[Wavefront characteristics in amblyopia of different etiologies in children]. / Osobennosti volnovogo fronta pri ambliopii razlichnogo geneza u detei.

Purpose. The study investigates corneal and higher-order internal aberrations in patients with amblyopia of different etiologies and their relationship with visual acuity, refraction, axial length, and fixation parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five patients (90 eyes) were examined. All patients were divided into five groups: 1 - with dysbinocular amblyopia; 2 - with refractive amblyopia; 3 - with anisometropic amblyopia; 4 - with relative amblyopia due to congenital myopia; 5 (control) - fellow eyes without amblyopia. Aberrometry was performed using the OPD-Scan III device (Nidek, Japan). Fixation parameters were studied on the MP-3 microperimeter (Nidek, Japan). Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: In amblyopia associated with congenital myopia, a significant increase in corneal and internal aberrations RMS, Total HOA, astigmatism (V) (0.65±0.26; 1.01±0.31; 4.22±1.17; -2.17±0.72; 0.86±0.3, respectively; control group - 0.44±0.19; 0.58±0.27; 1.0±0.75; -0.94±0.89; 0.47±0.65) and internal spherical aberration (0.06±0.02; control group - 0.04±0.03) was found. In dysbinocular amblyopia, a significant increase in internal aberrations Trefoil (V) and Coma (H) (0.75±0.52 and 0.17±0.35, respectively; control group - 0.05±0.28 and -0.07±0.21) was found, which correlated with a decrease in fixation density in the 2° ring (r= -0.40, r= -0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The increased level of higher-order aberrations in amblyopia associated with congenital myopia is due to the anatomical and optical features of the eyes. The increase in internal aberrations Trefoil (V) and Coma (H) in dysbinocular amblyopia is associated with a mismatch of the optical elements of the eye due to impaired fixation, i.e., it is not the cause, but the consequence of amblyopia.

Comparing the clinical applicability of wavefront phase imaging in keratoconus versus normal eyes.

The aim of this work is to quantitatively assess the wavefront phase of keratoconic eyes measured by the ocular aberrometer t·eyede (based on WaveFront Phase Imaging Sensor), characterized by a lateral resolution of 8.6 µm without requiring any optical element to sample the wavefront information. We evaluated the parameters: root mean square error, Peak-to-Valley, and amplitude of the predominant frequency (Fourier Transform analysis) of a section of the High-Pass filter map in keratoconic and healthy cohorts. Furthermore, we have analyzed keratoconic eyes that presented dark-light bands in this map to assess their period and orientation with the Fourier Transform. There are significant statistical differences (p value < 0.001) between healthy and keratoconic eyes in the three parameters, demonstrating a tendency to increase with the severity of the disease. Otherwise, the quantification of the bands reveals that the width is independent of eye laterality and keratoconic stage as orientation, which tends to be oblique. In conclusion, the quantitative results obtained with t·eyede could help to diagnose and monitor the progression of keratoconus.

Intra-operative aberrometry versus conventional biometry for intraocular lens power calculation: A prospective observational study from a tertiary referral center.

Purpose: To evaluate the per operative intra-ocular lens (IOL) power calculation using intra-operative aberrometry (ORA) and its comparison with conventional methods. Methods: Patients with cataract planned for phacoemulsification by a single surgeon under topical anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective observational study in this prospective observational study. All patients underwent pre-operative biometry (Manual SRK-II and IOLMaster® 500) to determine the intra-ocular lens (IOL) power. Intra-operative aberrometry using ORA was also performed; however, IOL was inserted according to IOLMaster® (SRK/T). Spherical equivalent (SE) was recorded on post-operative days 1, 7, and 30. Patients were divided into three groups based on axial lengths for analysis. Comparative analysis was performed for the calculated IOL powers and prediction errors of ORA with conventional methods. Adjusted IOL power to calculate the emmetropic IOL using the LiHue formula was also determined and was compared with existing methods. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 115 eyes from 113 patients were included, with a median age of 54.90 ± 14.3 years. The mean axial length was found to be 23.94 ± 2.3 mm. There was good agreement (87%) between ORA and IOLMaster® for calculated IOL powers with a mean difference of 0.047 ± 0.5D between the two (P = 0.33). A positive correlation was found between IOL power calculated using ORA, IOLMaster®, SRK-II, and adjusted IOL. Conclusion: The use of intra-operative aberrometry (ORA) to calculate IOL power in patients undergoing uncomplicated phacoemulsification is non-inferior relative to standard pre-operative measurement and planning.

