Immunologic insights in recurrent spontaneous abortion: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.

Recurrent spontaneous abortion refers to the occurrence of two or more spontaneous abortions before or during the early stages of pregnancy. The immune system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of pregnancy and embryo implantation. Various immune cells, cytokines, and immune regulatory pathways are involved in the complex immune balance required for a stable pregnancy. Studies suggest that immune abnormalities may be associated with some recurrent spontaneous abortion cases, particularly those involving the dysregulation of immune cell function, autoimmune responses, and placental immunity. In terms of treatment, interventions targeting immune mechanisms are crucial. Various therapeutic approaches, including immunomodulatory drugs, immunoadsorption therapies, and immunocellular therapies, are continually being researched and developed. These approaches aim to restore the immune balance, enhance the success rate of pregnancies, and provide more effective treatment options for patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Deciphering decidual deficiencies in recurrent spontaneous abortion and the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells at single-cell resolution.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a challenging condition that affects the health of women both physically and mentally, but its pathogenesis and treatment have yet to be studied in detail. In recent years, Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) have been shown to be effective in treating various diseases. Current understanding of RSA treatment using WJ-MSCs is limited, and the exact mechanisms of WJ-MSCs action in RSA remains largely unclear. In this study, we explored the decidual deficiencies in RSA and the therapeutic potential of WJ-MSCs at single-cell resolution. METHODS: Three mouse models were established: a normal pregnancy group, an RSA group, and a WJ-MSC treatment group. Decidual tissue samples were collected for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and functional verification, including single-cell resolution in situ hybridization on tissues (SCRINSHOT) and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: We generated a single-cell atlas of decidual tissues from normal pregnant, RSA, and WJ-MSC-treated mice and identified 14 cell clusters in the decidua on day 14. Among these cell populations, stromal cells were the most abundant cell clusters in the decidua, and we further identified three novel subclusters (Str_0, Str_1, and Str_2). We also demonstrated that the IL17 and TNF signaling pathways were enriched for upregulated DEGs of stromal cells in RSA mice. Intriguingly, cell-cell communication analysis revealed that Str_1 cell-related gene expression was greatly reduced in the RSA group and rescued in the WJ-MSC treatment group. Notably, the interaction between NK cells and other cells in the RSA group was attenuated, and the expression of Spp1 (identified as an endometrial toleration-related marker) was significantly reduced in the NK cells of the RSA group but could be restored by WJ-MSC treatment. CONCLUSION: Herein, we implemented scRNA-seq to systematically evaluate the cellular heterogeneity and transcriptional regulatory networks associated with RSA and its treatment with WJ-MSCs. These data revealed potential therapeutic targets of WJ-MSCs to remodel the decidual subpopulations in RSA and provided new insights into decidua-derived developmental defects at the maternal-foetal interface.

Reproductive and treatment outcomes in chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chronic Intervillositis of Unknown Etiology (CIUE) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the placenta. The evidence suggests an increased risk for poor obstetrical outcomes and a risk of recurrence as high as 100 %. This meta-analysis examined CIUE prevalence, recurrence, association with autoimmune disorders, reproductive outcomes, pregnancy complications, and the benefits of medical treatments. A systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, involved a thorough search across multiple databases including Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Evidence Based Medical Reviews, and Scopus. Out of 590 initially identified studies, 19 studies were included for both qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis after full-text review. Risk of bias was assessed using appropriate tools: The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool was applied to twelve studies, while the Joanna Briggs Institute case series critical appraisal tool was used for seven studies. Our findings confirm that CIUE is a rare condition (0.7 %). CIUE is associated with decreased live birth rates (53 %), increased recurrent pregnancy loss (23 %), fetal loss beyond 22 weeks gestation (25 %), a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases (14 %), and a recurrence rate of 30 % in subsequent pregnancies. Moreover, individuals with CIUE had higher rates of pregnancy complications, including gestational hypertension (19 %), intrauterine growth restriction (45 %), and preterm births (43 %). No significant improvement in live birth rate was observed among treated CIUE patients; however, caution is warranted when interpreting these findings due to the limited sample size. Future research in CIUE is crucial given its rarity and complexity.

[Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine].

