A highly efficient and portable laser-scribed graphene-based electrochemical system for forensic-oriented determination of acepromazine.

Acepromazine (ACP) is a phenothiazine derivative drug commonly used as a tranquilizer veterinary medication due to its sedative properties. Benefiting from sedative properties, ACP has emerged as a drug of abuse and has been associated with drug-facilitated sexual assaults. Herein, we report, for the first time, the electrochemical behavior of ACP using a miniaturized and environmentally friendly laser-scribed graphene-based (LSG) sensor fabricated on a polyetherimide (PEI) substrate. The LSG device presented high porosity, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of the PEI-LSG electrode confirmed the enhanced electroactive area (3.1-fold increase) caused by the rough surface and revealed a low charge transfer resistance of the electrode material, with a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) of 8.66 × 10-3 cm s-1 for potassium ferricyanide redox probe. A simple and accurate method was applied to quantify ACP by using square wave voltammetry (SWV) under optimized experimental conditions, which exhibited high sensitivity (0.686 ± 0.008 A L mol-1 cm-2) and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 7.43 × 10-8 mol L-1, with a linear concentration ranging from 0.5 to 100 µmol L-1 ACP. Aiming for on-site analysis, the PEI-LSG sensor was integrated with a miniaturized potentiostat controlled by using a smartphone and applied as proof of applicability to ACP detection in commercial beverage and synthetic urine samples. These studies demonstrated adequate recoveries, ranging from 95.1% to 115.8%. The analytical parameters highlight the robustness and reliability of the proposed method for analyses of ACP directly at a potential crime scene.

Acupuncture in the Anesthetic Recovery of Bitches Submitted to Ovariohysterectomy.

Background: Cardiorespiratory depression caused by anesthesia decreases the quality and increases the time of postoperative recovery. The acupoint Governor Vessel 26 (GV26) is a resuscitation point that can reverse this depression and can be safely used without side effects. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the stimulation and anesthetic recovery time of GV26 in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy (OH) under dissociative anesthesia. Methods: As pre-anesthetic protocol, acepromazine 0.2% (0.1 mg/kg) and tramadol hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) was used, and induction was performed using midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). For the control group, standard procedure was performed for OH, with anesthetic recovery and post-surgical procedures. For the acupuncture group (AP), the stimulation of acupoint GV26 was performed 20 minutes after the anesthetic induction and maintained for 5 minutes. Respiratory rate, amplitude (superficial, normal or deep), type of respiratory movement (abdominal, abdominocostal or thoracoabdominal), heart rate, capillary filling time, temperature, presence or absence of laryngotracheal reflex, presence or absence of interdigital reflexes were assessed immediately before PAM application, and 2 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 15 (T4), 20 (T5), 25 (T6) and 30 (T7) minutes after treatment. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: When comparing the AP group with the control group, an improvement in amplitude of the chest cage was observed at all times, where the animals remained in normal or deep respiratory amplitude. The heart rate was significantly higher for the AP group (155.5 ± 34.4 bpm) than the control group at T1 (105.1 ± 15.4 bpm), while recovery time was lower for the AP group (54.1 ± 14.9 min) when compared to control group (79.9 ± 17.9 min). Conclusion: The present paper demonstrated the efficacy of GV26 in maintaining adequate respiratory amplitude and decreasing the anesthetic recovery time.

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of various combinations of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, and glycopyrrolate, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult female Beagles. PROCEDURES: Dogs were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements while anesthetized with isoflurane. Two hours after recovery, dogs received 1 of 4 IM combinations in a crossover design with 1 week between treatments: hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.005 mg/kg; HA); hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine (0.0025 mg/kg; HD); hydromorphone, acepromazine, and dexmedetomidine (HAD); and hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg/kg; HADG). Sedation was scored after 30 minutes. Physiologic variables and cardiac index were measured after sedation, after anesthetic induction with propofol, and every 15 minutes during maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane for 60 minutes (target expired concentration at 760 mm Hg, 1.3%). RESULTS: Sedation scores were not significantly different among treatments. Mean ± SD cardiac index was significantly higher for the HA (202 ± 45 mL/min/kg) and HADG (185 ± 59 mL/min/kg) treatments than for the HD (88 ± 31 mL/min/kg) and HAD (103 ± 25 mL/min/kg) treatments after sedation and through the first 15 minutes of isoflurane anesthesia. No ventricular arrhythmias were noted with any treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In healthy dogs, IM administration of HADG before propofol and isoflurane anesthesia provided acceptable cardiopulmonary function with no adverse effects. This combination should be considered for routine anesthetic premedication in healthy dogs.