Avaliação das aberrações de alta ordem em pacientes com ceratocone inicial / Assessment of high-order aberrations in patients with early keratoconus

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar alterações de aberrometria de alta ordem em diferentes graus de ceratocone. Métodos Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, observacional. Foram analisados 54 pacientes (108 olhos) diagnosticados com ceratocone pelo mesmo especialista em córnea por meio dos critérios ABCD de Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia, utilizando-se o tomógrafo Pentacam® HR 70900 (Oculus Wetzlar, Alemanha). Além disso, foram feitas análises qualitativa e quantitativa das aberrações de alta ordem desses mesmos pacientes por meio do OPD-Scan III-NIDEK. Resultados Por meio da avaliação de ambos os olhos dos pacientes com os critérios de Belin-Ambrósio, constatou-se presença de ceratocone em 34 pacientes. Ademais, por meio da análise estatística, constatou-se relação direta entre a asfericidade posterior e o desenvolvimento do ceratocone, com p<0,001 (referência: p<0,05). Por meio da análise do OPD-Scan III-NIDEK, as principais aberrações de alta ordem encontradas nos pacientes com ceratocone foram coma, trefoil e aberração esférica. Conclusão O raio da curvatura posterior é a primeira variável a se alterar com o desenvolvimento do ceratocone, o que se faz perceptível na análise da asfericidade posterior por meio o Pentacam®. Além disso, a alteração da paquimetria e da asfericidade posterior influencia diretamente o desenvolvimento de aberrações de alta ordem em pacientes com ceratocone.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify higher order aberrometry changes in different degrees of keratoconus. Methods Cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study. Fifty-four patients (108 eyes) diagnosed with keratoconus by the same corneal specialist using the Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia ABCD criteria were analyzed, using the Pentacam® HR 70900 tomograph (Oculus Wetzlar, Germany). In addition, qualitative and quantitative analysis of higher order aberrations in these patients was performed using the OPD-Scan III-NIDEK. Results Through the evaluation of both eyes of the patients according to the criteria of Benin Ambrósio, the presence of KCN was verified in 34 patients. Furthermore, through statistical analysis, a direct relationship was found between posterior asphericity and the development of KCN; p<0.001 (reference: p<0.05). Through the analysis of the OPD scan, the main higher order aberrations found in patients with KCN were Coma, Trefoil and Spherical Aberration (AE). Conclusion The posterior curvature radius is the first variable to change with the development of the KCN, which is noticeable in the analysis of posterior asphericity in Pentacam. In addition, alterations in pachymetry and posterior asphericity directly influence the development of higher order aberrations in patients with KCN.

Wavefront aberrometry repeatability and agreement-A comparison between Pentacam AXL Wave, iTrace and OPD-Scan III.

INTRODUCTION: To compare intrasession agreement and repeatability of wavefront aberration measurements from three different aberrometers obtained using Hartmann-Shack, ray tracing and automated retinoscopy methods, as well as their interdevice agreement. METHODS: Three consecutive measurements were obtained using the Pentacam AXL Wave, the iTrace and the OPD-Scan III in 47 eyes of 47 patients. Wavefront refractions, root mean square of total aberrations (RMS total), RMS of higher-order aberrations (HOA) and second-, third- and fourth-order HOAs were exported for 4-mm pupils. Wavefront refractions were converted into vector components: M, J0 and J45 . Intrasession agreement and repeatability were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and repeatability coefficients (RCs); interdevice agreement was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The intrasession agreement and repeatability of RMS HOA were comparable between the three devices; both the Pentacam AXL Wave and the OPD-Scan III had better intrasession agreement and repeatability for the RMS total than the iTrace (p ≤ 0.02). Intrasession repeatability for the majority of second- and third-order aberrations was better on the Pentacam AXL Wave than on the iTrace (p ≤ 0.01) and OPD-Scan III (p ≤ 0.04), although their agreement and repeatability in spherical aberration were comparable (p ≥ 0.24). Significant systematic differences and proportional bias were detected for almost all refraction power vectors and Zernike coefficients among the three devices. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, all three devices provided good-to-excellent agreement for aberration measurements. Most of the individual Zernike's components were not exchangeable between different aberrometers. Their relative intrasession performance in agreement and repeatability varied significantly across different ocular aberration parameters.