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is one of the most common pregnancy complications in obstetrics and gynecology. The normative diagnosis and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion has become an important problem to be solved urgently in the field of reproductive health. The integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine provides a safe and effective treatment method for recurrent spontaneous abortion, but there is no guideline for diagnosis and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. The guideline is based on the requirements of World Health Organization(WHO) handbook for guideline development and follows the principles of evidence-based medicine. Through literature pre-search, expert interviews, clinical research, and conference consensus, 16 clinical problems are identified in this guideline. PICO principles are used for evidence retrieval, screening, and synthesis. The evidence quality is evaluated for the included evidence bodies. Recommendation opinions and consensus suggestions are formed through three rounds of the Delphi expert questionnaire survey. An expert meeting is held to finalize the draft. The opinions of experts in traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine, integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, methodology and pharmacy are widely solicited. The guideline contains five parts: scope, term and definition, diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis and treatment flow chart of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. There are corresponding recommendations and summaries of evidence for clinical problems related to the diagnosis and treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. This guideline is guided by clinical problems, combining disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation and integrating pre-pregnancy regulation and treatment and post-pregnancy preservation, highlighting the therapeutic advantages of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, so as to further standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion and promote the diagnosis and treatment level of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine for recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Yoga and its effect on sperm genomic integrity, gene expression, telomere length and perceived quality of life in early pregnancy loss.

Achieving successful pregnancy outcomes is a delicate interplay between the maternal and the fetal counterparts. Paternal factors play a critical role in health and disease of offspring. Early pregnancy loss (EPL) is a psychologically devastating condition affecting the quality of life (QOL). Thus, it needs to be managed by a mind body integrated approach like yoga.The prospective single arm exploratory studyincluded male partners of couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL, n = 30), and recurrent implantation failure (RIF, n = 30) and semen samples wereassessed at the beginning and completion of yoga (6 weeks) (WHO 2010).A significant increase in the sperm concentration, motility, decrease in seminal ROS, DFI and increase in relative sperm telomere length was found at the end of yoga. The relative expression of genes critical for early embryonic developmentnormalized towards the levels of controls. WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire scores to assess QOL also showed improvement.Integration of regular practice yoga into our lifestyle may help in improving seminal redox status, genomic integrity, telomere length, normalizing gene expression and QOL, highlighting the need to use an integrated, holistic approach in management of such cases. This is pertinent for decreasing the transmission of mutation and epimutation load to the developing embryo, improving pregnancy outcomes and decreasing genetic and epigenetic disease burden in the next generation.

The improvement of inflammatory infiltration and pregnancy outcome in mice with recurrent spontaneous abortion by human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells.

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is thought to be mostly triggered by immune-related causes. Mesenchymal stem cells, which exhibit the traits of multi-directional differentiation capacity and low immunogenicity, have recently been recommended as a viable treatment for spontaneous abortion-prone mice to increase the success of pregnancy. Amniotic membrane tissue is a byproduct of pregnancy and delivery that has a wide range of potential uses due to its easy access to raw materials and little ethical constraints. To construct an abortion-prone mouse model for this investigation, CBA/J female mice were coupled with male DBA/2 mice, while CBA/J female mice were paired with male BALB/c mice as a control. The identical volume of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells or phosphate buffer was injected intraperitoneally on the 4.5th day of pregnancy. CBA/J female mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on the 13.5th day of pregnancy, the embryo absorption rate was calculated, and the uterus, decidua tissues and placenta were gathered for examination. Through detection, it was discovered that human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells significantly increased the expression of interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta, while they significantly decreased the expression of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 6, improved vascular formation and angiogenesis, and minimized the embryo absorption rate and inflammatory cell infiltration in the recurrent spontaneous abortion + human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells group. In any case, human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells regulate inflammatory factors and cell balance at the maternal-fetal interface, which result in a reduction in the rate of embryo absorption and inflammatory infiltration and provide an innovative perspective to the clinical therapy of recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment for uterine septum: a guideline.

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the diagnosis and effectiveness of surgical treatment of a uterine septum. METHODS: This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations regarding the diagnosis and effectiveness of surgical treatment of a uterine septum. This replaces the last version of the same name (Fertil Steril. 2016 Sep 1;106(3):530-40). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Outcomes of interest included the impact of a septum on underlying fertility, live birth, clinical pregnancy, and obstetrical outcomes. RESULT(S): The literature search identified relevant studies to inform the evidence for this guideline. CONCLUSION(S): The treatment of uterine septa and subsequent outcomes associated with infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and adverse obstetrical outcomes are summarized. Resection of a septum has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and to decrease the likelihood of malpresentation. In the setting of infertility, it is recommended to use a shared decision-making model after appropriate counseling to determine whether or not to proceed with septum resection.

