by the nematode feeding activity and to the processes of giant cell hypertrophy. In addition, the presence of HGs with high methyl-esterified groups can increase the cell wall porosity and facilitate the flux of nutrients for the root-knot nematode.

Preservation by lactic fermentation and physicochemical characterization of okra produced underwater salinity and potassium fertilization / Conservação láctica e caracterização físico-química do quiabo produzido sob salinidade da água e adubação potássica

The use of saline water in agricultural production will be increasingly necessary in the next decades. However, postharvest quality may be compromised, as in okra, due to salt stress and/or factors inherent to storage and transportation. In this context, developing alternative methods of preservation, including lactic fermentation, may be a promising way to maintain and even improve the nutritional quality of okra. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the production components of okra subjected to different levels of water salinity and doses of potassium fertilization, and further to evaluate the preservation by lactic fermentation of okra fruits produced under water salinity. The first experiment was carried out in lysimeters under field conditions in Neossolo Regolítico (Psamment) of sandy loam texture in Pombal-PB, in a randomized block design in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, testing 5 levels of irrigation water salinity (0.3; 1.3; 2.3; 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) and 5 doses of potassium fertilization (75; 112.5; 150; 187.5, and 225 mg of K2 O kg-1 of soil), with three replicates. After that, the okra fruits produced under the different salinity levels were stored in six mixtures of salts present in lactic fermentation brine (100-0-0, 0-100-0, 0-0-100, 50-50-0, 0-50-50, and 50-0-50 of NaCl, CaCl2, and KCl, respectively), under a 5 x 6 factorial, with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. The post-harvest quality, after fermentation, was evaluated based on their physicochemical characteristics. Irrigation water salinity negatively affected the average length, average weight, titratable acidity, soluble solids/ titratable acidity ratio, and pH of the okra fruits. Potassium doses increased the average diameter of okra fruits, minimizing the deleterious effects of irrigation water salinity. The vitamin C contents of pickled okra fruits were not compromised by salt stress. Among the lactic fermentation brines, the formulation containing the proportion NaCl:CaCl2 stands out as promoting the highest titratable acidity and soluble solids content in pickled okra fruits.(AU)

O uso de águas salinas na produção agrícola será cada vez mais necessário nas próximas décadas, entretanto, a qualidade pós-colheita, como no quiabeiro, pode ser comprometida devido ao estresse salino e/ou fatores inerentes ao armazenamento e transporte; neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de conservação, dentre eles a fermentação láctica pode constituir uma via promissora para manter e até melhorar a qualidade nutricional do quiabeiro. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os componentes de produção do quiabeiro submetido a diferentes salinidades da água e doses de adubação potássica; visou-se, também, avaliar a conservação por fermentação láctica dos frutos do quiabeiro produzidos sob salinidade da água. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido em lisímetros sob condições de campo em Neossolo Regolítico de textura franco-arenosa em Pombal-PB. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, testando 5 níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3 e 4,3 dS m-1) e 5 doses de adubação potássica (75; 112,5; 150; 187,5 e 225 mg de K2 O kg-1 de solo) com três repetições. Em seguida os frutos de quiabeiro produzidos sob os distintintos níveis salinos foram armazenados em seis misturas de sais presentes na salmoura de fermentação láctica (100-0-0, 0-100-0, 0-0-100, 50-50-0, 0-50-50 e 50-0-50 de NaCl, CaCl2 e KCl, respectivamente), sob fatorial 5 x 6, com três repetições, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, cuja qualidade póscolheita, após o processo de fermentação, foi avaliada mediante as características físico-químicas dos frutos de quiabeiro. A salinidade da água de irrigação afetou negativamente o comprimento médio, peso médio, acidez titulável, razão de sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável e pH dos frutos de quiabeiro. As doses de potássio provocam acréscimos no diâmetro médio de frutos do quiabeiro minimizando os efeitos deletérios da salinidade da água de irrigação. Os teores de vitamina C dos frutos de quiabeiro em conserva não foram comprometidos pelo estresse salino. Dentre as salmouras de fermentação láctica, a formulação contendo a proporção de NaCl:CaCl2 destaca-se com maior acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis dos frutos do quiabeiro em conserva.(AU)

Composição química e aceitabilidade de pão sem glúten desenvolvido com mucilagem de quiabo / Chemical composition and acceptance of gluten-free bread developed with okra mucilage