Oxygen supply as a refining technique for injectable anesthesia in laboratory rats

Well-controlled anesthesia is critical to reducing potential surgical complications and ensuring safe and successful procedures. Respiratory depression, inducing hypoxia, and hypercapnia are adverse effects of injectable anesthesia in laboratory rats. This study aimed to determine the effect of oxygen supply in laboratory rats anesthetized with the combination of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) plus acepromazine (A) or methadone (Me). The results showed that oxygenation allowed adequate levels of SO2 and paO2, avoiding hypoxemia. However, all anesthetized rats showed respiratory acidosis with low pH and high paCO2 levels, which was not reversed after oxygen administration. The acidosis could be related to hypoventilation due to respiratory depression induced by the XKMe association, as well as absorption atelectasis with the CO2 accumulation during anesthesia. Despite respiratory acidosis, oxygen administration was beneficial for anesthetized rats preventing hypoxemia. This makes it possible to prevent all the metabolic alterations that cause cell death by hypoxia, improving the well-being of anesthetized rats, as well as the quality of the results obtained.

Establishing an anesthetic protocol for refinement of intracerebral inoculation procedure

Mouse inoculation test (MIT) is a technique widely used for rabies diagnosis and must be liable to refinement due to animal welfare. The present study aims to compare five different anesthetic associations to stablish a protocol to improve the MIT procedure suitable for animal welfare and safe for a routine of viral isolation in newly weaned mice (3 weeks of age). 80 Swiss-Webster mice (Mus musculus) - 40 females and 40 males, 3-week-old, weight ranging from 11 to 14 grams ­ were used to conduct all procedures. Five anesthetic associations were tested: KX (Ketamine 100 mg/kg and Xylazine 10 mg/kg), KXA (Ketamine 80 mg/kg, Xylazine 5 mg/kg, and Acepromazine 1 mg/kg), KXT (Ketamine 80 mg/kg, Xylazine 5 mg/kg, and Tramadol 5 mg/kg), KXAT (Ketamine 100 mg/kg, Xylazine 10 mg/kg, Acepromazine 2 mg/kg and Tramadol 5 mg/kg) and ATI (Acepromazine 1 mg/kg + Tramadol 5 mg/kg + Isoflurane 5% - 0.5 L/min for induction and 2.5% - 0.5L/min for maintenance). Injectable anesthesia was administered intraperitoneally. We monitored the respiratory rate and body temperature. Response to anesthesia was evaluated according to the induction, surgical anesthesia, and recovery periods. The KXAT and ATI protocols induced surgical anesthesia, with the ATI protocol being the most appropriate and safe to perform the MIT procedure with 100% efficiency, absence of mortality, and rapid recovery of respiratory rate and temperature in the period after the procedure.

Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane and pre-medicated with isolated acepromazine or in combination with tramadol / [Pressão intraocular e diâmetro pupilar em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com tramadol]

The objective of this study was to determine changes on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane, and premedicated with acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol. Thirty cats were allocated in two groups (n=15/each) and were treated with acepromazine (AG) or acepromazine/tramadol (ATG). PD and IOP were assessed before and following 30 (PM1), and 40 minutes (PM2) of treatments. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, and IOP and DP were recorded (A10) at 10 minute intervals until the end of anesthesia (A40). IOP decreased in AG and ATG, when comparing baseline with PM1. IOP decreased only in AG, in comparisons between baseline and PM2. During anesthesia, IOP did not change within and between groups. Comparisons between baseline with those recorded at PM1 and 2 showed that PD increased in the ATG. During anesthesia, PD decreased significantly in AG and ATG. Both protocols maintained the IOP within the reference range to perform corneal or intraocular surgery in healthy cats but did not sustain pre-anesthetic pupil dilation observed in ATG.(AU)

O objetivo do presente artigo é determinar possíveis alterações na pressão intraocular (PIO) e no diâmetro pupilar (DP) em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com acepromazina/tramadol. Trinta gatos saudáveis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=15/cada) e tratados com acepromazina (GA) ou acepromazina/tramadol (GAT). DP e PIO foram avaliadas antes (basal) e após 30 (PM1) e 40 minutos (PM2) dos tratamentos. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol, e a PIO e o DP foram registrados (A10) a cada 10 minutos até o final da anestesia com isoflurano (A40). Ao se compararem os valores obtidos no basal com PM1, a PIO diminuiu em GA e GAT; com PM2, a PIO reduziu apenas no GA. Durante a anestesia, a PIO não diferiu dentro e entre os grupos. Comparações entre os valores basais e os registrados em PM1 e em PM2 mostraram que a DP aumentou significativamente no GAT. Durante a anestesia, o DP diminuiu significativamente em GA e GAT. Ambos os protocolos mantêm a PIO dentro dos valores de referência para realizar cirurgias corneanas ou intraoculares em gatos saudáveis, mas não sustentam a dilatação pupilar pré-anestésica observada em GAT.(AU)

