Cell density overrides the effect of substrate stiffness on human mesenchymal stem cells' morphology and proliferation.

The effect of substrate stiffness on the cellular morphology, proliferation, and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) has been extensively researched and well established. However, the majority of these studies are done with a low seeding density where cell to cell interactions do not play a significant role. While these conditions permit an analysis of cell-substratum interactions at the single cell level, such a model system fails to capture a critical aspect of the cellular micro-environment in vivo, i.e. the cell-cell interaction via matrix deformation (i.e., strain). To address this question, we seeded hMSCs on soft poly-acrylamide (PAA) gels, at a seeding density that permits cells to be mechanically interacting via the underlying substrate. We found that as the intercellular distance decreases with the increasing seeding density, cellular sensitivity towards the substrate rigidity becomes significantly diminished. With the increasing seeding density, the cell spread area increased on a soft substrate (500 Pa) but reduced on an even slightly stiffer substrate (2 kPa) as well as on glass making them indistinguishable at a high seeding density. Not only in terms of cell spread area but also at a high seeding density, cells formed mature focal adhesions and prominent stress fibres on a soft substrate similar to that of the cells being cultured on a stiff substrate. The decreased intercellular distance also influenced the proliferation rate of the cells: higher seeding density on the soft substrate showed cell cycle progression similar to that of the cells on glass substrates. In summary, this paper demonstrates how the effect of substrate rigidity on the cell morphology and fate is a function of inter-cellular distance when seeded on a soft substrate. Our AFM data suggest that such changes happen due to local strain stiffening of the soft PAA gel, an effect that has been rarely reported in the literature so far.

Class II Resin Composites: Restorative Options.

Tooth-coloured, resin composite restorations are amongst the most frequently prescribed forms of dental restoration to manage defects in posterior teeth. The attainment of a desirable outcome when placing posterior resin composite restorations requires the clinician to have a good understanding of the benefits (as well as the limitations) posed by this material, together with a sound knowledge of placement technique. Numerous protocols and materials have evolved to assist the dental operator with this type of demanding posterior restoration. With the use of case examples, four techniques available are reported here. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article explores varying techniques for the restoration of Class II cavities using resin composite.

Uso de resina bisacrílica en la resolución estética en adolescente: caso clínico / The use of bisacrylic resin for the esthetic resolution in an adolescent: report of a clinical case

La estética constituye uno de los motivos de consulta de urgencia más frecuentes durante la adolescencia. Recientemente, fueron introducidos en el mercado, productos a base de resinas bisacrílicas. Tienen como componente principal metacrilatos multifuncionales con relleno de vidrio y/o sílice que constituyen la principal diferencia con los acrílicos convencionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso clínico de un paciente de 10 años de edad, resuelto en la Cátedra de Odontología Integral Niños de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, utilizando para la confección de restauraciones dentales temporales, una resina bisacrílica autopolimerizable.

Aesthetics is one of the most frequent reasons for urgent consultation during adolescence. Recently, products based on bisacrylic resins have been introduced on the market. They have as main component multifunctional methacrylates with filling of glass and / or silica that constitute the main difference with conventional acrylics. The objective of this work is to present a clinical case of a 10-year-old patient, resolved in the Chair of Integral Dentistry of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, using for the preparation of temporary dental restorations a bisacrylic resin self-cured.

In vitro wear resistance, hardness and elastic modulus of artificial denture teeth.

In this study, the wear resistance, hardness, elastic modulus, and the correlations between them of artificial denture teeth at the sub-enamel layer were examined. Four types of tested artificial denture teeth consisted of 3 conventional acrylic resin teeth (Cosmo HXL, Major Dent, and Yamahachi FX), 1 high cross-linked acrylic resin teeth (Trubyte Bioform IPN), 2 composite resin teeth (SR Orthosit PE, and Yamahachi PX), and 1 porcelain teeth (ACE Teeth). The two-body wear test was performed using a custom made pin on disc apparatus. Volume and weight loss were measured. Hardness and elastic modulus were also assessed by using a nanoindentation system. The results suggested wear resistance varied among the denture tooth materials. Wear resistance of high cross-linked acrylic resin teeth was the lowest. A definite relation between wear resistance and mechanical properties of materials could not be found in this study.