Com objetivo de produzir pão sem glúten com composição química aprimorada e boa qualidade sensorial, foram elaboradas três formulações com diferentes quantidades de mucilagem de quiabo: (F0) 0 mL; (F1) 100 mL; (F2) 150mL. Determinou-se: rendimento da mucilagem, composição centesimal, valor calórico e atributos sensoriais dos pães por meio de escala hedônica. A mucilagem aumentou o rendimento das F1 e F2. Não houve diferença no teor de proteínas e o teor de lipídios de 7,9 g 100 g-1 (F1) e 6,0 g 100 g-1 (F2) foram inferiores ao da F0. A umidade da F1 (32,15 g 100 g-1) foi menor que nas demais formulações, enquanto cinzas (0,70 g 100 g-1), carboidrato (56,75 g 100 g-1) e valor calórico (308,1 kcal 100 g-1) foram superiores. No teste sensorial, todos os atributos foram avaliados nas categorias “gostei ligeiramente” e “gostei extremamente” pela maioria dos julgadores. A F1 obteve avaliações superiores às da F2 para textura, cor e impressão global e não diferiu em nenhum dos atributos na F0. Conclui-se que a F1 pode ser uma opção viável na busca de pão sem glúten com composição química aprimorada, por conter menor teor de lipídio e umidade, maior teor de cinzas e boa aceitação sensorial.(AU)

With the goal of producing gluten-free bread with improved chemical composition and good sensorial quality, three formulations were prepared with different amounts of okra mucilage: (F0) 0 mL; (F1) 100 mL; (F2) 150 mL. From this was determined: mucilage yield, centesimal composition, caloric value and sensory attributes of bread by hedonic scale. Mucilage increased the yield of F1 and F2. There was no difference in protein content and the lipid content of 7.9 g 100 g-1 (F1) and 6.0 g 100 g-1 (F2) were lower than that of F0. The moisture content of F1 (32.15 g 100 g-1) was lower than the other formulations, while ash (0.70 g 100 g-1), carbohydrate (56.75 g 100 g-1) and caloric value (308,1 kcal 100 g-1) were higher. In the sensory test, attributes were rated in the categories “liked slightly” and “liked extremely” by most judges. F1 scored higher than F2 for texture, color and overall impression and did not differ in any of the attributes at F0. It can be concluded that F1 may be a viable option in the search for gluten-free bread with improved chemical composition, as it contains lower lipid and moisture content, higher ash content and good sensory acceptance.(AU)

Crotalaria and millet as alternative controls of root-knot nematodes infecting okra / Crotalária e milheto como controles alternativos de nematóides das galhas infectando quiabo

The relationship of crops grown in rotation or in succession has increased every day and the use of antagonistic plants and/or non-host plants is one of the most efficient practices of integrated management of nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth) and millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke] 'ADR 300' in reducing the population of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica and in increasing the productivity of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] when cultivated in succession. The experiment was conducted in an area cultivating okra (host culture) in rotation, with a history of severe infestation by phytonematodes. The experimental design involved randomized blocks with six treatments and four replicates, with the following treatments: T1, 15 kg.ha-1 of millet seeds; T2, 30 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T3, 10 kg.ha-1 of millet + 20 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T4, 20 kg.ha-1 of millet + 6 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T5, 6 kg.ha-1 of millet + 36 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; and T6, control. The nematode populations in the soil and roots were evaluated about 60 d after planting okra, and the yield was evaluated at the end of the crop cycle. Simple treatment with millet or crotalaria reduced the nematode population by 61% and 72%, respectively. The millet-crotalaria intercropping treatments reduced the nematode population by up to 85% compared with the control. In terms of productivity, there was an increase of 787 kg.ha-1 in the millet treatment and 2,109 kg.ha-1 in the intercropping treatments. Both the single cultivation of crotalaria or millet and the consortia of crotalaria and millet were effective in controlling the root-knot nematodes, and increased the productivity of okra.