Protocolos para contenção química e eletroejaculação para coleta de sêmen de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) / Chemical restraining and electroejaculation protocols for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Background: In order to reverse the White-lipped peccary decline, besides protecting its habitat and controlling hunting,it is necessary a captive breeding program. There are reports, however, on the low fertility of white-lipped peccary, makingit difficult its reproduction in captivity, making artificial insemination one of the main tools to prevent the loss of geneticdiversity of species kept in captivity. Information on safe methods of anesthesia and the collection of semen should beinvestigated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of the anesthetic protocols acepromazine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine, as well as electroejaculation protocols, for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult male white-lipped peccaries were submitted both to the xylazine/ketamineand acepromazine/ketamine anesthetic protocols. The anesthetic induction time and duration, the degree of muscle relaxation, the time for anesthetic recovery and the quality of the animals recovery were evaluated. Additionally, the qualityof the sedation was evaluated based on the animals behavior. We also evaluated the effect of drugs on erectile functionsas well as the efficiency of 3 electroejaculation protocols with increasing or fixed voltages (2 to 4 V; 5 to 12 V; 12 V). Theacepromazine/ketamine combination promotes shorter induction time, duration and recovery from anesthesia than thexylazine/ketamine association. There were no differences, however, between the tested anesthetic protocols in relation toheart rate, respiratory rate and temperature. Ejaculate was obtained from only 2 animals when using the xylazine/ketamineprotocol and adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage. In turn, ejaculate was obtained from4 animals submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, 3 of them with the adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V...(AU)

Hemodynamic effects of incremental doses of acepromazine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of incremental doses of acepromazine on hemodynamics in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, experimental study. ANIMALS: Healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs (two male and four female) weighing 16.8 ± 5.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS: Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (7 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV) and isoflurane. Thermodilution and arterial catheters were placed for hemodynamic monitoring and arterial blood sampling for blood gas analysis. Baseline measurements were performed with stable expired concentration of isoflurane (Fe'Iso) at 1.8%. Each dog was then administered four incremental acepromazine injections (10, 15, 25 and 50 µg kg-1) IV, and measurements were repeated 20 minutes after each acepromazine injection with Fe'Iso decreased to 1.2%. The four acepromazine injections resulted in cumulative doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg kg-1 (time points ACP10, ACP25, ACP50 and ACP100, respectively). RESULTS: Compared with baseline, cardiac index (CI) increased significantly by 34%, whereas systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) decreased by 25% at ACP50 and ACP100. Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) was significantly lower than baseline after all acepromazine injections (maximum decreases of 11%) and was lower at ACP50 and ACP100 than at ACP10. No significant change was found in heart rate, stroke index, oxygen delivery index and systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures. Hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 60 mmHg) was observed in one dog at baseline, ACP10, ACP25 and ACP100, and in two dogs at ACP50. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with isoflurane alone, anesthesia with acepromazine-isoflurane resulted in increased CI and decreased SVRI and CaO2 values. These effects were dose-related, being more pronounced at ACP50 and ACP100. Under the conditions of this study, acepromazine administration did not change blood pressure.

Sedative effects of acepromazine in combination with nalbuphine or butorphanol, intramuscularly or intravenously, in healthy cats: a randomized, blinded clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effects in cats administered acepromazine-nalbuphine and acepromazine-butorphanol, intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV), and the occurrence of adverse cardiorespiratory effects. METHODS: Forty-six cats were randomly divided into four groups and administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) combined with nalbuphine (0.5 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), IV (ACP-NALIV and ACP-BUTIV groups, respectively) or IM (ACP-NALIM and ACP-BUTIM groups, respectively). Sedation scores, ease of intravenous catheter placement (simple descriptive scale [SDS] scores), physiologic variables, venous blood gases and the propofol dose required for anesthetic induction were recorded. RESULTS: Mild sedation was observed in all groups approximately 30 mins after treatment administration (timepoint T1, prior to propofol administration). Sedation scores at T1 increased above baseline in all groups (P <0.05), but no significant difference was observed among groups. Dynamic interactive visual analogue scale sedation scores (range 0-100 mm) recorded at T1 were (median [interquartile range]): ACP-NALIM, 12 (10-12); ACP-NALIV, 11 (6-16); ACP-BUTIM, 11 (7-14); and ACP-BUTIV, 12 (7-19). Overall, SDS scores did not change from baseline at T1 and there was no significant difference among groups. The propofol dose did not differ among groups. Blood gases remained within the reference intervals for cats. Significant decreases from baseline were detected for all groups in systolic arterial pressure (SAP). Mean ± SD values at T1 were (mmHg): ACP-NALIM, 108 ± 13; ACP-NALIV, 102 ± 10; ACP-BUTIM, 97 ± 13; and ACP-BUTIV, 98 ± 21. Arterial hypotension (SAP <90 mmHg) was recorded at T1 in 0/11, 1/13, 4/11 and 5/11 cats in groups ACP-NALIM, ACP-NALIV, ACP-BUTIM and ACP-BUTIV, respectively, and was further exacerbated after the induction of anesthesia with propofol. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In healthy cats administered acepromazine-nalbuphine and acepromazine-butorphanol, IM and IV, the degree of sedation was mild regardless of the protocol and the route of administration. The main adverse effect observed was a reduction in arterial blood pressure.

Bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen guiado por ultrassom em felino submetido a mastectomia regional / Blocking of the abdomen transverse plan guided by ultrasound in feline submitted to regional mastectomy

Os bloqueios locorregionais vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados na medicina veterinária. O bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen (TAP Block) é uma técnica de anestesia locorregional, faz parte da estratégia de analgesia multimodal, capaz de promover anestesia e analgesia em regiões de pele, musculatura e peritônio parietal. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o bloqueio do plano transverso em um felino macho de dois anos de idade submetido a mastectomia regional. Foram feitos dois pontos de bloqueio do espaço TAP guiado por ultrassom, em cada lado do abdômen: um na parte caudal da região abdominal média, cranial a crista ilíaca, e o outro ponto, caudal a última costela, com 0,5mg/kg de bupivacaína a 0,25% em cada ponto, padronizando um volume injetado de 0,6mL. Foi utilizado acepromazina (0,05mg/kg), petidina (3mg/kg), cetamina (2mg/kg) e midazolam (0,3mg/kg) como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com propofol (3mg/kg) e manutenção por anestesia inalatória com isoflurano. Conclui-se que o TAP block foi eficaz para mastectomia regional abdominal, com alto índice de segurança e de fácil execução com treinamento adequado, mesmo com transdutores de baixa frequência.

Locoregional blocks have been increasingly used in veterinary medicine. Blocking the transverse plane of the abdomen (TAP Block) is a technique of locoregional anesthesia, it is part of the multimodal analgesia strategy, capable of promoting anesthesia and analgesia in regions of skin, musculature and parietal peritoneum. The aim of this study is to report the transverse plane block in a two-year-old male cat undergoing regional mastectomy. Two ultrasound-guided TAP space block points were made on each side of the abdomen: one in the caudal part of the middle abodminal region, cranial to the iliac crest, and the other point, caudal to the last rib, with 0.5mg/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine at each point, standardizing an injected volume of 0.6mL. Acepromazine (0.05mg/kg), pethidine (3mg/kg), ketamine (2mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication, induction with propofol (3mg/kg) and maintenance by inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane. It is concluded that the TAP block was effective for regional abdominal mastectomy, with a high safety index and easy to perform with adequate training, even with less frequent transducers.

Protocolos para contenção química e eletroejaculação para coleta de sêmen de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) / Chemical restraining and electroejaculation protocols for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Background: In order to reverse the White-lipped peccary decline, besides protecting its habitat and controlling hunting,it is necessary a captive breeding program. There are reports, however, on the low fertility of white-lipped peccary, makingit difficult its reproduction in captivity, making artificial insemination one of the main tools to prevent the loss of geneticdiversity of species kept in captivity. Information on safe methods of anesthesia and the collection of semen should beinvestigated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of the anesthetic protocols acepromazine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine, as well as electroejaculation protocols, for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult male white-lipped peccaries were submitted both to the xylazine/ketamineand acepromazine/ketamine anesthetic protocols. The anesthetic induction time and duration, the degree of muscle relaxation, the time for anesthetic recovery and the quality of the animals’ recovery were evaluated. Additionally, the qualityof the sedation was evaluated based on the animal’s behavior. We also evaluated the effect of drugs on erectile functionsas well as the efficiency of 3 electroejaculation protocols with increasing or fixed voltages (2 to 4 V; 5 to 12 V; 12 V). Theacepromazine/ketamine combination promotes shorter induction time, duration and recovery from anesthesia than thexylazine/ketamine association. There were no differences, however, between the tested anesthetic protocols in relation toheart rate, respiratory rate and temperature. Ejaculate was obtained from only 2 animals when using the xylazine/ketamineprotocol and adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage. In turn, ejaculate was obtained from4 animals submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, 3 of them with the adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V...

Dispersão da lidocaína administrada por via epidural em cães posicionados em decúbito lateral ou esternal / [Dispersion of lidocaine epidurally administered to dogs positioned on lateral or external decubitus]

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar clinicamente a dispersão da lidocaína no espaço epidural de cães posicionados em diferentes decúbitos. Foram utilizados 16 cães, com peso médio de 17,5 quilogramas. Esses foram tranquilizados com acepromazina, anestesiados com propofol e alocados em dois grupos, conforme o decúbito de posicionamento: decúbito esternal (GE) e decúbito lateral direito (GLD). Ambos os grupos receberam lidocaína a 2%, no volume de 0,25mL/kg, e permaneceram no mesmo decúbito por 20 minutos. Em seguida, avaliou-se o bloqueio dos membros pélvicos e a extensão do bloqueio, a partir da sétima vértebra lombar, por meio de pinçamento interdigital e do panículo paravertebral. Foi, então, realizada cirurgia de orquiectomia. Após tal procedimento, avaliou-se o tempo total de bloqueio dos membros pélvicos. Todos os cães apresentaram bloqueio bilateral, sem diferenças quanto à extensão cranial entre os grupos, sendo a mediana de 7,5 (1-14) vértebras para GE e de 4 (1-14) para GLD. O tempo de bloqueio dos membros direito e esquerdo foi de 123 ± 26 e 130 ± 20 minutos, para GE, e de 120 ± 21 e 121 ± 20 minutos, para GLD, sem diferenças entre os grupos ou entre os membros. Conclui-se que o decúbito não interfere na distribuição da lidocaína administrada por via epidural.(AU)