The Use of Intraoperative Aberrometry in Normal Eyes: An Analysis of Intraocular Lens Selection in Scenarios of Disagreement.

PURPOSE: To compare prediction error outcomes between the Optiwave Refractive Analysis System (ORA) (Alcon Laboratories, Inc) and two modern intraocular lens (IOL) formulas (Hill-RBF2.0 [HRBF] and Barrett Universal II [BUII]), and further analyze IOL selection in scenarios of disagreement between methods. METHODS: Patients with no previous history of corneal refractive surgery who underwent cataract extraction and had intraoperative aberrometry measurements between October 2016 and December 2019 were analyzed. The prediction error for the ORA, HRBF, and BUII were calculated based on the postoperative manifest refraction. Further analysis was performed evaluating prediction error for scenarios of disagreement between the three methods. RESULTS: After exclusions, 281 eyes were included. The mean absolute prediction errors were 0.28 diopters (D) (ORA), 0.31 D (HRBF), and 0.33 D (BUII) (P < .05). In instances when the IOL recommended by the ORA was in disagreement with what was selected preoperatively, there was no benefit when the lens recommended by the ORA was selected based on anecdotal experience. When further analyzing these instances of disagreement, selecting the ORA-recommended lens when it is higher in power results in improved refractive outcomes: the ORA resulted in more eyes within ±0.25 diopters (D) of predicted spherical error (65% ORA, 37% HRBF, 32% BUII; P = .004) and fewer hyperopic surprises (5% ORA, 15% HRBF, 24% BUII; P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: In normal eyes without previous corneal refractive surgery, intraoperative aberrometry is not different from to two modern preoperative IOL formulas. Placing the ORA-recommended lens when it is higher in power than that selected preoperatively results in better refractive outcomes. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(5):304-309.].

Intraoperative aberrometry compared to preoperative Barrett True-K formula for intraocular lens power selection in eyes with prior refractive surgery.

To compare the predictive refractive accuracy of intraoperative aberrometry (ORA) to the preoperative Barrett True-K formula in the calculation of intraocular lens (IOL) power in eyes with prior refractive surgery undergoing cataract surgery at the Loma Linda University Eye Institute, Loma Linda, California, USA. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with a history of post-myopic or hyperopic LASIK/PRK who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery between October 2016 and March 2020. Pre-operative measurements were performed utilizing the Barrett True-K formula. Intraoperative aberrometry (ORA) was used for aphakic refraction and IOL power calculation during surgery. Predictive refractive accuracy of the two methods was compared based on the difference between achieved and intended target spherical equivalent. A total of 97 eyes (69 patients) were included in the study. Of these, 81 eyes (83.5%) had previous myopic LASIK/PRK and 16 eyes (16.5%) had previous hyperopic LASIK/PRK. Median (MedAE)/mean (MAE) absolute prediction errors for preoperative as compared to intraoperative methods were 0.49 D/0.58 D compared to 0.42 D/0.51 D, respectively (P = 0.001/0.002). Over all, ORA led to a statistically significant lower median and mean absolute error compared to the Barrett True-K formula in post-refractive eyes. Percentage of eyes within ± 1.00 D of intended target refraction as predicted by the preoperative versus the intraoperative method was 82.3% and 89.6%, respectively (P = 0.04). Although ORA led to a statistically significant lower median absolute error compared to the Barrett True-K formula, the two methods are clinically comparable in predictive refractive accuracy in patients with prior refractive surgery.

Prediction of manifest refraction using machine learning ensemble models on wavefront aberrometry data.