A relação de culturas cultivadas em rotação ou em sucessão tem aumentado a cada dia, e a utilização de plantas antagônicas e/ou plantas não hospedeiras é uma das práticas mais eficientes de manejo integrado de nematoides. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do cultivo de crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth) e milheto [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke] 'ADR 300' no incremento de produtividade e redução populacional de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica em quiabeiro [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cultivado em sucessão. O experimento foi conduzido em área de rotação com quiabeiro (cultura hospedeira), que tem histórico de grande infestação dos referidos fitonematoides. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo T1 ₌ 15 kg.ha-1 de sementes de milheto, T2 ₌ 30 kg.ha-1 de crotalária, T3 ₌ 10 kg.ha-1 de milheto + 20 kg.ha-1 de crotalária, T4 ₌ 20 kg.ha-1 de milheto + 6 kg.ha-1 de crotalária, T5 ₌ 6 kg.ha-1 de milheto + 36 kg.ha-1 de crotalária e T6 ₌ Testemunha. Foram avaliadas as populações de nematoides no solo e nas raízes cerca de 60 dias após o plantio do quiabeiro e a produtividade ao final do cultivo. Os tratamentos milheto e crotalária solteiros reduziram a população de nematoides em 61 e 72%, respectivamente. Nos cultivos consorciados, obteve-se a redução de 85%, comparado com a testemunha. Quanto a produtividade, houve acréscimo de 787 kg.ha-1 no tratamento com milheto solteiro e de 2.109 kg.ha-1 nos tratamentos consorciados. Tanto o cultivo solteiro de crotalária e milheto, quanto seu uso em consórcio, efetivaram o controle dos nematoides de ganha e elevaram a produtividade do quiabeiro.

Biochar and its impact on soil properties, growth and yield of okra plants / Biocarvão e seu impacto nas propriedades do solo, crescimento e produtividade de plantas de quiabo

Applying biochar to the soil can mitigate problems that hinder agricultural production, such as water scarcity and low fertility soils. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of dry coconut husk biochar and sewage sludge combinations on soil chemical characteristics, growth, yield and water productivity of okra crop. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with 6 treatments (CHB+BSS - coconut husk biochar + biochar of sewage sludge, CHB+RSS- coconut husk biochar + raw sewage sludge, BSS+RSS - biochar  of sewage sludge + raw sewage sludge, CHB - coconut husk biochar, BSS - biochar of sewage sludge,  WB - without biochar (control)). Plant height, number of fruits per plant, yield and water use productivity were evaluated. To evaluate the effect of biochar on soil, soil samples were taken to determine pH, CEC, P, K, Ca, Mg concentrations after incorporation of biochar into the soil. The BSS + RSS and RSS treatments provided better results on okra production and growth characteristics with a 421.15% and 419% productivity increase, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The BSS + RSS and BSS treatments provided better water productivity values with values of 1.45 and 1.44 tons produced for each cubic meter of water applied, respectively. All soil chemical characteristics analyzed were modified when the biochar was...

A aplicação de biocarvão no solo pode atenuar problemas que dificultam a produção agrícola, como escassez de água e solos com baixa fertilidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto das combinações de biocarvão de casca de coco seco e lodo de esgoto nas características químicas do solo, crescimento, rendimento e produtividade de água da cultura do quiabo. O experimento foi organizado em blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos (CHB + BSS - biocarvão de casca de coco + biocarvão de lodo de esgoto, CHB + RSS- biocarvão de casca de coco + lodo de esgoto bruto, BSS + RSS - biocarvão de lodo de esgoto + lodo de esgoto bruto, CHB - biocarvão de casca de coco, BSS - biocarvão de lodo de esgoto, WB - sem biocarvão (controle)). Foram avaliados a altura da planta, número de frutos por planta, produtividade e produtividade de uso da água. Para avaliar o efeito do biocarvão no solo, foram coletadas amostras de solo para determinação das concentrações de pH, CEC, P, K, Ca, Mg após incorporação do biocarvão no solo. Os tratamentos BSS + RSS e RSS proporcionaram melhores resultados nas características de produção e crescimento de quiabo, com um aumento de produtividade de 421,15% e 419%, respectivamente, em comparação com o tratamento controle. Os tratamentos BSS + RSS e BSS proporcionaram melhores valores de produtividade da água com valores de 1,45 e 1,44 toneladas produzidas...

Biochar and its impact on soil properties, growth and yield of okra plants / Biocarvão e seu impacto nas propriedades do solo, crescimento e produtividade de plantas de quiabo

Applying biochar to the soil can mitigate problems that hinder agricultural production, such as water scarcity and low fertility soils. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of dry coconut husk biochar and sewage sludge combinations on soil chemical characteristics, growth, yield and water productivity of okra crop. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with 6 treatments (CHB+BSS - coconut husk biochar + biochar of sewage sludge, CHB+RSS- coconut husk biochar + raw sewage sludge, BSS+RSS - biochar  of sewage sludge + raw sewage sludge, CHB - coconut husk biochar, BSS - biochar of sewage sludge,  WB - without biochar (control)). Plant height, number of fruits per plant, yield and water use productivity were evaluated. To evaluate the effect of biochar on soil, soil samples were taken to determine pH, CEC, P, K, Ca, Mg concentrations after incorporation of biochar into the soil. The BSS + RSS and RSS treatments provided better results on okra production and growth characteristics with a 421.15% and 419% productivity increase, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The BSS + RSS and BSS treatments provided better water productivity values with values of 1.45 and 1.44 tons produced for each cubic meter of water applied, respectively. All soil chemical characteristics analyzed were modified when the biochar was...(AU)