The aim of this study was to clinically verify the dispersion of lidocaine in the epidural space of dogs placed in different positions. Sixteen dogs with an average weight of 17.5 kilograms were used. These were tranquilized with acepromazine, anesthetized with propofol and allocated to two groups: sternal decubitus (GE) and right lateral decubitus (GLD). Both groups received 2% of lidocaine in the volume of 0.25mL/kg and remained in the same position for 20 minutes. The blocking of the pelvic limbs and the extension of it from the seventh lumbar vertebra were evaluated by means of interdigital and paravertebral panniculus clamping. Orchiectomy surgery was then performed. Afterwards, the total blocking time of the pelvic limbs was evaluated. All dogs presented bilateral blocking, with no differences in cranial extension between groups, with a median of 7.5 (1-14) vertebrae for GE and 4 (1-14) for GLD. The blocking time of the right and left limbs were 123 ± 26 and 130 ± 20 minutes for GE, and 120 ± 21 and 121 ± 20 minutes for GLD with no difference between groups or between limbs. It is concluded that the decubitus does not interfere with the epidural lidocaine distribution.(AU)

Tratamento de tétano em égua gestante / Tetanus treatmentin pregnant mare / Tratamiento contra el tétanos em yegua preñada

O tétano é uma doença infecciosa não contagiosa, desencadeada pela ação de neurotoxinas produzidas pela bactéria Clostridium tetani. Dentre as espécies mais suscetíveis e de maior ocorrência em estudos epidemiológicos, destacam-se os equinos. Neste estudo de caso, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário do IFPB campus Sousa, uma fêmea equina, SRD, 8 anos de idade, no 6º mês de gestação. O animal apresentava taquipneia, taquicardia, espasticidade dos membros, protrusão da terceira pálpebra, hiperestesia, cauda em bandeira, rigidez da musculatura do abdome e discreta rigidez da musculatura cervical. Com a intervenção medicamentosa baseada no uso de soro antitetânico, antibioticoterapia com benzilpenicilina benzatina, acepromazina e fluidoterapia à base de solução de ringer com lactato, associado ao repouso em ambiente silencioso e termicamente agradável, obteve-se resultados satisfatórios nos primeiros dias do inicio do tratamento e recuperação total após o 15º dia. Além disso, ao 15°dia pós-internamento e antecedendo a alta do animal foi realizada a avaliação ultrassonográfica transretal, confirmando a viabilidade fetal.(AU)

Tetanus is a non-contagious infectious disease triggered by neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Horses are among the most susceptible species and also are frequent targets in epidemiological studies. In this case study, a mare, crossbred, 8 years old, in the sixth month of gestation, was assisted at the Veterinary Hospital at IFPB Sousa campus. The animal was presenting some clinical signs, such as tachypnea, tachycardia, limb spasticity, protrusion of the third eyelid, hyperesthesia, elevated tail, stiffness of the abdomen muscles and slight stiffness of the cervical muscles. Medicines treatment was based on the use of tetanus antitoxin, benzathine penicillin antibiotic therapy, acepromazine and lactate ringer's solution therapy, combined with a calm and thermally pleasant environment. Satisfactory results were obtained from the first days of treatment and full recovery of the animal after the 15th day of hospitalization. In addition, on the 15thday after admission at the hospital and before discharge, a transrectal ultrasound evaluation was performed, confirming fetal viability.(AU)

El tétano es uma enfermedad infecciosa desencadenada por la acción de las neurotoxinas producidas por la bacteria Clostridium tetani. Entre las especies más susceptibles y más frecuentes en estudios epidemiológicos, destacan los caballos. En este estudio de caso, fue vista en el Hospital Veterinario Campus Sousa de IFPB, una yegua preñada, SRD, de 8 años de edad, en el sexto mes degestación. El animal presentaba taquipnea, taquicardia, espasticidad, posición del caballete, protrusión del tercer párpado, hiperestesia, colade bandera, rigidez de los músculos del abdomen y leve rigidez de los músculos cervicales. Con la intervención farmacológica basada en el uso del suero antitetánico, la terapia con antibióticos benzatínicos y bencilpenicilinas, la acepromacina y la fluidoterapia basada en la solución de Ringer lactato, asociada con un descanso tranquilo y placentero térmicamente, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios en los primeros días de inicio del tratamiento. y recuperación completa después del día 15. Además, el día 15 después del ingreso y antes del alta del animal, se realizó una evaluación ecográfica transrectal, confirmando la viabilidad fetal.(AU)

