The Shift From Criminalization to Legalization of Abortion in Argentina.

This Viewpoint discusses passage and implementation of Law 27.610, which legalized abortion in Argentina under certain circumstances, and examines the ongoing clinical issues and legal challenges to the law.

Indiciamento das mulheres pela prática do abortamento: a (des)continuidade do discurso punitivista / Indictment of women for the practice of abortion: the (dis) continuity of the punitive discourse / Incriminación de mujeres por la práctica del aborto: la (dis)continuidad del discurso punitivo

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os argumentos empregados na condenação ou absolvição das mulheres acusadas de abortamento, especialmente os processos que foram suspensos. Analisamos sentenças e acórdãos referentes ao autoaborto (art. 124 do Código Penal) dos Tribunais de Justiça dos estados de São Paulo e de Minas Gerais. Como resultado do levantamento, constatamos a reiterada concessão da suspensão condicional do processo ou da pena, o que poderia ser considerado medida despenalizadora, por acarretar a extinção da punibilidade. No entanto, ante a aceitação e devido cumprimento das condições impostas pelo prazo fixado, o conteúdo das decisões de suspensão (de processo e de pena) explicita o caráter moral das sentenças, bem como a discriminação de gênero e a violência institucional. Assim, discute-se os fins da criminalização do abortamento e as consequências para o exercício pleno dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos das mulheres.

Abstract This article's objective was to analyse the arguments used for the conviction or acquittal of women accused of abortion, especially in processes that were suspended. We analysed judicial decisions from the Justice Courts of São Paulo and Minas Gerais States. As a result of the analysis of these materials, we note the repeated granting of conditional suspension of the process or penalty, which could be considered a decriminalizing measure. However, as it entails the extinction of punishment, once accepted and respected the conditions imposed by a fixed term, the content of the concessive decisions exhibit the explicit moral judgement of the convictions, as well as gender discrimination and institutional violence. Thus, we discuss the overall aim of the criminalisation of abortion and the consequences for the full exercise of women's sexual and reproductive rights.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los argumentos utilizados en la condena o absolución de mujeres acusadas de aborto, especialmente los procesos que fueron suspendidos. Analizamos sentencias relacionadas con el aborto autoproducido (art. 124 del Código Penal brasileño) de los Tribunales de Justicia de los estados de São Paulo y Minas Gerais. Como resultado de la investigación, se observa el reiterado otorgamiento de suspensión condicional del proceso o sanción, lo que podría ser considerado una medida despenalizadora, ya que resulta en la extinción de la pena. Sin embargo, ante la aceptación y debido cumplimiento de las condiciones impuestas por el plazo fijado, el contenido de las decisiones de suspensión (de proceso y sentencia) hace explícito el carácter moral de las sentencias, así como la discriminación de género y la violencia institucional. Así, se discute el propósito de criminalizar el aborto y las consecuencias para el pleno ejercicio de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres.

Estimates of induced abortion in Mexico: what's changed between 1990 and 2006?

CONTEXT: In Mexico, where abortion remains largely illegal and clandestine, reliable data on induced abortion and related morbidity are critical for informing policies and programs. The only available national estimate of abortion is for 1990, and demographic and socioeconomic changes since then have likely affected abortion incidence. METHODS: This study used official statistics on women treated for abortion-related complications in public hospitals in 2006 and data from a survey of informed health professionals. Indirect estimation techniques were used to calculate national and regional abortion measures, which were compared with 1990 estimates. RESULTS: In 2006, an estimated 150,000 women were treated for induced abortion complications in public-sector hospitals, and one in every 5.8 women having an induced abortion were estimated to have received such treatment. The estimated total number of induced abortions in 2006 was 875,000, and the abortion rate was 33 per 1,000 women aged 15-44. Between 1990 and 2006, the abortion rate increased by 33% (from a rate of 25). The severity of morbidity due to unsafe abortion declined (as seen in shorter hospital stays), but the annual rate of hospitalization did not-it was 5.4 per 1,000 women in 1990 and 5.7 in 2006. The abortion rate was similar to the national average in three regions (34-36), but substantially lower in one (25 in the South/East region). CONCLUSIONS: Clandestine abortion continues to negatively affect women's health in Mexico. Recommended responses include broadening the legal criteria for abortion throughout Mexico, improving contraceptive and postabortion services, and expanding training in the provision of safe abortion, including medical abortion.