A aplicação de biocarvão no solo pode atenuar problemas que dificultam a produção agrícola, como escassez de água e solos com baixa fertilidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto das combinações de biocarvão de casca de coco seco e lodo de esgoto nas características químicas do solo, crescimento, rendimento e produtividade de água da cultura do quiabo. O experimento foi organizado em blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos (CHB + BSS - biocarvão de casca de coco + biocarvão de lodo de esgoto, CHB + RSS- biocarvão de casca de coco + lodo de esgoto bruto, BSS + RSS - biocarvão de lodo de esgoto + lodo de esgoto bruto, CHB - biocarvão de casca de coco, BSS - biocarvão de lodo de esgoto, WB - sem biocarvão (controle)). Foram avaliados a altura da planta, número de frutos por planta, produtividade e produtividade de uso da água. Para avaliar o efeito do biocarvão no solo, foram coletadas amostras de solo para determinação das concentrações de pH, CEC, P, K, Ca, Mg após incorporação do biocarvão no solo. Os tratamentos BSS + RSS e RSS proporcionaram melhores resultados nas características de produção e crescimento de quiabo, com um aumento de produtividade de 421,15% e 419%, respectivamente, em comparação com o tratamento controle. Os tratamentos BSS + RSS e BSS proporcionaram melhores valores de produtividade da água com valores de 1,45 e 1,44 toneladas produzidas...(AU)

Composição química e aceitabilidade de pão sem glúten desenvolvido com mucilagem de quiabo / Chemical composition and acceptance of gluten-free bread developed with okra mucilage

Com objetivo de produzir pão sem glúten com composição química aprimorada e boa qualidade sensorial, foram elaboradas três formulações com diferentes quantidades de mucilagem de quiabo: (F0) 0 mL; (F1) 100 mL; (F2) 150mL. Determinou-se: rendimento da mucilagem, composição centesimal, valor calórico e atributos sensoriais dos pães por meio de escala hedônica. A mucilagem aumentou o rendimento das F1 e F2. Não houve diferença no teor de proteínas e o teor de lipídios de 7,9 g 100 g-1 (F1) e 6,0 g 100 g-1 (F2) foram inferiores ao da F0. A umidade da F1 (32,15 g 100 g-1) foi menor que nas demais formulações, enquanto cinzas (0,70 g 100 g-1), carboidrato (56,75 g 100 g-1) e valor calórico (308,1 kcal 100 g-1) foram superiores. No teste sensorial, todos os atributos foram avaliados nas categorias "gostei ligeiramente" e "gostei extremamente" pela maioria dos julgadores. A F1 obteve avaliações superiores às da F2 para textura, cor e impressão global e não diferiu em nenhum dos atributos na F0. Conclui-se que a F1 pode ser uma opção viável na busca de pão sem glúten com composição química aprimorada, por conter menor teor de lipídio e umidade, maior teor de cinzas e boa aceitação sensorial. (AU)

With the goal of producing gluten-free bread with improved chemical composition and good sensorial quality, three formulations were prepared with different amounts of okra mucilage: (F0) 0 mL; (F1) 100 mL; (F2) 150 mL. From this was determined: mucilage yield, centesimal composition, caloric value and sensory attributes of bread by hedonic scale. Mucilage increased the yield of F1 and F2. There was no difference in protein content and the lipid content of 7.9 g 100 g-1 (F1) and 6.0 g 100 g-1 (F2) were lower than that of F0. The moisture content of F1 (32.15 g 100 g-1) was lower than the other formulations, while ash (0.70 g 100 g-1), carbohydrate (56.75 g 100 g-1) and caloric value (308,1 kcal 100 g-1) were higher. In the sensory test, attributes were rated in the categories "liked slightly" and "liked extremely" by most judges. F1 scored higher than F2 for texture, color and overall impression and did not differ in any of the attributes at F0. It can be concluded that F1 may be a viable option in the search for gluten-free bread with improved chemical composition, as it contains lower lipid and moisture content, higher ash content and good sensory acceptance. (AU)