Hemodynamic, respiratory and sedative effects of progressively increasing doses of acepromazine in conscious dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of progressively increasing doses of acepromazine on cardiopulmonary variables and sedation in conscious dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, experimental study. ANIMALS: A group of six healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs weighing 16.5 ± 5.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS: Dogs were instrumented with thermodilution and arterial catheters for evaluation of hemodynamics and arterial blood gases. On a single occasion, acepromazine was administered intravenously to each dog at 10, 15, 25 and 50 µg kg-1 at 20 minute intervals, resulting in cumulative acepromazine doses of 10 µg kg-1 (ACP10), 25 µg kg-1 (ACP25), 50 µg kg-1 (ACP50) and 100 µg kg-1 (ACP100). Hemodynamic data and sedation scores were recorded before (baseline) and 20 minutes after each acepromazine dose. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, all acepromazine doses significantly decreased stroke index (SI), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and arterial oxygen content (CaO2) with maximum decreases of 16%, 17% and 21%, respectively. Cardiac index (CI) decreased by up to 19% but not significantly. Decreases of 26-38% were recorded for oxygen delivery index (DO2I), with significant differences for ACP50 and ACP100. Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and heart rate did not change significantly. No significant difference was found among acepromazine doses for hemodynamic data. After ACP10, mild sedation was observed in five/six dogs and moderate sedation in one/six dogs, whereas after ACP25, ACP50 and ACP100, moderate sedation was observed in five/six or six/six dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In conscious dogs, acepromazine decreased MAP, SI, CaO2 and DO2I, but no significant dose effect was detected. SVRI was not significantly changed, suggesting that the reduction in MAP resulted from decreased CI. The ACP25, ACP50 and ACP100 doses resulted in moderate sedation in most dogs; ACP10 resulted in only mild sedation.

Tratamento de tétano em égua gestante / Tetanus treatmentin pregnant mare / Tratamiento contra el tétanos em yegua preñada

O tétano é uma doença infecciosa não contagiosa, desencadeada pela ação de neurotoxinas produzidas pela bactéria Clostridium tetani. Dentre as espécies mais suscetíveis e de maior ocorrência em estudos epidemiológicos, destacam-se os equinos. Neste estudo de caso, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário do IFPB campus Sousa, uma fêmea equina, SRD, 8 anos de idade, no 6º mês de gestação. O animal apresentava taquipneia, taquicardia, espasticidade dos membros, protrusão da terceira pálpebra, hiperestesia, cauda em bandeira, rigidez da musculatura do abdome e discreta rigidez da musculatura cervical. Com a intervenção medicamentosa baseada no uso de soro antitetânico, antibioticoterapia com benzilpenicilina benzatina, acepromazina e fluidoterapia à base de solução de ringer com lactato, associado ao repouso em ambiente silencioso e termicamente agradável, obteve-se resultados satisfatórios nos primeiros dias do inicio do tratamento e recuperação total após o 15º dia. Além disso, ao 15°dia pós-internamento e antecedendo a alta do animal foi realizada a avaliação ultrassonográfica transretal, confirmando a viabilidade fetal.

Tetanus is a non-contagious infectious disease triggered by neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Horses are among the most susceptible species and also are frequent targets in epidemiological studies. In this case study, a mare, crossbred, 8 years old, in the sixth month of gestation, was assisted at the Veterinary Hospital at IFPB Sousa campus. The animal was presenting some clinical signs, such as tachypnea, tachycardia, limb spasticity, protrusion of the third eyelid, hyperesthesia, elevated tail, stiffness of the abdomen muscles and slight stiffness of the cervical muscles. Medicines treatment was based on the use of tetanus antitoxin, benzathine penicillin antibiotic therapy, acepromazine and lactate ringer's solution therapy, combined with a calm and thermally pleasant environment. Satisfactory results were obtained from the first days of treatment and full recovery of the animal after the 15th day of hospitalization. In addition, on the 15thday after admission at the hospital and before discharge, a transrectal ultrasound evaluation was performed, confirming fetal viability.

El tétano es uma enfermedad infecciosa desencadenada por la acción de las neurotoxinas producidas por la bacteria Clostridium tetani. Entre las especies más susceptibles y más frecuentes en estudios epidemiológicos, destacan los caballos. En este estudio de caso, fue vista en el Hospital Veterinario Campus Sousa de IFPB, una yegua preñada, SRD, de 8 años de edad, en el sexto mes degestación. El animal presentaba taquipnea, taquicardia, espasticidad, posición del caballete, protrusión del tercer párpado, hiperestesia, colade bandera, rigidez de los músculos del abdomen y leve rigidez de los músculos cervicales. Con la intervención farmacológica basada en el uso del suero antitetánico, la terapia con antibióticos benzatínicos y bencilpenicilinas, la acepromacina y la fluidoterapia basada en la solución de Ringer lactato, asociada con un descanso tranquilo y placentero térmicamente, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios en los primeros días de inicio del tratamiento. y recuperación completa después del día 15. Además, el día 15 después del ingreso y antes del alta del animal, se realizó una evaluación ecográfica transrectal, confirmando la viabilidad fetal.

Combination of ketamine and xylazine with opioids and acepromazine in rats: Physiological changes and their analgesic effect analysed by ultrasonic vocalization.

In this study, the effect of four anaesthetic protocols that included the combination of xylazine (X) and ketamine (K) with acepromazine (A) and opioids (methadone (Me), morphine (Mo) or tramadol (T)) was evaluated in laboratory rats of both sexes. Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) was used as an indicator of pain during the recovery period. The objective was to evaluate the physiological parameters and the analgesic effect of each protocol to determine which protocol was the safest and fulfil the requirements of a balanced anaesthesia. The better protocols were the XKA protocol for both sexes and the XKMe protocol for females because the combinations achieve surgical plane of anaesthesia in rats. However, pain assessment during the formalin test revealed that rats anaesthetized with XKA produced more numbers of USV, suggesting that it is not a good protocol for the control of immediate postoperative pain. All protocols produced depression in body temperature and respiratory and heart rates, and had important effects, such as micturition and maintenance of open eyes. Only rats anaesthetized with XKA protocol did not present piloerection. These results demonstrated that good monitoring and care during anaesthesia must be included to prevent complications that compromise the life of the animal and to ensure a good recovery. The inclusion of analgesia in anaesthesia protocols must be used routinely, ensuring minimal presence of pain and thus more reliable results in the experimental procedures.

