Acute acalculous cholecystitis following extended administration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies, particularly those treated with anti-CD20 antibodies such as rituximab and obinutuzumab, are known to be at risk of prolonged infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prolonged administration or combination therapy with antiviral medications reportedly yields favorable outcomes in these patients. However, knowledge regarding the adverse events associated with such therapeutic approaches is limited. Herein, we report a case of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) following extended administration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMV/r) in a 68-year-old Japanese man with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patient had received obinutuzumab and bendamustine for follicular lymphoma and was diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approximately one year after treatment initiation with these drugs. Subsequently, he was admitted to a different hospital, where he received antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and steroids. Despite these interventions, the patient relapsed and was subsequently transferred to our hospital due to persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remdesivir administration was ineffective, leading to the initiation of extended NMV/r therapy. One week later, he exhibited elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels, and one month later, he developed AAC. Cholecystitis was successfully resolved via percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and administration of antibiotics. We speculate that extended NMV/r administration, in addition to COVID-19, may have contributed to the elevated GGT and AAC. During treatment of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with extended NMV/r therapy, patients should be carefully monitored for the appearance of findings suggestive of biliary stasis and the development of AAC.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) acute acalculous cholecystitis in an immunocompromised adult patient: a case report and a literature review of a neglected clinical presentation.

Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may present with self-limiting abdominal involvement, characterized by hepatitis with mild elevation of aminotransferases, splenomegaly, and rarely with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC). Usually, treatment of EBV related AAC is symptomatic, without the need for surgery. Here, we describe a severe case of AAC occurring as the first manifestation of infectious mononucleosis in a young adult woman, receiving treatment with interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6r) inhibitor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); moreover, we have performed a review of the literature on EBV-related AAC.

Hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus co-infection with right pleural effusion, ascites and acute acalculous cholecystitis. A case report.

Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries due to our poor sanitary conditions, both spread by fecal-oral route or through contaminated water and food. Being both self-limiting diseases, they are usually benign but may present with atypical clinical findings. A 32 year-old female with right pleural effusion, ascites and acalculous cholecystitis during the course of HAV and HEV co-infection is reported. Clinical improvement was observed with conservative management. As far as we know, this is the first case described of a patient with these three complications in the background of a hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus co-infection.

Acute Epstein-Barr infection presenting as cholecystitis with ascites.

A young female patient presented with features of ascites and cholecystitis. She was subsequently diagnosed with an acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. This is a rare presentation of a common infection. The patient was managed conservatively and the illness resolved within 6 weeks.

Hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus co-infection with right pleural effusion, ascites and acute acalculous cholecystitis. A case report / Coinfección por el virus de la hepatitis A y la hepatitis E con derrame pleural derecho, ascitis y colecistitis acalculosa aguda. Reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries due to our poor sanitary conditions, both spread by fecal-oral route or through contaminated water and food. Being both self-limiting diseases, they are usually benign but may present with atypical clinical findings. A 32 year-old female with right pleural effusion, ascites and acalculous cholecystitis during the course of HAV and HEV co-infection is reported. Clinical improvement was observed with conservative management. As far as we know, this is the first case described of a patient with these three complications in the background of a hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus co-infection.

RESUMEN Hepatits A y hepatitis E son las principales causas de hepatitis viral en países en desarrollo debido a las limitadas condiciones sanitarias. Son condiciones usualmente benignas y autolimitadas, pero pueden presentarse de forma atípica. Se reporta una paciente de 32 años con efusión pleural derecha, colecistitis acalculosa y ascitis en el curso de una co-infección por el virus de Hepatitis A y hepatitis E. Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer caso de una paciente con estas tres complicaciones como resultado de una infección por el virus de hepatitis A y hepatitis E.

Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Acalculous Cholecystitis and Review of the Literature.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is an infrequently encountered clinical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Viral infection associated AAC is rare, but it is most commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus, disseminated visceral varicella-zoster virus infection, Zika virus, and hepatitis C. We report on a patient who was first diagnosed with a chronic hepatic C infection and subsequently with acalculous cholecystitis.

[A Case of Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis During Infectious Mononucleosis Caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus in a Young Woman].

Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common disease and is mainly asymptomatic during childhood, whereas infectious mononucleosis with clinical signs such as fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly often occurs in adolescents and adults with primary infection. Acalculous cholecystitis has been reported as a rare complication. We report herein a case of acalculous cholecystitis accompanied by infectious mononucleosis by EBV, which was treated successfully by medical treatment. A 33-year-old woman who had been admitted by fever, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy developed a right upper quadrant pain, that was diagnosed as acalculous cholecystitis based on an imaging study. Antibiotic treatment did not resolve the symptoms, and surgical intervention was considered. We diagnosed her as having infectious mononucleosis based on a typical physical presentation and seropositivity for the EBV viral capsid antigen, suggesting that the acalculous cholecystatis might have been a complication of the EBV infection. After the administration of glucocorticoid and acyclovir, the patient became afebrile and the abdominal pain disappeared. Though acalculous cholecystitis rarely accompanies infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV, clinicians should be aware of this complication to avoid unnecessary cholecystectomy.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis in a Lebanese girl with primary Epstein-Barr viral infection.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) constitutes 5-10% of all cases of cholecystitis in adults, and is even less common in children. The recent literature has described an association between primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and AAC, however, it still remains an uncommon presentation of the infection. Most authors advise that the management of AAC in patients with primary EBV infection should be supportive, since the use of antibiotics does not seem to alter the severity or prognosis of the illness. Furthermore, surgical intervention has not been described as necessary or indicated in the management of uncomplicated AAC associated with EBV infection. We report a case of a 16-year-old Lebanese girl with AAC associated with primary EBV infection. She presented to the emergency department, with high-grade fever, fatigue, vomiting and abdominal pain. Liver enzymes were elevated with a cholestatic pattern, and imaging confirmed the diagnosis of AAC. She was admitted to the regular floor, and initial management was conservative. Owing to persistence of fever, antibiotics were initiated on day 3 of admission. She had a smooth clinical course and was discharged home after a total of 9 days, with no complications.

A case of acalculous cholecystitis in the course of dengue fever in a traveller returned from Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is the second cause of fever after malaria in travellers returning from the tropics. The infection may be asymptomatic or it may manifest itself with fever only, some patients, however, may develop haemorrhagic symptoms and shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 58-year-old woman came to the University Centre of Tropical Medicine in Gdynia after returning from a tourist journey to Brazil because of fever up to 39°C and malaise. She had lived in South America many years and then moved to Europe 3 years before hospitalisation. On admission physical examination revealed fever, dry mucosa, moderate hypotension and tachycardia. In the laboratory test results, leukopoenia, thrombocytopoenia and elevated transaminases were observed. On the second day of the hospitalisation, the patient reported epigastric pain, clinical examination revealed tenderness of the abdomen and macular rash on the skin of the trunk and thighs. The ultrasonography revealed an enlarged gallbladder with thickened walls, with hypoechogenic area surrounding it, a dilated common biliary duct of heterogenic echo, and some free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. An exploratory laparotomy was performed after 24 h because of the persisting strong abdominal pain and high fever. Intraoperatively, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were found, with no symptoms of gallbladder pathology. The postoperative course was uncomplicated and the positive result of immunochromatographic assay for dengue was obtained. RESULTS: The acalculous cholecystitis has been described in the course of various diseases and conditions. The typical symptoms include pain in the right hypochondriac region, fever, positive Murphy's sign, and abnormal liver function tests, which were observed in the presented case. Cholecystectomy is not usually indicated in the course of dengue (typically a self-limiting disease) due to a high risk of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The case provides a rationale for the inclusion of acalculous cholecystitis in the differential diagnosis in patients with abdominal pain returning from dengue endemic areas.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis, a rare complication of Epstein-Barr virus primary infection: report of two cases and review.

We described two cases of acalculous cholecystitis (AAC), due to EBV primary infection in two young Caucasian women and we reviewed other reported cases. In contrast with AAC of other etiologies, antibiotics and surgery are not useful in the management of AAC secondary to EBV.

Acalculous cholecystitis or biliary dyskinesia for Epstein-Barr virus gallbladder involvement?

We present two patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection related to gallbladder involvement. Such an association is already known as EBV induced acalculous cholecystitis, diagnosed on the basis of ultrasonographic findings. In our patients, radioisotopic cholescintigraphy was also performed and it showed that gallbladder was visualized in both patients in contrast to that what can be observed in cases of cholecystitis. However, the value of ejection fraction was compatible with biliary dyskinesia. We, therefore, consider that impaired gallbladder contractility in EBV infection cases may actually represent biliary dyskinesia and not acalculous cholecystitis taking into account the radioisotopic findings and the self limited course of the disorder.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with severe EBV hepatitis in an immunocompetent child.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is an inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of demonstrated stones, which is rarely seen in paediatric population. The diagnosis is accomplished mainly through abdominal ultrasonography in the appropriate but usually non-specific clinical picture. Complicated cases need surgical intervention; the medical management is mainly constituted by supportive and antibiotic therapy, as most AAC are observed in the setting of systemic bacterial or parasitic infections. However, AAC has been rarely reported in association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, where the gastrointestinal involvement is often mild and thus unrecognised. We report a case of EBV-related AAC associated with unusually severe hepatitis in an immunocompetent and otherwise healthy patient. We describe its benign clinical course, despite the serious liver impairment, by a medical management characterised by the prompt discontinuation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, as soon as EBV aetiology is ascertained, and by the appropriate analgesia and fluid resuscitation.