Composição química e aceitabilidade de pão sem glúten desenvolvido com mucilagem de quiabo / Chemical composition and acceptance of gluten-free bread developed with okra mucilage

Com objetivo de produzir pão sem glúten com composição química aprimorada e boa qualidade sensorial, foram elaboradas três formulações com diferentes quantidades de mucilagem de quiabo: (F0) 0 mL; (F1) 100 mL; (F2) 150mL. Determinou-se: rendimento da mucilagem, composição centesimal, valor calórico e atributos sensoriais dos pães por meio de escala hedônica. A mucilagem aumentou o rendimento das F1 e F2. Não houve diferença no teor de proteínas e o teor de lipídios de 7,9 g 100 g-1 (F1) e 6,0 g 100 g-1 (F2) foram inferiores ao da F0. A umidade da F1 (32,15 g 100 g-1) foi menor que nas demais formulações, enquanto cinzas (0,70 g 100 g-1), carboidrato (56,75 g 100 g-1) e valor calórico (308,1 kcal 100 g-1) foram superiores. No teste sensorial, todos os atributos foram avaliados nas categorias “gostei ligeiramente” e “gostei extremamente” pela maioria dos julgadores. A F1 obteve avaliações superiores às da F2 para textura, cor e impressão global e não diferiu em nenhum dos atributos na F0. Conclui-se que a F1 pode ser uma opção viável na busca de pão sem glúten com composição química aprimorada, por conter menor teor de lipídio e umidade, maior teor de cinzas e boa aceitação sensorial.

With the goal of producing gluten-free bread with improved chemical composition and good sensorial quality, three formulations were prepared with different amounts of okra mucilage: (F0) 0 mL; (F1) 100 mL; (F2) 150 mL. From this was determined: mucilage yield, centesimal composition, caloric value and sensory attributes of bread by hedonic scale. Mucilage increased the yield of F1 and F2. There was no difference in protein content and the lipid content of 7.9 g 100 g-1 (F1) and 6.0 g 100 g-1 (F2) were lower than that of F0. The moisture content of F1 (32.15 g 100 g-1) was lower than the other formulations, while ash (0.70 g 100 g-1), carbohydrate (56.75 g 100 g-1) and caloric value (308,1 kcal 100 g-1) were higher. In the sensory test, attributes were rated in the categories “liked slightly” and “liked extremely” by most judges. F1 scored higher than F2 for texture, color and overall impression and did not differ in any of the attributes at F0. It can be concluded that F1 may be a viable option in the search for gluten-free bread with improved chemical composition, as it contains lower lipid and moisture content, higher ash content and good sensory acceptance.

Avaliação da capacidade redutora de lipidograma do extrato aquoso de Abelmoschus esculentus: estudo in vivo / Lipidogram reducing capacity assessment of Abelmoschus esculentus water extract: in vivo study

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação do extrato aquoso de A. esculentus como agente redutor das taxas de lipídeos no sangue periférico de Rattus novergicus. Métodos: Foram usados Rattus novergicus (n=21), divididos em três grupos de sete, com alimentação ad libitum, sendo um grupo controle negativo, um controle positivo e um teste, onde os três foram submetidos a uma dieta hipercalórica, sendo que no segundo houve administração de Sinvastatina® e no terceiro, extrato aquoso de A. esculentus. Foi realizada a dosagem sérica de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e HDL, além das medidas de peso e tamanho. Resultados:O grupo T apresentou resultado significativo para o colesterol HDL, quando comparado ao controle negativo, mostrando-se com valor de 40,33 ± 1,25 mg/dl e 35,5 ± 0,92 mg/dl, respectivamente, p < 0,05. Porém, em relação aos demais parâmetros, o extrato aquoso não apresentou significância estatística, quando comparado aos controles positivo e negativo. Conclusão: O extrato aquoso de A. esculentus mostrou-se eficaz na elevação do HDL plasmático.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship of the aqueous extract of A. esculentusas a lipid lowering agent in Rattus novergicus peripheral blood. Methods:Rattus novergicus (n = 21) were used, divided into three groups of seven, with ad libitum feeding, being a negative control group, a positive control and a test, where the three were submitted to a hypercaloric diet, and in the second Sinvastatin® was administered, and in the third, aqueous extract of A. esculentus. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL were measured, as well as weight and size measurements. Results: Group T showed a significant result for HDL cholesterol when compared to the negative control, with values of 40.33 ± 1.25 mg / dl and 35.5 ± 0.92 mg / dl (p < 0,05), respectively. However, in relation to the other parameters, the aqueous extract wasn't statistically significant when compared to the positive and negative controls. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of A. esculentus was effective in elevating plasma HDL.