PURPOSE: To assess the performance of machine learning (ML) ensemble models for predicting patient subjective refraction (SR) using demographic factors, wavefront aberrometry data, and measurement quality related metrics taken with a low-cost portable autorefractor. METHODS: Four ensemble models were evaluated for predicting individual power vectors (M, J0, and J45) corresponding to the eyeglass prescription of each patient. Those models were random forest regressor (RF), gradient boosting regressor (GB), extreme gradient boosting regressor (XGB), and a custom assembly model (ASB) that averages the first three models. Algorithms were trained on a dataset of 1244 samples and the predictive power was evaluated with 518 unseen samples. Variables used for the prediction were age, gender, Zernike coefficients up to 5th order, and pupil related metrics provided by the autorefractor. Agreement with SR was measured using Bland-Altman analysis, overall prediction error, and percentage of agreement between the ML predictions and subjective refractions for different thresholds (0.25 D, 0.5 D). RESULTS: All models considerably outperformed the predictions from the autorefractor, while ASB obtained the best results. The accuracy of the predictions for each individual power vector component was substantially improved resulting in a ± 0.63 D, ±0.14D, and ±0.08 D reduction in the 95% limits of agreement of the error distribution for M, J0, and J45, respectively. The wavefront-aberrometry related variables had the biggest impact on the prediction, while demographic and measurement quality-related features showed a heterogeneous but consistent predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ML is effective for improving precision in predicting patient's SR from objective measurements taken with a low-cost portable device.

Evaluation of the Effects of Vitrectomy with Primary Epiretinal Membrane Peel on Optical Quality Using Double-Pass Aberrometry.

INTRODUCTION: We performed a prospective, single-center, cohort study in order to evaluate the effects of vitrectomy with epiretinal membrane (ERM) peel on optical quality in patients with primary ERM. METHODS: Thirty patients treated for primary ERM by vitrectomy with ERM peel were included from our tertiary university hospital ophthalmology department. The main study outcome was a variation in optical quality parameters measured using the HD Analyzer™ between preoperative and 2-month postoperative evaluations in operated eyes. Optical quality parameters comprised point spread function (PSF) width at 10% and 50%, objective scatter index (OSI), and modulation transfer function (MTF) cutoff. Contralateral non-operated eyes were used as an internal control for measurement reproducibility. RESULTS: Mean PSF width at 10% (42.22 vs. 27.37 arc/min; p = 0.0002) and mean OSI (3.32 vs. 2.32; p = 0.0003) were significantly improved between pre- versus postoperative evaluations. Mean PSF width at 50% and mean MTF cutoff showed no changes. Subgroup analysis according to crystalline lens status gave similar results, demonstrating that improvements in mean PSF width at 10% and OSI were not lens-related. Non-operated eyes showed no changes in any of the parameters analyzed. CONCLUSION: Reduced light scattering measured by OSI indicates improved optical quality following vitrectomy with ERM peel among patients with primary ERM. OSI measurement could thus be a new parameter of interest in the preoperative assessment of primary ERM and other pre-vitrectomy assessments.

Intraocular Lens Power Formulas, Biometry, and Intraoperative Aberrometry: A Review.

The refractive outcome of cataract surgery is influenced by the choice of intraocular lens (IOL) power formula and the accuracy of the various devices used to measure the eye (including intraoperative aberrometry [IA]). This review aimed to cover the breadth of literature over the previous 10 years, focusing on 3 main questions: (1) What IOL power formulas currently are available and which is the most accurate? (2) What biometry devices are available, do the measurements they obtain differ from one another, and will this cause a clinically significant change in IOL power selection? and (3) Does IA improve refractive outcomes? A literature review was performed by searching the PubMed database for articles on each of these topics that identified 1313 articles, of which 166 were included in the review. For IOL power formulas, the Kane formula was the most accurate formula over the entire axial length (AL) spectrum and in both the short eye (AL, ≤22.0 mm) and long eye (AL, ≥26.0 mm) subgroups. Other formulas that performed well in the short-eye subgroup were the Olsen (4-factor), Haigis, and Hill-radial basis function (RBF) 1.0. In the long-eye group, the other formulas that performed well included the Barrett Universal II (BUII), Olsen (4-factor), or Holladay 1 with Wang-Koch adjustment. All biometry devices delivered highly reproducible measurements, and most comparative studies showed little difference in the average measures for all the biometric variables between devices. The differences seen resulted in minimal clinically significant effects on IOL power selection. The main difference found between devices was the ability to measure successfully through dense cataracts, with swept-source OCT-based machines performing better than partial coherence interferometry and optical low-coherence reflectometry devices. Intraoperative aberrometry generally improved outcomes for spherical and toric IOLs in eyes both with and without prior refractive surgery when the BUII and Hill-RBF, Barrett toric calculator, or Barrett True-K formulas were not used. When they were used, IA did not result in better outcomes.

