A relação entre arte e vida em vigotski: uma análise conceitual / The relationship between art and life in vygotsky: a conceptual analysis / La relación entre arte y vida en vigotski: un análisis conceptual

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre arte e vida segundo Vigotski. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise conceitual dos capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 e 11 da Psicologia da Arte, do capítulo 13 da Psicologia Pedagógica e do texto O significado histórico da crise da Psicologia: Uma investigação metodológica. A pesquisa conceitual consiste na análise semântica dos principais conceitos de uma teoria com o intuito de elucidar seus sentidos ocultos ou confusos e desvendar possíveis contradições e ambiguidades no quadro teórico. Podemos observar que a arte é um fenômeno dialético tanto em sua criação como em seus efeitos. A influência da vida, isto é, da realidade sócio-histórica, na criação artística é indireta, pois ela é sempre mediada pelo psiquismo particular do artista. Já o efeito da arte sobre a vida possibilita que o ser humano se conscientize de sua realidade social e se engaje para mudá-la. A arte é, portanto, transformadora, pois reorganiza o psiquismo e possibilita uma mudança nas condições materiais dos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between art and life according to Vygotsky. Therefore, a conceptual analysis of chapters 1, 7, 9, 10, and 11 of Psychology of Art, chapter 13 of Educational Psychology and the text The Historical meaning of the Crisis of Psychology: A Methodological Investigation was carried out. Conceptual research consists of the semantic analysis of the main concepts of a theory to elucidate its hidden or confused meanings and to reveal possible contradictions and ambiguities in the theoretical framework. Results show that art is a dialectical phenomenon both in its creation and its effects. The influence of life, that is, of socio-historical reality, on artistic creation is indirect since it is always mediated by the artist's particular psyche. The effect of art on life, on the other hand, allows human beings to become aware of their social reality and engage to change it. Art is, therefore, transformative, as it reorganizes the psyche and enables a change in the material conditions of human beings.(AU)

Este proyecto tuve como objetivo analizar la relación entre el arte y la vida, según Vigotski. Para esto, fue realizado un análisis de los capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 y 11 de Psicología del arte, del capítulo 13 de Psicología Pedagógica y del texto Él significado histórico de la crisis de la Psicología: una investigación metodológica. La pesquisa conceptual consiste en la analice semántica de los conceptos de una teoría, para aclarar sus significados ocultos o confusos y desvendar contradicciones y ambigüedades em el cuadro teórico. Pudimos observar que, el arte es un fenómeno dialéctico en su creación tanto como en sus efectos. La influencia de la vida, esto es, de la realidad socio-histórica, en la creación artística es indirecta, pues es mediada por el psiquismo particular de lo artista. Así, el efecto del arte sobre la vida habilita que lo ser humano adquiera conciencia de su realidad social y que se comprometa a cambiarla. El arte, consiguientemente, transformadora, pues reorganiza lo psiquismo y habilita un cambio en las condiciones materiales de los seres humanos.(AU)

[Support groups, preventing violence and dangerousness]. / Groupes de parole, prévenir la violence et la dangerosité.

A support group brings together several people around a common theme. It aims to favour the expression of experiences, suffering, conflicts, problems as well as discussions about potential improvements or solutions. The themes of these supervised exchanges are varied and numerous. They might cover violent acts against oneself or others in order to lessen or prevent such violence and dangerousness. Support groups are often supervised and facilitated by psychologists, frequently accompanied by nurses when they take place within a healthcare setting.