Gas exchanges, growth and production of okra cultivated with saline water and silicon fertilization / Trocas gasosas, crescimento e produção de quiabeiro cultivado com águas salinas e adubação silicatada

Excess salts in water and/or soil are a critical factor that adversely affects the physiology and growth, besides limiting the production of crops in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. One way to reduce the effect of salt stress on plants is by using silicon (Si) fertilization. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, growth, and production of okra cv. Valença as a function of irrigation with saline water and Si doses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the municipality of Pombal - PB, Brazil. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of water ECw (0.3, 1.0, 1.7,2.4, and 3.1 dS m-¹) and two doses of Si fertilization (100 and 200 g of Si per plant), with four replicates. Salt stress increased the intercellular concentration of CO2 in the substomatal chamber and reduced the CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, growth, and production of okra plants. Intrinsic water use efficiency and average weights of okra fruits were not influenced by irrigation with saline water and Si doses. The supply of 200 g Si per plant reduced the deleterious effect of salt stress on stomatal conductance and leaf area of okra, at 45 days after sowing but did not increase production.

O excesso de sais na água e/ou no solo é um fator crítico que afeta adversamente a fisiologia, o crescimento e limita a produção dos cultivos no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro. Uma forma de reduzir o efeito do estresse salino sobre as plantas é o uso da adubação com silício. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar as trocas gasosas, o crescimento e a produção do quiabeiro cv. Valença em função da irrigação com águas salinas e doses de silício. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação no município de Pombal-PB. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água – CEa (0,3; 1,0; 1,7; 2,4 e 3,1 dS m-¹) e duas doses de adubação silicatada (100 e 200 g de Si planta-¹) com quatro repetições. O estresse salino aumentou a concentração intercelular de CO2 na câmera subestomática e reduziu a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação, o crescimento e a produção das plantas de quiabeiro.A eficiência intrínseca no uso da água e o peso médio de frutos do quiabeiro não foram influenciados pela irrigação com águas salinas e doses de silício. O fornecimento de 200 g planta-¹ de silício diminuiu o efeito deletério do estresse salino sobre a condutância estomática e a área foliar de quiabeiro, aos 45 dias após a semeadura, no entanto, não aumentou produção da cultura.

Preservation by lactic fermentation and physicochemical characterization of okra produced underwater salinity and potassium fertilization / Conservação láctica e caracterização físico-química do quiabo produzido sob salinidade da água e adubação potássica

The use of saline water in agricultural production will be increasingly necessary in the next decades. However, postharvest quality may be compromised, as in okra, due to salt stress and/or factors inherent to storage and transportation. In this context, developing alternative methods of preservation, including lactic fermentation, may be a promising way to maintain and even improve the nutritional quality of okra. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the production components of okra subjected to different levels of water salinity and doses of potassium fertilization, and further to evaluate the preservation by lactic fermentation of okra fruits produced under water salinity. The first experiment was carried out in lysimeters under field conditions in Neossolo Regolítico (Psamment) of sandy loam texture in Pombal-PB, in a randomized block design in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, testing 5 levels of irrigation water salinity (0.3; 1.3; 2.3; 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) and 5 doses of potassium fertilization (75; 112.5; 150; 187.5, and 225 mg of K2 O kg-1 of soil), with three replicates. After that, the okra fruits produced under the different salinity levels were stored in six mixtures of salts present in lactic fermentation brine (100-0-0, 0-100-0, 0-0-100, 50-50-0, 0-50-50, and 50-0-50 of NaCl, CaCl2, and KCl, respectively), under a 5 x 6 factorial, with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. The post-harvest quality, after fermentation, was evaluated based on their physicochemical characteristics. Irrigation water salinity negatively affected the average length, average weight, titratable acidity, soluble solids/ titratable acidity ratio, and pH of the okra fruits. Potassium doses increased the average diameter of okra fruits, minimizing the deleterious effects of irrigation water salinity. The vitamin C contents of pickled okra fruits were not compromised by salt stress. Among the lactic fermentation brines, the formulation containing the proportion NaCl:CaCl2 stands out as promoting the highest titratable acidity and soluble solids content in pickled okra fruits.