A comparative study of the cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of a single intramuscular dose of ketamine anesthetic combinations in rabbits.

The aim of this prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study was compare the cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of ketamine in combination with acepromazine, diazepam, dexmedetomidine, midazolam or xylazine, injected intramuscularly in rabbits, using eight one-year-old male New Zealand rabbits (4.1 ± 0.40 kg). All treatments included ketamine (K; 30 mg/kg) in combination with one of the following: acepromazine 0.5 mg/kg (treatment KA); diazepam 1 mg/kg (KD); dexmedetomidine 0.025 mg/kg (KDex); midazolam 1 mg/kg (KM); or xylazine 3 mg/kg (KX) mixed in the same syringe and injected intramuscularly. Cardiopulmonary variables, blood gases and sedative scores were measured before injection (T0 or baseline) and every 10 min thereafter, over a 60-min period. There were reductions in heart rate, compared with the baseline, at all evaluation times in treatment KX. Treatments KDex, KM and KX presented reductions in respiratory rate at all evaluation times, in comparison with the baseline. There were reductions in mean arterial pressure in KA and KX at times T10-T60 and in PaO2 in KDex, KM and KX at T10-T50. The sedation scores were similar in KA, KDex, KM and KX at T10-T20. Ketamine in combination with acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, midazolam or xylazine promoted similar sedative effects for twenty minutes, but the α2-agonists can promote hypoxemia.

Evaluation of the effects of acepromazine and xylazine on viability in an equine dermal cell line / Avaliação dos efeitos de acepromazina e xilazina na viabilidadedelinhagem celular dérmica de equino

Xylazine and acepromazine are drugs used exclusively in veterinary medicine. Xylazine is used as a sedative, analgesic, and tranquilizer while acepromazine is used as a sedative, pre-anesthetic, and anesthetic adjuvant. In vitro drug toxicity experimentation is essential to predict possible damage associated with treatment. This study was carried out to evaluate and compare the in vitro effects of acepromazine and xylazine on cell viability. Equine Dermis cells lines were used to examine different drug concentrations (0.02 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL, 0.005 mg/mL and 0.0025 mg/mL). An MTT assay was carried out to reveal cell viability. Both tested drugs reduced the viability of ED cells at 0.02 and 0.01 mg/mL. At 0.005 mg/mL, only acepromazine presented an effect. These results corroborate previous studies with xylazine. On the other hand, this is the first report about acepromazine and cell viability. Previous studies suggest that the mechanisms involved in reducing cell viability are apoptosis for xylazine and the activation of the autophagic pathway for acepromazine. Both mechanisms have been seen in other drugs of the same classes. These findings reveal that both acepromazine and xylazine cause concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro. Future experiments could further elucidate the mechanisms by which this effect happens and thus circumvent the risk of potential tissue damag(AU)

Xilazina e acepromazina sãofármacos usados exclusivamente em medicina veterinária. A xilazina é usada como sedativo, analgésico e tranquilizante, enquanto a acepromazina é usada como sedativo, pré-anestésico e adjuvante anestésico. A experimentação de toxicidade de fármacos in vitroé essencial para prever possíveis danos associados ao tratamento. Nesse sentido, este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar in vitroos efeitos da acepromazina e da xilazina na viabilidade celular. Células da linhagem Equine Dermis (ED) foram usadas para examinar diferentes concentrações de fármacos (0,02 mg/mL, 0,01 mg/mL, 0,005 mg/mL e 0,0025 mg/mL). O ensaio de MTT foi realizado para revelar a viabilidade celular. Ambos os fármacos testados reduziram a viabilidade das células ED em 0,02 e 0,01 mg/mL. A 0,005 mg/mL, apenas acepromazina apresentou efeito. Esses resultados corroboram estudos anteriores com xilazina. Por outro lado, este é o primeiro estudo sobre acepromazina e viabilidade celular. Estudos anteriores sugerem que os mecanismos envolvidos na redução da viabilidade celular são a apoptose para a xilazina, e a ativação da via autofágica para a acepromazina, ambos mecanismos observados em medicamentos dasmesmasclasses. Esses achados revelam que tanto a acepromazina quanto a xilazina causamcitotoxicidade in vitrodependente da concentração. Expeimentosfuturos podem elucidar ainda mais os mecanismos pelos quais esse efeito acontece e, assim, contornar o risco de possíveis danos aos tecidos.(AU)

Evaluation of the effects of acepromazine and xylazine on viability in an equine dermal cell line / Avaliação dos efeitos de acepromazina e xilazina na viabilidadedelinhagem celular dérmica de equino