El derecho a la objecion de conciencia en el supuesto del aborto / The right to the objection of conscience in the assumption of aAborto

La objeción de conciencia consiste en el incumplimiento de una obligación de naturaleza legal, cuya realización produciría en el individuo una grave lesión de la propia conciencia. Desde los mismos orígenes del Estado de Derecho, el respeto a la libertad de conciencia ha sido considerado uno de los derechos más fundamentales, ya que se presupone que la libertad y la dignidad humanas se encuentran por encima del mismo Estado.El derecho a la objeción de conciencia puede entenderse como la dimensión externa de la libertad ideológica y de conciencia. Este derecho, pilar esencial en todo Estado de Derecho, posee especial relevancia en el debate bioético, al tratarse de una vía muy adecuada para solucionar, en un sistema democrático, los inevitables conflictos que genera la tensión entre legalidad y justicia.En las últimas décadas, el derecho a la objeción de conciencia ha desarrollado toda su virtualidad en aquellos países en los que se han aprobado leyes despenalizadoras del aborto. Las profesiones sanitarias tienen un horizonte y un sentido claros: el cuidado y el respeto de la vida, la salud y la integridad de todos los seres humanos. En consecuencia, cuando una norma legal vulnera o contradice este principio, surgen sólidas razones para fundamentar el derecho a la objeción de conciencia de los sanitarios

O impacto do aborto ilegal na saúde reprodutiva: sugestöes para melhorar a qualidade do dado básico e viabilizar essa análise / Impact of ilegal abortion in reproductive health: sugestions for to improve the data quality and worher this analysis

Aborda a adoçäo de técnica estatística que remove o entrave da sub-declaraçäo do aborto ilegal para elaboraçäo de estudos populacionais a partir de plano de amostragem simplificado.

O reflexo da ideologia dominante no posicionamento do estudante de enfermagem frente ao aborto / The reflex of the dominant ideology on the nursing students position concerning the abortion

As autoras re-analisam, sob novo prisma, os resultados de duas investigaçöes realizadas acerca do posicionamento do estudante de enfermagem diante do aborto. Discutem as questöes e limites metodológicos destas investigaçöes bem como apontam a necessidade de se buscar a compreensäo da temática de forma mais ampliada, ou seja, através da articulaçäo com a ideologia dominante.

Commentary on women-centered reproductive health services.

From women's perspectives, the primary principles of a reproductive health framework in the developing world are as follows: Family planning is a basic human right to which all human beings are entitled. Provision of family planning services must be comprehensive, including safe and low cost methods, freedom of choice about both contraception and pregnancy termination, timely and honest information, privacy and confidentiality, individual needs assessment, and counseling of women, men or the couple. Wide contraceptive choice requires more research on methods that are less invasive of women's anatomy and physiology and more supportive of women's control of their own bodies. These parameters of quality care in family planning must be centered on women's needs, desires and expectations. The concept of conscious contraception implies an attitude of conscious sexuality. When a woman accepts that sexual gratification independent of reproduction is a legitimate right, she is better prepared to engage in the pursuit of her own health and happiness. If family planning programs do not include sexuality as a key issue to discuss with clients, all long-term strategies will fall short in modifying people's attitudes, especially women's reluctance to contracept. Sexual and reproductive health includes emotional health. As Dr. Sai points out, the effects of underdevelopment and poverty strike women in dramatic ways, and quite often all the pressures to which they are exposed lead to precarious emotional health. They become victims of violence and repeat the cycle of violence with their children. We, as advocates of sexual and reproductive rights, must also consider the psychological and emotional implications of sexuality and reproduction, and learn to deal with them in our clinics and services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Estudio hospitalario del aborto ilegal en Bolivia / A hospital study of illegal abortion in Bolivia

A causa del caracter ilegal del aborto provocado, es dificil determinar el grado en que este se practica en América Latina. En el caso de Bolivia, a la fecha no existen datos sobre el problema. Por este motivo, se decidio estudiar las caracteristicas sociodemograficas y obstétricas de una muestra de 4.371 mujeres bolivianas internadas por complicaciones del aborto en 11 hospitales urbanos en un período de un ano (1 de julio de 1983 a 30 de junio de 1984). Los datos se recogieron con ayuda de un calendario rellenado por los medicos tratantes y se interpretaron desde el punto de vista de la planificacion familiar. Una cuarta parte (22,7 por ciento) de los abortos fueron ilegalmente provocados. Las mujeres que deliberadamente pusieron fin a su embarazo se caracterizaron por ser en general jóvenes, nuliparas y solteras. En total, 65,0 por ciento de los abortos fueron provocados por personas con adiestramiento medico, la mayor parte de las veces mediante raspado uterino; en 30 por ciento fue provocado por personas sin adiestramiento medico y en 5 por ciento por la propia mujer, y en estos casos el medio mas comun fue la introduccion de un cuerpo extrano en el utero. Las mujeres con mayor escolaridad tendieron a recurrir a personas con adiestramiento medico. Ademas, cuando el aborto fue provocado por raspado uterino hubo menos probabilidades de sufrir fiebre y lesiones genitales, pero fue mas prolongada la estadia hospitalaria promedio...