O uso de águas salinas na produção agrícola será cada vez mais necessário nas próximas décadas, entretanto, a qualidade pós-colheita, como no quiabeiro, pode ser comprometida devido ao estresse salino e/ou fatores inerentes ao armazenamento e transporte; neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de conservação, dentre eles a fermentação láctica pode constituir uma via promissora para manter e até melhorar a qualidade nutricional do quiabeiro. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os componentes de produção do quiabeiro submetido a diferentes salinidades da água e doses de adubação potássica; visou-se, também, avaliar a conservação por fermentação láctica dos frutos do quiabeiro produzidos sob salinidade da água. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido em lisímetros sob condições de campo em Neossolo Regolítico de textura franco-arenosa em Pombal-PB. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, testando 5 níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3 e 4,3 dS m-1) e 5 doses de adubação potássica (75; 112,5; 150; 187,5 e 225 mg de K2 O kg-1 de solo) com três repetições. Em seguida os frutos de quiabeiro produzidos sob os distintintos níveis salinos foram armazenados em seis misturas de sais presentes na salmoura de fermentação láctica (100-0-0, 0-100-0, 0-0-100, 50-50-0, 0-50-50 e 50-0-50 de NaCl, CaCl2 e KCl, respectivamente), sob fatorial 5 x 6, com três repetições, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, cuja qualidade póscolheita, após o processo de fermentação, foi avaliada mediante as características físico-químicas dos frutos de quiabeiro. A salinidade da água de irrigação afetou negativamente o comprimento médio, peso médio, acidez titulável, razão de sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável e pH dos frutos de quiabeiro. As doses de potássio provocam acréscimos no diâmetro médio de frutos do quiabeiro minimizando os efeitos deletérios da salinidade da água de irrigação. Os teores de vitamina C dos frutos de quiabeiro em conserva não foram comprometidos pelo estresse salino. Dentre as salmouras de fermentação láctica, a formulação contendo a proporção de NaCl:CaCl2 destaca-se com maior acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis dos frutos do quiabeiro em conserva.

Morphological and physiological changes during maturation of okra seeds evaluated through image analysis

This study was performed to associate specific morphological parameters, defined by X-ray images, with seed performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) during maturation. Fruits of cultivar Santa Cruz 47 at different developmental stages were collected at five-day intervals (from 5 to 65 days after anthesis) and water content, dry matter, germination and vigor were determined in seeds extracted immediately after each harvest or after temporary storage for seven days. X-ray tests were also performed after each harvest and the images were analyzed by ImageJ® software to produce data of aspect ratio (relation between major and minor axes of the ellipse surrounding the seed perimeter) and percentage of free space area in the inner seed cavity. Physiological maturity (maximum accumulation of dry matter) was reached at 30 days after anthesis (DAA), when seed water content was 56.6 %. Seed germination and vigor increased during maturation, achieving the maximum at 50 DAA. Seeds showed morphological changes during maturation, becoming more spherical (aspect ratio near 1.0); at the same time, the free space available in the inner cavity of the seed decreased. This parameter can be successfully used as a marker of physiological maturity when values equal or lower than 5 % are reached.

Gas exchanges, growth and production of okra cultivated with saline water and silicon fertilization / Trocas gasosas, crescimento e produção de quiabeiro cultivado com águas salinas e adubação silicatada

Excess salts in water and/or soil are a critical factor that adversely affects the physiology and growth, besides limiting the production of crops in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. One way to reduce the effect of salt stress on plants is by using silicon (Si) fertilization. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, growth, and production of okra cv. Valença as a function of irrigation with saline water and Si doses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the municipality of Pombal - PB, Brazil. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of water ECw (0.3, 1.0, 1.7,2.4, and 3.1 dS m-¹) and two doses of Si fertilization (100 and 200 g of Si per plant), with four replicates. Salt stress increased the intercellular concentration of CO2 in the substomatal chamber and reduced the CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, growth, and production of okra plants. Intrinsic water use efficiency and average weights of okra fruits were not influenced by irrigation with saline water and Si doses. The supply of 200 g Si per plant reduced the deleterious effect of salt stress on stomatal conductance and leaf area of okra, at 45 days after sowing but did not increase production.(AU)

