Sea water acclimation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) modulates the mucosal transcript immune response induced by Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine, and prevents further transcription of stress-immune genes in response to acute stress.

Mucosal tissues appear to be more important in fish than in mammals due to living in a microbial-rich aquatic milieu, yet the complex interaction between the immune and the neuroendocrine system in these tissues remains elusive. The aim of this work was to investigate the mucosal immune response in immunized rainbow trout vaccinated with Alpha ject vaccine (bivalent), kept in fresh water (FW) or transferred to seawater (SW), and to evaluate their response to acute stress (chasing). Acute stress resulted in higher levels of plasma cortisol (Sham + Stress and Vaccine + Stress). A similar response was observed in skin mucus, but it was lower in Vaccine + Stress compared with stressed fish. With a few exceptions, minimal alterations were detected in the transcriptomic profile of stress-immune gene in the skin of vaccinated and stressed fish in both FW and SW. In the gills, the stress elicited activation of key stress-immune components (gr1, mr, ß-ar, hsp70, c3, lysozyme, α-enolase, nadph oxidase, il1ß, il6, tnfα, il10 and tgfß1) in FW, but fewer immune changes were induced by the vaccine (nadph oxidase, il6, tnfα, il10 and igt) in both SW and FW. In the intestine, an array of immune genes was activated by the vaccine particularly those related with B cells (igm, igt) and T cells (cd8α) in FW with no stimulation observed in SW. Therefore, our survey on the transcriptomic mucosal response demonstrates that the immune protection conferred by the vaccine to the intestine is modulated in SW. Overall, our results showed: i) plasma and skin mucus cortisol showed no additional stress effect induced by prolonged SW acclimation, ii) the stress and immune response were different among mucosal tissues which indicates a tissue-specific response to specific antigens/stressor. Further, the results suggest that the systemic immune organs may be more implicated in infectious events in SW (as few changes were observed in the mucosal barriers of immunized fish in SW) than in FW.

Reevaluación de los niveles de lípidos en el habitante andino / Evaluation of blood lipid levels in andean people

Se realiza un estudio prospectivo de los niveles de Colesterol, LDL y HDL en 80 pobladores nativos de ambos sexos y diferentes edades en la ciudad de La Oroya, situada a 3750 mts snm. Fueron excluídos aquellos que pudieran significar sesgos al resultado como son pacientes potadores de alteraciones cardíacas, hepáticas,endocrinas y nutricionales. Los resultados fueron comparados con estudios similares realizados en la misma zona con antelación de hasta 20 años , realizándose pruebas estadísticas de confiabilidad. Se concluye que durante el transcurso de estos últimos años, los niveles de colesterol del poblador de altura se han venido incrementando hasta equipararse con los del habitante a nivel de mar; postulandose la teoría del metabolismo intermediario diferente que obligaba al hombre de altura a una mayor utilización de los lípidos para generar energía y hacía que sus niveles de colesterol séricos sean menores, pierde consistencia, pues la variación en los hábitos alimentarios cada vez más parecidos a los de las grandes urbes, habría motivado que los niveles séricos de colesterol se eleven. Se invita a realizar estudios similares en otras poblaciones con iguales características.