Comparison of refractive prediction for intraoperative aberrometry and Barrett True K no history formula in cataract surgery patients with prior radial keratotomy.

PURPOSE: To compare prediction errors of the Barrett True K No History (Barrett TKNH) formula and intraoperative aberrometry (IA) in eyes with prior radial keratotomy (RK). METHODS: A retrospective, non-randomized study of all patients with RK who underwent cataract surgery using IA at the UCHealth Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center from 2014 to 2019 was conducted. Refraction prediction error (RPE) for IA and Barrett TKNH was compared. General linear modelling accounting for the correlation between eyes was used to determine whether absolute RPE differed significantly between Barrett TKNH and IA. Outcome by number of RK cuts was also compared between the two methods. RESULTS: Forty-seven eyes (31 patients) were included. The mean RPEs for Barrett TKNH and IA were 0.04 ± 0.92D and 0.01 ± 0.92D, respectively, neither was significantly different than zero (p = 0.77, p = 0.91). The median absolute RPEs were 0.50D and 0.48D, respectively (p = 0.70). The refractive outcome fell within ± 0.50D of prediction for 51.1% of eyes with Barrett TKNH and 55.3% with IA, and 80.8% were within ± 1.00D for both techniques. Mean absolute RPE increased with a higher number of RK cuts (grouped into < 8 cuts and ≥ 8 cuts) for both Barrett TKNH (0.35D and 0.74D, p = 0.008) and IA (0.30D and 0.80D, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There is no statistically significant difference between Barrett TKNH and IA in predicting postoperative refractive error in eyes with prior RK. Both are reasonable methods for choosing intraocular lens power. Eyes with more RK cuts have higher prediction errors.

Tomographic and aberrometric assessment of first-time diagnosed paediatric keratoconus based on age ranges: a multicentre study.

PURPOSE: To describe paediatric keratoconus (KC) patients by tomographic and aberrometric characteristics at first diagnosis, in a multicentre study. METHODS: We included 278 eyes from 139 paediatric patients, with a first tomographic diagnosis (Pentacam® ) of KC prior to 18 years old. KC classification was based on the KC Index (≥ 1.07) and Topographic Keratoconus Classification (TKC ≥ 1). Patients were divided based on age ranges (14 and under and over 14 years) and gender. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistics 25.0. ANOVA factor was carried out comparing to compare groups. RESULTS: 278 eyes were screened, and 230 eyes were diagnosed with paediatric KC. Mean age was 15.48 ± 2.33 (6 to 18) years. We found differences in terms of TKC (2.08 ± 0.89 and 2.38 ± 0.82, p < 0.05) and spherical aberration (-0.71 ± 0.97 and -1.07 ± 1.36, p < 0.05) among the 14 years old or under and above 14 years old groups, respectively. Overall, female paediatric KC patients presented a more severe TKC, Belin Ambrosio Display, maximum keratometry, asphericity and primary and secondary coma aberrations compared to male KC patients. We observed a correlation between CDVA and asphericity (r = 0.71, p < 0.01), as well as between CDVA and spherical aberration (r = 0.69, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that the debut of KC is usually in a moderate to advanced stage in the paediatric population at first diagnosis, particularly in female patients. Corneal tomography should be systematically performed in children with recent onset of corneal astigmatism.

Pyramidal Aberrometry in Wavefront-Guided Myopic LASIK.

PURPOSE: To evaluate measurement repeatability and clinical results for pyramidal aberrometry in routine myopic wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS: Results from 265 consecutive eyes treated with myopic wavefront-guided LASIK using the Amaris 1050RS Excimer Laser and Peramis pyramidal aberrometer (SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions GmbH) were reviewed. Limits of repeatability were calculated for the aberrometric refraction spherical equivalent and higher order aberrations for the Peramis aberrometer using results from three consecutive scans acquired preoperatively and postoperatively for the first 100 eyes treated. RESULTS: The 95% limits of repeatability for pyramidal aberrometric measurement were: 0.3 diopters (D) for sphere, 0.2 D for cylinder, and 0.1 D (dioptric equivalent) for 3rd and 4th order aberration indices. A total of 95% of eyes were within ±0.50 D of the manifest refraction spherical equivalent target postoperatively. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 96% of 232 eyes with a plano refraction target outcome. A total of 97% of eyes had a refraction cylinder of 0.50 D or less. No eyes lost one or more line of corrected distance visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate good measurement repeatability, safety, and efficacy for pyramidal aberrometry in routine myopic LASIK. [J Refract Surg. 2020;36(7):442-448.].