O excesso de sais na água e/ou no solo é um fator crítico que afeta adversamente a fisiologia, o crescimento e limita a produção dos cultivos no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro. Uma forma de reduzir o efeito do estresse salino sobre as plantas é o uso da adubação com silício. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar as trocas gasosas, o crescimento e a produção do quiabeiro cv. Valença em função da irrigação com águas salinas e doses de silício. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação no município de Pombal-PB. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água CEa (0,3; 1,0; 1,7; 2,4 e 3,1 dS m-¹) e duas doses de adubação silicatada (100 e 200 g de Si planta-¹) com quatro repetições. O estresse salino aumentou a concentração intercelular de CO2 na câmera subestomática e reduziu a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação, o crescimento e a produção das plantas de quiabeiro.A eficiência intrínseca no uso da água e o peso médio de frutos do quiabeiro não foram influenciados pela irrigação com águas salinas e doses de silício. O fornecimento de 200 g planta-¹ de silício diminuiu o efeito deletério do estresse salino sobre a condutância estomática e a área foliar de quiabeiro, aos 45 dias após a semeadura, no entanto, não aumentou produção da cultura.(AU)

Morphological and physiological changes during maturation of okra seeds evaluated through image analysis

This study was performed to associate specific morphological parameters, defined by X-ray images, with seed performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) during maturation. Fruits of cultivar Santa Cruz 47 at different developmental stages were collected at five-day intervals (from 5 to 65 days after anthesis) and water content, dry matter, germination and vigor were determined in seeds extracted immediately after each harvest or after temporary storage for seven days. X-ray tests were also performed after each harvest and the images were analyzed by ImageJ® software to produce data of aspect ratio (relation between major and minor axes of the ellipse surrounding the seed perimeter) and percentage of free space area in the inner seed cavity. Physiological maturity (maximum accumulation of dry matter) was reached at 30 days after anthesis (DAA), when seed water content was 56.6 %. Seed germination and vigor increased during maturation, achieving the maximum at 50 DAA. Seeds showed morphological changes during maturation, becoming more spherical (aspect ratio near 1.0); at the same time, the free space available in the inner cavity of the seed decreased. This parameter can be successfully used as a marker of physiological maturity when values equal or lower than 5 % are reached.(AU)

Angiogenesis of Extracted Tooth Wound on Wistar Rats After Application of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Gel Extract

Abstract Objective: To analyze angiogenesis in the post-extracted tooth of Wistar rats after application of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) extract. Material and Methods: A total of 18 rats were divided into two groups (control and treatment). Okra extract with a concentration of 30% in gel form was applied on the post-extraction socket of the treatment group. The rats were sacrificed on day-3, day-5, and day-7 after tooth extraction. The newly-formed blood vessels were counted and statistically analyzed by means of One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD with a significance level set at 5%. Results: The newly-formed capillaries of the control group (4.67 ± 1.53) on day-3 were lower than the treatment group (9.00 ± 1.00). The newly-formed capillaries recorded from the control group, both in day-5 (9.33 ± 1.53) and day-7 (8.67 ± 1.53) were lower than the treatment group, which started to decreased from day-5 (13.67 ± 1.53) to day-7 (12.33 ± 0.58). Significant differences were found in treatment group, on day-3 compared to day-5 (p=0.005), and on day-3 to day-7 (p=0.024). Conclusion: Okra extract in gel form at 30% concentration can increase the angiogenesis during the wound healing process of the extracted tooth on Wistar rats.

Genetic Status and Endosymbionts Diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on Hosts Belonging to Family Malvaceae in India.

A study was instigated to examine the genetic status and distribution of known endosymbionts namely Portiera, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus in the populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from three host plants: cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), and China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) belonging to the family Malvaceae. The presence of four secondary endosymbionts Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus was checked in Bemisia tabaci populations. Phylogenetic analyses grounded on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1) unveiled the presence of Asia 1, Asia II 1, and Asia II 7 genetic groups for Bemisia tabaci on abovementioned crops. Individuals were examined for symbiotic bacterial infection with specific primers amplifying the 16S rRNA gene for Portiera, Rickettsia, Cardinium, and Wolbachia, and the 23S rRNA gene for Arsenophonus. The results show that Portiera was present in all the Bemisia tabaci samples. However, variations were noted in the circulation frequencies of secondary endosymbionts among the Bemisia tabaci populations. A significant difference was noticed in the distribution frequency of Rickettsia between cotton and China rose or okra with their p values as 0.016 and 0.033 respectively. The uneven incidence of secondary endosymbionts ropes the assumption that each endosymbiotic bacterium not only has a role in the endurance but may contribute to the polyphagous nature of Bemisia tabaci. It also brings an uncomplicated evidence for progressive studies on control measures of this notorious insect pest.