JPT2 Affects Trophoblast Functions and Macrophage Polarization and Metabolism, and Acts as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion.

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a pregnancy-related condition with complex etiology. Trophoblast dysfunction and abnormal macrophage polarization and metabolism are associated with RSA; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Jupiter microtubule-associated homolog 2 (JPT2) is essential for calcium mobilization; however, its role in RSA remains unclear. In this study, it is found that the expression levels of JPT2, a nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate-binding protein, are decreased in the villous tissues of patients with RSA and placental tissues of miscarried mice. Mechanistically, it is unexpectedly found that abnormal JPT2 expression regulates trophoblast function and thus involvement in RSA via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, but not via calcium mobilization. Specifically, on the one hand, JPT2 deficiency inhibits trophoblast adhesion, migration, and invasion by inhibiting the JNK/atypical chemokine receptor 3 axis. On the other hand, trophoblast JPT2 deficiency contributes to M1 macrophage polarization by promoting the accumulation of citrate and reactive oxygen species via inhibition of the JNK/interleukin-6 axis. Self-complementary adeno-associated virus 9-JPT2 treatment alleviates embryonic resorption in abortion-prone mice. In summary, this study reveals that JPT2 mediates the remodeling of the immune microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for RSA.

Inflammation in recurrent miscarriage - a comprehensive perspective from uterine microenvironment and immune cell imbalance to therapeutic strategies.

Recurrent miscarriage, poses a significant challenge for many couples globally, the causes of which are not fully understood. Recent studies have shown the intricate link between uterine inflammation and recurrent miscarriages. While inflammation is essential during early pregnancy stages, especially in embryo implantation, an imbalance can lead to miscarriage. Key inflammatory mediators and an imbalance in immune cells can significantly alter and contribute to recurrent miscarriages. Lifestyle factors like smoking and obesity exacerbate inflammatory responses, increasing miscarriage risks. Understanding the interaction between the uterine environment, immune cell imbalances, and recurrent miscarriages is essential for devising effective treatments. This paper presents the latest data on inflammation's role in recurrent miscarriage, emphasizing the significance of diagnosing chronic endometritis and immune imbalances, offering practical recommendations for treatment and diagnosis.

Treatment with plasma exchange of a pregnant woman with anti-PP1Pk alloimmunization: A case report.

The histo-blood group antigens P, P1 and Pk are a closely related set of glycosphingolipid structures expressed by red blood cells and other tissues. None of these three characters is expressed on p cells, a null phenotype that arises in the context of homozygous mutation of the A4GALT gene. Subjects with p phenotype spontaneously develop a natural alloantibody named anti-PP1Pk, which is a mixture of IgG and IgM against P1, P and Pk. While anti-P1 is a weak cold antibody with poor clinical significance, anti-P and anti-Pk antibodies are potent haemolysins responsible for severe hemolytic transfusion reactions. The rare anti-PP1Pk alloantibodies are associated with recurrent spontaneous abortion in the first trimester of gestation. P and Pk antigens are expressed at high levels on the placenta and antibodies directed against both these structures are deleterious to placental trophoblasts. Here we describe the use of plasma exchange (PEX) in a nulliparous 39-year-old woman with anti-PP1Pk antibodies and a history of repeated spontaneous early abortions and hypofertility. The patient underwent apheresis starting from the third week throughout the pregnancy and a healthy child was delivered by cesarean section at 35 WG. The newborn required only phototherapy within a few days of life. We can state that an early treatment with the only PEX has proven to be effective and safe in the management of a fetomaternal P-incompatibility caused by a high anti-PP1Pk titer (256).

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of patients with recurrent pregnancy loss toward pregnancy loss.