Comentários sobre Além do princípio do prazer / Comments on Beyond the pleasure principle

Este trabalho é resultante de discussões havidas em um grupo cujo propósito é reestudar a obra de Freud. Decidimos por apresentar nossa releitura do Além do princípio do prazer (Freud, 1920) por ser esse um dos textos que mais tem provocado polêmicas entre os psicanalistas. Optamos por expor nossas observações sobre quatro temas que dominam a teorização de Freud. O primeiro desses temas refere-se à superposição entre um princípio econômico de quantidades de energias e outro de qualidades sensoriais como prazer e desprazer. A dificuldade teórica parece resultar da tentativa de equacionar prazer e descarga. Sugerimos realocar o princípio do prazer fora da teoria econômica, definindo seu espaço dentro da experiência estética (sensorial). Outra teorização desenvolvida no texto diz respeito às energias livres e ligadas. Questionamos a proposta freudiana que sugere ser a energia livre característica do processo primário, sendo energia ligada própria do processo secundário. O terceiro tema sobre a compulsão à repetição nos leva a reconhecer duas formas de ocorrência deste fenômeno: uma que seria impulsionada por Eros, na tentativa de viabilizar ligações, e outra que visaria apenas à descarga, no sentido de manter a inércia. Finalizando, buscamos construir uma abordagem crítica à tentativa de relacionar ódio e agressão com a pulsão de morte.

This article is the result of study group discussions, whose purpose is to rethink Freud’s work. We decided to present our interpretation of Beyond the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920) because it is one of the most controversial psychoanalytical texts. We chose to provide our ideas on four themes that dominate Freud’s theory. The first topic concerns the overlap between an economic principle of amounts of energies and another principle of sensorial aspects such as pleasure and displeasure. The theoretical difficulty seems to arise from the attempt to equate pleasure and discharge. We suggest removing the pleasure principle from the economic theory, relocating it within the aesthetic experience (sensorial experience). Another theory developed in Freud’s work is related to the unbound and bound energies. We question Freud’s proposal which suggests that the unbound energy is a characteristic of the primary process, whereas the bound energy is typical of the secondary process. The third topic relates to repetition-compulsion, which leads us to recognize two forms of occurrence of this phenomenon: one that would be driven by Eros in an attempt to facilitate the biding process, and another one that would only be aimed at discharge, in the sense of maintaining the inertia. Finally, we tried to build a critical approach towards the attempt to correlate hate and aggression to death instinct.

Este trabajo resulta de discusiones ocurridas en grupo cuyo propósito es reestudiar la obra de Freud. Decidimos por presentar nuestra relectura de Más allá del principio del placer (Freud, 1920) porque ese es uno de los textos que más viene provocando polémicas entre los psicoanalistas. Optamos por exponer nuestras observaciones sobre cuatro temas que dominan la teorización de Freud. El primer de esos temas se refiere a la superposición entre un principio económico de cantidades de energías y otro de cualidades sensoriales como placer y desplacer. La dificultad teórica parece resultar del intento de ecuacionar placer y descarga. Sugerimos reasignar el principio del placer fuera de la teoría económica, definiendo su espacio dentro de la experiencia estética (sensorial). Otra teorización desarrollada en el texto se refiere a las energías libres y conectadas. Cuestionamos la propuesta freudiana que sugiere que la energía libre es característica del proceso primarios, siendo la energía conectada propia del proceso secundario. El tercer tema sobre la compulsión a la repetición nos lleva a reconocer dos formas de ocurrencia de este fenómeno: una que sería impulsada por Eros, en el intento de viabilizar conexiones, y otra que visaría solamente a la descarga, en el sentido de mantener la inercia. Finalizando, buscamos construir un acercamiento crítico al intento de relacionar odio y agresión con la pulsión de muerte.

Treating childhood trauma.

This review begins with the question "What is childhood trauma?" Diagnosis is discussed next, and then the article focuses on treatment, using 3 basic principles-abreaction, context, and correction. Treatment modalities and complications are discussed, with case vignettes presented throughout to illustrate. Suggestions are provided for the psychiatrist to manage countertransference as trauma therapy proceeds.