Network Meta-analysis of No-History Methods to Calculate Intraocular Lens Power in Eyes With Previous Myopic Laser Refractive Surgery.

PURPOSE: To systematically compare and rank the predictability of no-history intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation methods after myopic laser refractive surgery. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the U.S. trial registry (www.ClinicalTrial.gov) were used to systematically search trials published up to August 2019. Included were case series studies reporting the following outcomes in patients with cataract undergoing phacoemulsification after laser refractive surgery: percentage of eyes with a refractive prediction error (PE) within ±0.50 and ±1.00 diopters (D), mean absolute error (MAE), and median absolute error (MedAE). A network meta-analysis was conducted using the STATA software version 13.1 (STATACorp LLC). RESULTS: Nineteen studies involving 1,098 eyes and 19 formulas were identified. A network meta-analysis for the percentage of eyes with a PE within ±0.50 D found that ray-tracing (Okulix), intraoperative aberrometry (Optiwave Refractive Analysis [ORA]), BESSt, and Seitz/Speicher/Savini (Triple-S) (D-K SRK/T), and Fourier-Domain OCT-Based formulas were more predictive than the Wang/Koch/Maloney, Shammas-PL, modified Rosa, Ferrara, and Equivalent K reading at 4.5 mm using the Double-K Holladay 1 formulas. With regard to ranking, the top four formulas as per the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values for the percentage of eyes with a PE within ±0.50 D were the Okulix, ORA, BESSt, and Triple-S (D-K SRK/T). With regard to MAE, the ORA showed lower errors when compared to the Shammas-PL formula. In this regard, the top four formulas based on the SUCRA values were the Triple-S, BESSt, ORA, and Fourier-Domain OCT-Based formulas. The SToP (SRK/T), ORA, Fourier-Domain OCT-Based, and BESSt formulas had the lowest MedAE. CONCLUSIONS: Considering all three outcome measures of highest percentages of eyes with a PE within ±0.50 and ±1.00 D, lowest MAE, and lowest MedAE, the top three no-history formulas for IOL power calculation in eyes with previous myopic corneal laser refractive surgery were: ORA, BESSt, and Triple-S (D-K SRK/T). [J Refract Surg. 2020;36(7):481-490.].

An Alternative Wavefront Reconstruction Method for Human Eyes.

PURPOSE: To expand upon and clinically demonstrate the results of a new polynomial decomposition method. METHODS: To discuss the theoretical considerations comparing the qualitative and quantitative information produced by the Zernike coefficients and a new polynomial decomposition basis, in a comparative series of theoretical and clinical case studies. RESULTS: These comparative studies validate the novel polynomial basis that decomposes the wavefront, with clear segregation of the higher and lower aberrations. There is no artifactual reduction of some of the higher order aberration coefficients, providing a more clinically relevant retinal image quality prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the inherent limitations of the Zernike polynomials in clinical ophthalmic applications can be solved by a novel set of polynomials forming an alternative higher order basis. The new basis provides a clear separation between modes containing lower order terms versus higher order terms and offers clinicians a more clinically realistic wavefront analysis. [J Refract Surg. 2020;36(2):74-81.].