Objective: Self-management is crucial in managing recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of patients with RPL toward RPL. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with RPL between January 2023 and June 2023 at the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University. Participants' demographic characteristics and KAP were determined using a self-designed questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.818). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to observe the correlations among KAP and different factors. Results: This study analyzed 497 valid questionnaires. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 11.59 ± 4.30 (possible range: 0-20, 57.95%), 44.17 ± 3.18 (possible range: 13-65, 67.95%), and 32.39 ± 5.22 (possible range: 8-40, 80.98%), indicating poor knowledge, moderate attitude, and proactive practice. Age was non-linearly associated with the KAP dimensions, with a positive impact of age on KAP among those aged <32 years old. Knowledge was directly influenced by education (ß = 1.49, p < 0.001) and income (ß = 1.08, p < 0.001). The attitude was directly influenced by knowledge (ß = 0.25, p < 0.001) and indirectly influenced by education (ß = 0.37, p = 0.001) and income (ß = 0.27, p < 0.001). Practice was directly influenced by knowledge (ß = 0.26, p < 0.001), attitude (ß = 0.28, p < 0.001), and income (ß = 0.68, p = 0.012), and indirectly influenced by knowledge (ß = 0.07, p = 0.001), education (ß = 0.59, p = 0.001), and income (ß = 0.42, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Women with RPL in Lanzhou show poor knowledge, moderate attitude, and proactive practice toward RPL. This study identified specific KAP items that would require improvements. The study also identified categories of patients who would need more attention.

Perda gestacional de repetição: aspectos psíquicos e terapias comportamentais / Recurrent pregnancy loss: psychic aspects and behavioral therapies

A perda gestacional de repetição (PGR) é definida classicamente como três perdas consecutivas antes de 20 semanas de gestação. Ela afeta aproximadamente 3% dos casais que tentam conceber, quando se consideram pelo menos duas perdas, e cerca de 1%, quando acima de três perdas. A PGR está associada a diferentes fatores causais. Algumas mulheres não terão nenhuma anormalidade identificável nos protocolos investigativos atuais. O aborto pode causar doenças mentais, tais como depressão e ansiedade, e ser responsável por sentimentos como medo, raiva e culpa. Embora existam intervenções já estabelecidas para pacientes com perda gestacional com fator causal determinado, não existe nenhum tratamento comprovadamente efetivo em mulheres com perda gestacional inexplicada. O oferecimento do chamado Tender Loving Care pode levar a melhores resultados gestacionais nessas pacientes. Este artigo irá fazer uma revisão sobre os aspectos psíquicos em PGR e o cuidado suportivo que poderá ser realizado nessas pacientes.(AU)

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is classically defined as three consecutive losses before 20 weeks of gestation. It affects approximately 3% of couples who try to conceive, when considering at least two losses, and about 1%, when considering three or more. RPL is associated with different causal factors. Some women will have no identificable abnormalities in current investigative protocols. Abortion can cause mental illness, such as depression and anxiety, and be responsible for feelings like fear, anger and guilt. Although there are interventions already established for patients with pregnancy loss with a determined causal factor, there is no proven effective treatment for women with unexplained pregnancy loss. The offer of the so-called Tender Loving Care can lead to better pregnancy results in these patients. This article will review the psychic aspects of recurrent pregnancy losses and the supportive care that can be performed in these patients.(AU)

Linfocitos T reguladores, tolerancia maternofetal y aborto recurrente: nuevas oportunidades terapéuticas / Regulatory T cells, maternal-foetal immune tolerance and recurrent miscarriage: new therapeutic challenging opportunities

Because maternal alloreactive lymphocytes are not depleted during pregnancy, local and/or systemic mechanisms have to play a key role in altering the maternal immune response. Peripheral T regulatory cells (pTregs) at the maternal-foetal interface are necessary in situ to prevent early abortion, but only those pTregs that have been previously exposed to paternal alloantigens. It has been showed that pregnancy selectively stimulates the accumulation of maternal Foxp3+ CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3Tregs) cells with foetal specificity. Interestingly, after delivery, foetal-specific pTregs persist at elevated levels, maintain tolerance to pre-existing foetal antigen, and rapidly re-accumulate during subsequent pregnancy. pTreg up-regulation could be hypothesized as a possible future therapeutic strategy in humans (AU)