Energía psíquica y código genético subyacente / Psychic energy and underlying genetic code

A medida que el niño crece recibe impactos positivos o negativos, impresos a manera de códigos en sus engramas mentales, que algunas veces devienen en traumas psíquicos, a juzgar por sus actitudes y comportamientos dentro del núcleo familiar o en su entorno. Existen serias correlaciones entre las energías psíquicas que se activan cotidianamente en la vida personal y social del individuo, cuya esencialidad positiva o negativa lo etiquetan como adaptado o desadaptado. Depende de los padres la hechura caracterial de sus hijos y la fortaleza de su ego, para que éstos canalicen la energía instinto impulsivo o netamente frustrante, en energía pulsión, reconversionando la intencionalidad para retomar el equilibrio homeostásico a través de saludables mecanismos de ajuste.

As the child grows he/she receives positive or negative impacts, printed as codes on their mental engrams, which sometimes turn into trauma, judging by their attitudes and behaviors within the family or in their environment. There are significant correlations between the psychic energies that are activated daily in the individual’s personal and social life, whose positive or negative essentiality label him/her as adaptive or maladaptive. The characterial make and the strength of ego of children depends on parents, as well as how they channel the energy impulsive or purely frustrating instinct into energy drive, converting the intention to resume the homeostatic balance through healthy adjustment mechanisms.

Etiology, pathogenesis, and therapy according to Pierre Janet concerning conversion disorders and dissociative disorders.

Pierre Janet's works on conversion disorders or dissociative disorders has mainly fallen to the wayside in favour of Freud's works. In the first part of this paper, Janet's conception of hysteria is discussed and his place in French psychiatry described. Different aspects of Janet's diathesis-stress approach are presented (particularly the pathogenic concept of fixed ideas), which refer not only to a conception of hysteria but also to traumatic (stress) disorders and other psychological disturbances. The second part of the paper details the varieties of Janetian therapeutic treatments of these disorders: the "liquidation" of fixed ideas by hypnosis and suggestion, confrontation techniques, which resemble contemporary cognitive behavioural approaches, and special cognitive ("logagogic") interventions. Finally, we discuss the various treatment strategies based on psychoeconomic considerations such as physical or psycho-phyical therapies, psychoeducation, treatment through rest, and simplification of life for dealing with basic disturbances of psychic disorders.

Codificación psicogenética pulsional de desórdenes conductuales / Psychogenetic pulsional (drive) coding of behavioral disorders

Toda persona que busca consulta psicológica constituye una unidad poseedora de una gama de recuerdos, entre saludables y atormentadores que lo marcan dentro de entidades psicopatológicas de diversa etiología: neurótica, psicopatológica o esquizoide. Existen a su luz, manifestaciones relacionadas con aspectos sanos, y otras, con desordenes y trastornos de conducta, cuyas improntas están genéticamente codificadas a nivel del aparato psíquico. Descubrir, decodificar, recodificar e interpretar, cada uno de los factores subjetivos, constituye la base de partida para toda intervención psicoterapéutica.

Any person who seeks psychological counseling constitutes a unit possessing a range of memories, including healthy and tormenting, that categorize him/her within psychopathological entities of diverse etiology: neurotic, psychopathological, or schizoid. In this respect, there are manifestations related to healthy aspects, and others to disorders and behavioral problems whose traits are genetically encoded at the psychic apparatus level. Discovering, decoding, recoding and interpreting, each of the subjective factors constitutes the starting point for any psychotherapeutic intervention

Abreaction for conversion disorder: systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The value of drug interviews in the treatment of conversion disorder is at present unknown. AIMS: To review all the available papers published in English that report on the use of drug interviews for treating conversion/dissociative disorder. METHOD: Databases (including EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO) were searched from 1920 to 2009. Selected publications had to report on the use of drug interviews in people diagnosed with a conversion/dissociative disorder. Qualitative and quantitative data were extracted. Predictors of a positive response were ascertained using meta-analytic techniques. RESULTS: Fifty-five papers meeting inclusion criteria were identified. No studies compared the intervention with a suitable control group. However, two studies reported high response rates when drug interview was used in individuals with treatment-resistant conversion disorder. In the meta-analysis, the use of suggestion and occurrence of emotional catharsis during the interview were positively associated with recovery. Combining two medications and comorbid psychiatric disorder were negatively associated with recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for effectiveness of drug interviews is of poor quality but it may be of benefit in the treatment of acute and treatment-resistant conversion disorder. A proactive approach during the interview, making suggestions the individual will respond, could influence outcome. Comorbid psychiatric disorder should be treated conventionally. Experimental studies to determine efficacy are required.