Efficacy of astigmatic correction after femtosecond laser-guided cataract surgery using intraoperative aberrometry in eyes with low-to-moderate levels of corneal astigmatism.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of astigmatic correction with two types of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) after femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) in eyes with low-to-moderate corneal astigmatism using intraoperative aberrometry for optimizing the position of the toric IOL. METHODS: Retrospective study includes a total of 99 eyes of 73 patients with anterior keratomeric astigmatism ≤ 3 D and undergoing FLACS (Catalys, Johnson & Johnson Vision) with implantation of a monofocal (Ankoris, PhysIOL) or a multifocal toric IOL with the same platform (Pod FT, PhysIOL). In all cases, intraoperative aberrometry was used (Optiwave refractive analysis, ORA, system, Alcon). Visual and refractive outcomes were evaluated preoperatively and at 4 months after surgery with vector analysis of astigmatic changes. RESULTS: A total of 89.9%, 93.9% and 97.0% showed a postoperative sphere, cylinder and spherical equivalent within ± 0.50 D, respectively. Mean difference vector (DV) was 0.22 ± 0.27 D, mean magnitude of error (ME) was 0.13 ± 0.29 D, and mean angle of error (AE) was 1.52 ± 11.64°. Poor correlations of preoperative corneal astigmatism with DV (r = - 0.032, p = 0.833), ME (r = - 0.344, p = 0.001) and AE (r = - 0.094, p = 0.377) were found. Likewise, no statistically significant differences were found between monofocal and multifocal toric IOL subgroups in DV (p = 0.580), ME (p = 0.702) and AE (p = 0.499). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of FLACS and intraoperative aberrometry to optimize the position of a toric IOL allows a very efficacious correction of preexisting low-to-moderate corneal astigmatism.

Stability of corneal topography and aberrometry after hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis with a 500-Hz excimer laser platform: A 3-year follow-up study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to analyze the long-term stability of the corneal topography, the functional optical zone, and the refractive stability throughout 3 years following laser in situ keratomileusis surgery for hyperopia using a 500-Hz excimer laser system. METHODS: This retrospective consecutive observational case series study comprised 66 eyes that underwent laser in situ keratomileusis to correct hyperopia with a postoperative follow-up of 3 years. Laser in situ keratomileusis procedures were performed using the SCHWIND Amaris 500-Hz excimer laser. Main outcomes measured were stability of the functional optical zone at corneal topography and corneal aberrometry. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in simulated keratometry (K2 (steep meridian) and Km (mean keratometry)) between 3 and 36 months postoperatively (p ⩽ 0.01); these differences disappeared at 12 and 36 months (p ⩾ 0.18). No statistically significant changes were observed in the horizontal and vertical diameter of the functional optical zone throughout the whole follow-up (p ⩾ 0.07). A statistically significant difference was found in the spherical aberration between 3 and 36 months (p = 0.02); this difference disappeared when compared between 12 and 36 months (p = 0.72). Statistically significant correlations were detected between the vertical functional optical zone and coma root mean square (r = -0.510, p < 0.01) and between the vertical functional optical zone and spherical aberration (r = 0.441, p = 0.02) 36 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Following 3 years of hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis with a 500-Hz Amaris excimer laser, keratometry, functional optical zone, and corneal aberrations remain stable from 1 year after surgery. Topographical regression is not observed in hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis with this excimer laser technology from 1 year after surgery.

Anterior chamber characteristics assessed by rotating Scheimpflug imaging in patients with retinitis pigmentosa / Características da câmara anterior avaliadas por um dispositivo de imagem rotativo Scheimpflug em pacientes com retinite pigmentosa