Considerando que los linfocitos T alorreactivos no son completamente eliminados durante la gestación, parece necesario que haya otros mecanismos locales y/o generales que colaboren en la modificación de la respuesta inmunitaria materna. Los linfocitos T reguladores periféricos (Tregs-p) de la interfaz maternofetal previamente expuestos a antígenos paternos son necesarios in situ para prevenir el aborto precoz. Se ha demostrado que durante la gestación se produce una acumulación de Tregs-p Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25+ con especificidad para ciertos antígenos fetales. Tras la gestación, estos Tregs-p con especificidad para antígenos fetales persisten a títulos elevados y mantienen la tolerancia materna, incrementando su número y funcionalidad en la siguiente gestación. El incremento de los Tregs-p podría ser una nueva y esperanzadora estrategia terapéutica en humanos (AU)

Revisión: Aborto recurrente / Review: Recurrent abortion

El aborto recurrente (AR) es una patología relativamente infrecuente, pero de difícil manejo tanto desde el punto de vista técnico como de la relación medico-paciente. Suele ser muy frustrante para las parejas que lo padecen, su estudio es dificultoso y presenta diversas etiologías: genéticas, anatómicas, endocrinas, autoinmunes, aloinmunes, infecciosas y ambientales, cuyo estudio a la fecha es insuficiente. Una vez establecido el diagnóstico de AR, el manejo debe ser de especialista en el área de la reproducción humana. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo actualizar las principales teorías y causas involucradas en el AR, contrastándolas con la evidencia científica disponible hasta el momento, así como también esbozar brevemente la aproximación diagnóstica y el enfoque terapéutico.

Orientación de la paciente con problemas de reproducción en atención primaria

Tanto la esterilidad como la infertilidad o el aborto de repetición son actualmente motivo de muchas consultas ginecológicas. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer lo que, según nuestro criterio, debería ser, hoy día, la sistemática exploratoria a seguir en estas parejas para diagnosticar posibles causas tanto de esterilidad (masculina, ovárica, tubárica o endometriosis) como de infertilidad (genética, anatómica, autoinmune o endocrina), y por consiguiente poder orientar y/o aplicar posteriormente la conducta terapéutica adecuada (AU)

Nuevas líneas de estudio en el aborto habitual. Consejo reproductivo a la abortadora sin causa / New lines of research in recurrent miscarriage. Advice on reproduction to women with unexplained fetal loss

Objetivo: Revisión de las nuevas líneas de estudio en el aborto de repetición sin causa tras un estudio de abortabilidad. Sujetos y método: Revisión de la literatura más reciente sobre el tema. Resultados: La abortadora sin causa necesita una atención individualizada. Conclusiones: Sólo el diagnóstico etiológico permitirán individualizar a cada paciente y someterla al tratamiento específico necesario en cada caso. Mientras esto no suceda sólo se podrá ofrecer tratamientos empíricos, mejoras de sus hábitos de vida y cuidados especiales de seguimiento que disminuyan el grado de ansiedad de estas pacientes (AU)

Cerclaje transabdominal en el manejo de la incompetencia cervical / Transabdominal cerclage in the cervical incompetence

El propósito fue revisar las indicaciones para el cerclaje transabdominal en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las pacientes con cerclaje transabdominal con el fin de evaluar los resultados fetales. Desde 1997 se realizaron siete cerclajes transabdominales, su indicación primaria fueron los cerclajes previos por vía vaginal los cuales habían sido fallidos. Todas las pacientes consiguieron un embarazo de término. La tasa de neonatos vivos previos al procedimiento era de 5.2 por ciento comparada con 85.8 por ciento posterior al cerclaje transabdominal. Hubo un caso de muerte fetal a las 37 semanas y dos días en una paciente que cursó con preeclampsia. De los recién nacidos cinco fueron pequeños para la edad gestacional. Concluimos que bajo indicaciones estrictas el cerclaje transabdominal ofrece una alta tasa de sobrevida fetal con un mínimo de complicaciones en pacientes con una pobre historia obstétrica debido a una incompetencia cervical en donde han ocurrido fallas con el cerclaje por vía vaginal.