[Acute gastrointestinal involvement in dengue disease by serotype 4: a case report and literature review]. / Compromiso gastrointestinal agudo en pacientes con dengue por serotipo 4: Comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Dengue fever is the world's most important arboviral disease, presenting a wide clinical spectrum. We report for the first time in Peru, a case caused by dengue virus serotype 4 with significant gastrointestinal involvement (acute acalculous cholecystitis and acute hepatitis). In addition we carried out a review of the literature atypical presentation illustrating the importance of the characteristics of abdominal pain (right upper quadrant); presence of Murphy's sign, ultrasound, and liver enzymes levels, for appropriate diagnosis and clinical management.

Compromiso gastrointestinal agudo en pacientes con dengue por serotipo 4: Comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Acute gastrointestinal involvement in dengue disease by serotype 4: a case report and literature review

Dengue fever is the world's most important arboviral disease, presenting a wide clinical spectrum. We report for the first time in Peru, a case caused by dengue virus serotype 4 with significant gastrointestinal involvement (acute acalculous cholecystitis and acute hepatitis). In addition we carried out a review of the literature atypical presentation illustrating the importance of the characteristics of abdominal pain (right upper quadrant); presence of Murphy's sign, ultrasound, and liver enzymes levels, for appropriate diagnosis and clinical management.

El dengue es la arbovirosis más importante del mundo y causa un amplio espectro clínico. Presentamos el primer caso de dengue causado por el serotipo 4 (DENV-4) en Perú con compromiso gastrointestinal (colecistitis aguda alitiásica y hepatitis aguda moderada). Se presenta una revisión de la literatura médica sobre este tipo de presentación, enfatizando la importancia y características del dolor abdominal (hipocondrio derecho), el signo de Murphy, los hallazgos ultrasonográficos y la medición de las enzimas hepáticas para establecer el diagnóstico y manejo adecuado.

Cytomegalovirus infection of the major duodenal papilla in a renal allograft recipient with severe biliary obstruction and acalculous cholecystitis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause severe infections with serious consequences in renal transplant recipients. Disseminated CMV infections can affect almost every organ, but obstructive cholestasis and cholangitis, as a consequence of a CMV-induced papillitis, is extremely rare. We are reporting a rare case of obstructive cholestasis and cholecystitis due to CMV-related inflammation of the major duodenal papilla in a 60-year-old woman 3 months after renal transplantation. In addition, the patient suffered from a disseminated CMV infection with ulcerative esophagitis and gastritis. Because of the severe CMV infection, failure of the renal graft occurred. Obstructive cholestasis was resolved through internal stenting, and the progressive cholecystitis necessitated an emergency cholecystectomy. Following antiviral therapy with ganciclovir, the gastrointestinal ulcerations regressed and renal function was restored. Diagnosis of the CMV-related disease was established only in tissue samples, whereas standard serologic tests had failed.

Clinical spectrum of dengue fever in a tertiary care centre with particular reference to atypical presentation in the 2012 outbreak in Kolkata.

During the summer of 2012, dengue fever epidemic has emerged in Kolkata and spread throughout West Bengal. During the epidemic period, wide spectrum of atypical presentations of dengue fever has been observed. Here, in this study, the spectrum of dengue fever was analysed in 300 patients who were found to have dengue serology positive (NS1, IgM, IgG). The study was done in the department of medicine, RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata. The patients were classified according to age, gender, duration of symptoms on admission, associated comorbidities and coinfections, complications that developed after admission, the final outcome and duration till death after symptoms developed. The dengue fever cases started to appear from April but it attained its peak during August-September this year. All ages were affected but the brunt was borne maximally by those between 15 and 40 years. Females were more affected than males. It may be concluded from the study that 30% had no complications while 70% cases developed complications, 4% cases had underlying comorbidities and coinfections, 68% developed thrombocytopenia and other haemorrhagic features, 55% serositis, 25% acalculous cholecystitis, 20% myocarditis, 15% pancreatitis, 5% had central nervous system involvement, 0.66% rhabdomyolysis and myositis, 0.33% secondary vasculitis and death occurred in 3% cases. More number of patients were having multiple and atypical complications requiring hospitalisation. Mortality was more common in patients with associated comorbidities and coinfection. Awareness, early treatment with aggressive fluid replacement therapy with close monitoring, supportive management andpatient education showed promising results.