Xylazine and acepromazine are drugs used exclusively in veterinary medicine. Xylazine is used as a sedative, analgesic, and tranquilizer while acepromazine is used as a sedative, pre-anesthetic, and anesthetic adjuvant. In vitro drug toxicity experimentation is essential to predict possible damage associated with treatment. This study was carried out to evaluate and compare the in vitro effects of acepromazine and xylazine on cell viability. Equine Dermis cells lines were used to examine different drug concentrations (0.02 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL, 0.005 mg/mL and 0.0025 mg/mL). An MTT assay was carried out to reveal cell viability. Both tested drugs reduced the viability of ED cells at 0.02 and 0.01 mg/mL. At 0.005 mg/mL, only acepromazine presented an effect. These results corroborate previous studies with xylazine. On the other hand, this is the first report about acepromazine and cell viability. Previous studies suggest that the mechanisms involved in reducing cell viability are apoptosis for xylazine and the activation of the autophagic pathway for acepromazine. Both mechanisms have been seen in other drugs of the same classes. These findings reveal that both acepromazine and xylazine cause concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro. Future experiments could further elucidate the mechanisms by which this effect happens and thus circumvent the risk of potential tissue damag

Xilazina e acepromazina sãofármacos usados exclusivamente em medicina veterinária. A xilazina é usada como sedativo, analgésico e tranquilizante, enquanto a acepromazina é usada como sedativo, pré-anestésico e adjuvante anestésico. A experimentação de toxicidade de fármacos in vitroé essencial para prever possíveis danos associados ao tratamento. Nesse sentido, este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar in vitroos efeitos da acepromazina e da xilazina na viabilidade celular. Células da linhagem Equine Dermis (ED) foram usadas para examinar diferentes concentrações de fármacos (0,02 mg/mL, 0,01 mg/mL, 0,005 mg/mL e 0,0025 mg/mL). O ensaio de MTT foi realizado para revelar a viabilidade celular. Ambos os fármacos testados reduziram a viabilidade das células ED em 0,02 e 0,01 mg/mL. A 0,005 mg/mL, apenas acepromazina apresentou efeito. Esses resultados corroboram estudos anteriores com xilazina. Por outro lado, este é o primeiro estudo sobre acepromazina e viabilidade celular. Estudos anteriores sugerem que os mecanismos envolvidos na redução da viabilidade celular são a apoptose para a xilazina, e a ativação da via autofágica para a acepromazina, ambos mecanismos observados em medicamentos dasmesmasclasses. Esses achados revelam que tanto a acepromazina quanto a xilazina causamcitotoxicidade in vitrodependente da concentração. Expeimentosfuturos podem elucidar ainda mais os mecanismos pelos quais esse efeito acontece e, assim, contornar o risco de possíveis danos aos tecidos.

Effects of 3 morphine doses, in combination with acepromazine, on sedation and some physiological parameters in dogs.

This study evaluated the effects of 3 morphine doses combined with acepromazine, on sedation and physiological parameters in 5 clinically healthy dogs. Four treatments were administered intramuscularly in a randomized, blinded, crossover design: acepromazine, 0.05 mg/kg, alone (ACP) and acepromazine plus morphine at doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) (AM0.25, AM0.5, and AM1.0, respectively). Sedation scores and cardiorespiratory variables were evaluated for 120 min after drug administration. The sedation scores were significantly higher with the AM0.25 and AM1.0 treatments than with the ACP treatment. At 30 min the scores were 36% to 66% higher with AM1.0 than with AM0.25 and AM0.5, respectively, but these differences were not significant. The physiological variables remained acceptable for dogs. The results of this study do not support the use of AM0.5 over AM0.25 to improve sedation in dogs, but they do indicate that sedation may be greater with AM1.0 than with AM0.25 and AM0.5. Studies with a greater number of samples are warranted to confirm this statement.

Cette étude visait à évaluer les effets de trois doses de morphine combinées à de l'acépromazine, sur la sédation et des paramètres physiologiques chez cinq chiens cliniquement en santé. Quatre traitements furent administrés par voie intramusculaire dans un design croisé randomisé à l'aveugle : acépromazine, 0,05 mg/kg seule (ACP) et acépromazine plus morphine à des doses de 0,25, 0,5, et 1,0 mg/kg de poids corporel (AM0,25, AM0,5, et AM1,0, respectivement). Les pointages de sédation et des variables cardiorespiratoires furent évalués pour 120 min après l'administration des drogues. Les pointages de sédation étaient significativement plus élevés avec les traitements AM0,25 et AM1,0 qu'avec le traitement ACP. À 30 min, les pointages étaient 36 % et 66 % plus élevés avec AM1,0 qu'avec AM0,25 et AM0,5, respectivement, mais ces différences n'étaient pas significatives. Les variables physiologiques sont demeurées acceptables pour les chiens. Les résultats de cette étude ne militent pas en faveur de l'utilisation d'AM0,5 par rapport à AM0,25 pour améliorer la sédation chez les chiens, mais ils indiquent que la sédation peut être plus grande avec AM1,0 qu'avec AM0,25 et AM0,5. Des études avec un plus grand nombre d'échantillons sont requises pour confirmer cet énoncé.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).