Memory focused interventions (MFI) as a therapeutic strategy in hypnotic psychotherapy.

The prospect of utilizing memory plasticity (the constructive and transitory nature of memory) for therapeutic purposes has not been widely recognized. However, a number of theoretical and clinical venues throughout the last century have shown its potential application. Intensive research conducted during these last decades, pointed out the possibility of influencing human memory in relation to new memories and their specific components. Moreover, the research showed the feasibility of planting alternative early childhood memories and thus altering memories of personal history. Additionally, researchers found that memory is naturally very fallible due to everyday phenomena of forgetfulness, distortion and intrusion of past and present information. Throughout the course of this paper, the integrative overview of these empirical findings with the aforementioned clinical and theoretical foundations serves as a substratum in an attempt to present an integrative therapeutic approach, named Memory Focused Interventions (MFI).

Problems of the randomization test for AB designs

N = 1 designs imply repeated registrations of the behaviour of the same experimental unit and the measurements obtained are often few due to time limitations, while they are also likely to be sequentially dependent. The analytical techniques needed to enhance statistical and clinical decision making have to deal with these problems. Different procedures for analyzing data from single-case AB designs are discussed, presenting their main features and revising the results reported by previous studies. Randomization tests represent one of the statistical methods that seemed toper form well in terms of controlling false alarm rates. In the experimental part of the study a new simulation approach is used to test the performance of randomization tests and the results suggest that the technique is notal ways robust against the violation of the independence assumption. Moreover, sensitivity proved to be generally unacceptably low for series lengths equal to 30 and 40. Considering the evidence available, there does not seem to be an optimal technique for single-case data analysis (AU)

Los diseños de caso único implican registrar la conducta de la misma unidad experimental. Las mediciones obtenidas suelen ser pocas debido a los costes temporales y también es probable que presenten dependencia serial. Estos problemas tienen que ser superados por las técnicas analíticas necesarias para mejorar la toma de decisiones estadísticas y clínicas. En la primera parte del artículo se discuten diferentes procedimientos para el análisis de diseños AB, presentando sus características y revisando resultados de estudios anteriores. Las pruebas de aleatorización son unos de los métodos estadísticos que se consideran apropiados debido a que parecen controlar las tasas de error Tipo I. En la parte experimental del artículo se utiliza una nueva manera de simular con el objetivo de analizar las propiedades estadísticas de las pruebas de aleatorización. Los resultados sugieren que la técnica no es siempre robusta contra la violación del supuesto de independencia y además presenta tasas de error Tipo II inaceptables. Teniendo en cuenta las evidencias disponibles, no parece existir una técnica óptima para el análisis de datos de N = 1 (AU)

The therapeutic release of anger: Helen Watkins's silent abreaction and subsequent elaborations of the anger rock.

This paper summarizes Helen Watkins's (1980) silent abreaction technique for releasing anger and the subsequent elaborations it has inspired. Discussion of Watkins's seminal article incorporates her verbatim account of the technique, 2 clinical applications, and her encouragement of further adaptations. Other scholars' subsequent contributions include an adaptation for dissociative identity disorder, brief treatment of constant pain syndrome, and inpatient treatment of a suicidally depressed, dissociative survivor of sexual abuse. Commonalities and distinctions among Watkins's work and these modifications are discussed. New case material from the author's practice illustrate further elaborations, with emphasis on the role of releasing anger in the resolution of dissociative defenses and internal fragmentation in dissociative clients. To enhance the clinical utility of this paper, verbatim passages are included for all case illustrations in H. H. Watkins (1980), the 3 published elaborations, and the new case material.