Microquimerismo y actividad bloqueante en mujeres con abortos espontáneos recurrentes (RSA) después de la aloinmunización con linfocitos del esposo / Microchimerism and blocking activity in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions after the allo immunization with their partner's leucocytes

Se han detectado células fetales en la circulación materna de seres humanos 4 semanas post-concepción (Thomas y colab. 1994). Se podría hipotetizar que el tráfico celular temprano a través de la placenta es importante y tal vez necesario para la inducción de tolerancia fetal. La localización de células fetales CD34+ en los órganos maternos linfoides puede ayudar a mantener la tolerancia fetal de una manera análoga al trasplante de órganos alogeneicos (Bianchi y colab. 1996). El reciente hallazgo de que células del dador circulan en el receptor de trasplante hasta 29 años post-trasplante, ha hecho pensar que éstas células quiméricas (Microquimerismo) pueden tener un rol en la inducción y perpetuación de la tolerancia. La terapia de aloinmunización con linfocitos del esposo podría ser efectiva para prevenir los abortos recurrentes de causa desconocida. Algunos investigadores establecieron que después de la aloinmunización se observa la presencia de factores bloqueantes (FB) en el suero de mujeres con embarazos exitosos en ensayos "in vitro" de cultivo mixto linfocitario (MLC). Nosotros hemos investigado la producción de FB en MLC antes y después de la aloinmunización y su posible relación con el desarrollo de microquimerismo (M). Antes del tratamiento estudiamos 14 parejas con 3 o más abortos quienes eran evaluadas clínicamente para descartar causas anatómicas, genéticas, estructurales, endócrinas, infecciosas y/o autoinmunes. El estudio de M fue hecho con la técnica llamada nested PCR-SSP para los alelos HLA-DR antes del tratamiento y después de 30 días de la última inmunización. Antes del tratamiento, solo 1 paciente tenía M positivo y ninguna tenía FB positivos con índice de inhibición (I.I) >50, solo 8 pacientes realizaron el tratamiento. Las pacientes recibieron entre 3 y 9 aloinmunizaciones (x=4.7). Después del tratamiento todas las pacientes tenían M positivo e I.I>50, 6 meses después de la última inmunización 4 pacientes tienen M positivo eII>50. En conclusión: la hipótesis propone que la aloinmunización establece un estado de microquimerismo que sería el estímulo alogénico necesario para la activación de células T y la inducción o mantenimiento de la tolerancia hacia el feto durante el embarazo

Microquimerismo y actividad bloqueante en mujeres con abortos espontáneos recurrentes (RSA) después de la aloinmunización con linfocitos del esposo / Microchimerism and blocking activity in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions after the allo immunization with their partners leucocytes

Se han detectado células fetales en la circulación materna de seres humanos 4 semanas post-concepción (Thomas y colab. 1994). Se podría hipotetizar que el tráfico celular temprano a través de la placenta es importante y tal vez necesario para la inducción de tolerancia fetal. La localización de células fetales CD34+ en los órganos maternos linfoides puede ayudar a mantener la tolerancia fetal de una manera análoga al trasplante de órganos alogeneicos (Bianchi y colab. 1996). El reciente hallazgo de que células del dador circulan en el receptor de trasplante hasta 29 años post-trasplante, ha hecho pensar que éstas células quiméricas (Microquimerismo) pueden tener un rol en la inducción y perpetuación de la tolerancia. La terapia de aloinmunización con linfocitos del esposo podría ser efectiva para prevenir los abortos recurrentes de causa desconocida. Algunos investigadores establecieron que después de la aloinmunización se observa la presencia de factores bloqueantes (FB) en el suero de mujeres con embarazos exitosos en ensayos "in vitro" de cultivo mixto linfocitario (MLC). Nosotros hemos investigado la producción de FB en MLC antes y después de la aloinmunización y su posible relación con el desarrollo de microquimerismo (M). Antes del tratamiento estudiamos 14 parejas con 3 o más abortos quienes eran evaluadas clínicamente para descartar causas anatómicas, genéticas, estructurales, endócrinas, infecciosas y/o autoinmunes. El estudio de M fue hecho con la técnica llamada nested PCR-SSP para los alelos HLA-DR antes del tratamiento y después de 30 días de la última inmunización. Antes del tratamiento, solo 1 paciente tenía M positivo y ninguna tenía FB positivos con índice de inhibición (I.I) >50, solo 8 pacientes realizaron el tratamiento. Las pacientes recibieron entre 3 y 9 aloinmunizaciones (x=4.7). Después del tratamiento todas las pacientes tenían M positivo e I.I>50, 6 meses después de la última inmunización 4 pacientes tienen M positivo eII>50. En conclusión: la hipótesis propone que la aloinmunización establece un estado de microquimerismo que sería el estímulo alogénico necesario para la activación de células T y la inducción o mantenimiento de la tolerancia hacia el feto durante el embarazo (AU)