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate anterior segment parameters and corneal aberrations in patients with retinitis pigmentosa using Scheimpflug imaging and to compare the findings with those for healthy controls. Methods: This single-center, case-control study included patients diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa who were followed up at the Department of Ophthalmology of Kayseri Training and Research Hospital between February and June 2018. Age- and sex-matched healthy individuals with no known ophthalmologic disease formed the control group. Both patients with retinitis pigmentosa and controls underwent comprehensive ophthalmic assessments, including the measurement of the best-corrected visual acuity calculation of the spherical equivalent, slit-lamp examination, stereoscopic fundus examination, computerized visual field test, and electroretinography. Topographic and aberrometric values were measured using Scheimpflug-based tomography. Results: This study was performed on 52 eyes of 26 patients with retinitis pigmentosa (14 men) and 52 eyes of 26 healthy controls (11 men). The average keratometry (K avg) values for the patient and control groups were similar (43.87 ± 2.23 versus 43.61 ± 1.68; p=0.546), but the maximum keratometry (K max) value was significantly higher in the patient group (45.85 ± 2.35 and 44.69 ± 1.86; p=0.015). Patients with retinitis pigmentosa had a significantly lower central corneal thickness (518.5 ± 42.3 versus 534.1 ± 24.5, respectively; p=0.042) and maximal corneal thickness (509.1 ± 50.5 versus 530.5 ± 24.1, respectively; p=0.015). Additionally, the iridocorneal angle for the patients was significantly lower (31.6 ± 9.2 versus 35.9 ± 7.7, p=0.025). The aberrometric findings indicated that patients with retinitis pigmentosa had significantly more higher-order aberrations than those in the healthy controls (0.794 ± 51 and 0.398 ± 08, respectively; p<0.001). Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that patients with retinitis pigmentosa have different anterior segment parameters and corneal aberrations compared to healthy controls. These results should be supported by further studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo visou avaliar parâmetros do segmento anterior e aberrações corneanas em pacientes com retinite pigmentosa através de imagens de Scheimpflug e comparar os achados com os de controles saudáveis. Métodos: Este foi um estudo caso-controle unicêntrico que incluiu pacientes com o diagnóstico de retinite pigmentosa em acompanhamento no Departamento de Oftalmologia do Hospital de Treinamento e Pesquisa de Kayseri, entre fevereiro e junho de 2018. Indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo, sem nenhum conhecimento da doença oftalmológica formou o grupo controle. Ambos os pacientes com retinite pigmentosa quanto os controles foram submetidos a avaliações oftalmológicas abrangentes, incluindo a medição do cálculo da acuidade visual melhor corrigida, o cálculo do equivalente esférico, biomicroscopia, fundoscopia estereoscópica, campimetria computadorizada e eletrorretinografia. Os valores topográficos e de aberrometria foram medidos através de tomografia baseada no sistema Scheimpflug. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 52 olhos de 26 pacientes com retinite pigmentosa (14 homens) e 52 olhos de 26 controles saudáveis (11 homens). Os valores médios da ceratometria (K avg) para grupos dos pacientes e controle foram semelhantes (43,87 ± 2,23 versus 43,61 ± 1,68, p=0,546), mas o valor máximo da ceratometria (K max) foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes (45,85 ± 2,35 e 44,69 ± 1,86; p=0,015). Pacientes com retinite pigmentosa apresentaram uma espessura corneana central significativamente menor (518,5 ± 42,3 versus 534,1 ± 24,5, respectivamente; p=0,042) e espessura corneana máxima (509,1 ± 50,5 verus 530,5 ± 24,1, respectivamente; p=0,015). Além disso, o ângulo iridocorneano para os pacientes foi significativamente menor (31,6 ± 9,2 versus 35,9 ± 7,7; p=0,025). Os achados da aberrometria indicaram que os pacientes com retinite pigmentosa apresentaram significativamente mais aberrações de ordem superior em comparação com os controles saudáveis (respectivamente 0,794 ± 51 e 0,398 ± 08, respectivamente; p<0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que pacientes com retinite pigmentosa têm diferentes parâmetros do segmento anterior e aberrações corneanas em comparação com controles saudáveis. Estes resultados precisam ser confirmados por novos estudos.

Evaluating the relative value of intraoperative aberrometry versus current formulas for toric IOL sphere, cylinder, and orientation planning.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively review toric intraocular lens (IOL) outcomes and compare actual results to those expected from preoperative calculations and intraoperative aberrometry (IA) in normal eyes. SETTING: Carolina Eyecare Physicians, Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina, USA. DESIGN: Retrospective data review of earlier clinical trial data. METHODS: Toric IOL planning data and results were obtained from two previous clinical studies of normal eyes receiving toric IOL implants. Back-calculation techniques were used to estimate expected residual refractive sphere and cylinder for preoperative and IA calculations. RESULTS: Toric IOL planning data and clinical outcomes for 132 eyes receiving two different toric IOLs were analyzed. The mean spherical equivalent refractions expected with preoperative planning and IA were not statistically significantly different (P = .44), but a higher percentage of eyes within ±0.50 D of the intended spherical refraction was expected with preoperative calculations (P = .05). The mean expected residual refractive astigmatism based on preoperative calculations was significantly lower than for IA (P < .001), with more eyes expected to have 0.50 D or less of residual refractive astigmatism. CONCLUSION: The use of current-generation formulas for sphere power and toric IOL planning in normal eyes seems sufficient to produce clinical outcomes with toric IOLs that are as good or better than those achieved using IA.