Expression of emotion: when it causes trauma and when it helps.

The idea that clients should be encouraged to express strong emotion regarding the traumas they have suffered is widely assumed. This article asks whether the empirical literature supports the underlying assumption that emotional expression leads to positive outcomes (better health and dissipation of distress). Studies in which individuals who have been given an opportunity to express emotions about past traumas are compared with subjects placed in appropriate control conditions are reviewed. The empirical literature suggests that eliciting emotion is harmful when it is not associated with reappraisal of past trauma, but helpful when the reappraisal occurs. The following guideline emerges: if trauma is to be revisited, it should be accompanied by reappraisal. Since this is sometimes difficult to engineer, alternative approaches for working with victims of trauma, not involving revisiting the trauma, are offered. Additionally, it is suggested that it can be helpful to identify the nature of the problem arising from the traumatic experience and then provide therapeutic intervention that addresses the problem.

[Indication and therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents]. / Indikationsstellung und Therapie der Zwangsstörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.

Based on normal developmental phenomena we describe characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood. The functionalities of OCD symptoms are crucial for the treatment planning. According to the functions of symptoms a treatment of OCD symptoms or a treatment of their underlying problems or even a treatment with the family members of the child with OCD is indicated. Finally the peculiarities of OCD treatment with children and adolescents are described.

La concepción de la curación Chamánica entre los indígenas Embera de Colombia: un proceso de comunicación socio-cultural y fisiológico / The cure among the Embera indigenous population: a social, cultural and physiological communication process

Este trabajo etnográfico centra su atención en un ritual terapéutico. El artículo describe en detalle un acto de curación realizado por un chamán Embera, de Colombia, a una mujer indígena que se encontraba hospitalizada en estado grave y no estaba respondiendo al tratamiento médico occidental. Se analizan los pasos del ritual en relación con la cultura Embera y se inicia el abordaje de la comprensión de la terapéutica utilizada por el chamánen la cual se observan claramente los momentos de Abreacción. El texto muestra que en la terapéutica indígena la dicotomía cuerpo-alma, individuo-sociedad-cosmos, no se presenta. El proceso curativo indígena, a diferencia del occidental, es de comunicación socio-cultural y fisiológico; es un acto que trasciende fronteras, en la medida que admite tanto la medicina tradicional como la occidental.A lo largo del artículo queda implícito que la medicina tradicional, a pesar del desprestigio y persecución de la cual fue objeto desde hace medio milenio, aún esta activa en el grupo Embera.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. A brief and effective treatment for stress.

1. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative therapy that "unlocks" disturbing memories or beliefs and reprocessess them, in some way, so they are no longer as disabling. 2. EMDR can be used for any experientially based psychological problems and has proven especially effective for traumatic imagery associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. 3. A primary benefit of EMDR is its time efficiency, requiring as few as 3 to 5 hours of treatment. 4. Many potential mechanisms (i.e., cognitive, hypnotic, self-disclosure, biological) may account for the effectiveness of EMDR.

Cleaning up the river: a metaphor for functional digestive disorders.

The irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by abdominal pain, altered bowel habits and various other digestive symptoms. Emotional factors are important in some patients. I describe here a metaphor which links the altered motility of the digestive system to the emotional contents it may embody. A metaphor of a river is used to evoke both a smooth, coordinated flow through the normal digestive tract and a normal flow in the management of the patient's emotions. The possibility that some blockage has occurred in the river, resulting in perturbation of the normal flow is then suggested to the patient. This is followed by a suggestion for the patient to clear the blockage. This approach may lead patients to work on the emotional components of their symptoms, resulting in their subsequent resolution. I have used this approach with several patients and it proved very effective. This paper demonstrates the use of this metaphor in one of the patients.