Genetic toxicology of dental composite resin extracts in somatic cells in vivo.

The aim of this study was to assess the potential genetic toxicity associated to nine aqueous extracts from dental composite resins (Charisma, Fill Magic, Fill Magic Flow, Durafill, TPH Spectrum, Concept, Natural Look, Filtek Z250 and Filtek P60) and one random extract. Homologous mitotic recombination, point and chromosomal mutation effects were determined in somatic proliferative cells of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to aqueous extracts of the clinically used composites. Reproducible increases in clone mutant spot frequencies induced by diluted extract of Fill Magic Flow were observed. These increments were exclusively associated to the induction of homologous recombination - a genetic phenomenon involved in the loss of heterozygosis. The other eight composite resins and the random extract had no statistically significant effect on total spot frequencies - suggesting that they are non-genotoxic in the somatic mutation and recombination test assay, which agrees with the applications they have in dentistry. These findings - supported by numerous studies showing a positive correlation between carcinogenicity in man and genotoxicity in the Drosophila wing spot test - point to the potential risks some composite resins pose to the health of patients and dentistry personnel.

Dose-response stability and integrity of the dose distribution of various polymer gel dosimeters.

In this study the stability of different polymer gel dosimeters is investigated. Further to a previous chemical stability study on a (6%T, 50%C) PAG gel, the change in slope and intercept of the linear part of the R2-dose plot is recorded with time for different gel formulations. In addition to this R2-dose-response stability study, the dose edge of a half-blocked field was recorded with time. Three different PAG type polymer gels, a hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) gel and two different normoxic polymer gels were investigated. In the PAG type polymer gels, the relative concentration of gelatin and comonomers was varied in order to study the influence of the different components, that constitute the dosimeter, on the stability. It is shown that the R2-dose-response stability is largely determined by the chemical composition of the gel dosimeters. All the PAG gel dosimeters and the normoxic gel dosimeters are found to preserve the integrity of the dose distribution up to 22 days after irradiation. The half-life of the change in dose sensitivity of a MAGIC gel is found to be 18 h compared to 5.7 h for a (6%T, 50%C) PAG gel. A maximum relative decrease in dose sensitivity of 21% was noted for the MAGIC gel compared to an increase of 50% for a (6%T, 50%C) PAG gel. A loss of integrity of the dose distribution was found in the HEA gel.

Avaliaçäo do reembasamento na moldagem com resina acrílica gelada / Evaluated of cold acrylic resin impression

Avaliou-se o reembasamento de moldes obtidos pela técnica de moldagem com resina acrílica gelada comparativamente à uma técnica convencional de moldagem com casquete preenchido com mercaptana. Foi utilizado um dispositivo metálico contendo um troquel para casquetes e um para moldagem. Os troquéis foram metalizados pela eletrodeposiçäo de íons prata no molde. A alteraçäo dimensional dos moldes foi mensurada em microscópio de profundidade, pela discrepância de alinhamento horizontal entre a borda oclusal de um anel de aço que simula uma coroa total e se adapta perfeitamente ao troquel padräo, e a face oclusal de cada troquel reproduzido. As médias das alteraçöes dimensionais e respectivos desvios-padräo, em micrômetros foram: A-) 678,8 (ñ59,2) para Duralay sem reembasamento, 379,9 (ñ72,9) para Duralay com reembasamento e 18,8 (ñ6,2) para o Permlastic. A resina acrílica sem reembasamento apresentou maior alteraçäo dimensional. Troquéis reproduzidos a partir dos moldes de mercaptana apresentaram-se dimensionalmente mais próximos do padräo. O reembasamento demonstrou proporcionar melhora significante na moldagem com a resina acrílica gelada

Alteraçöes dimensionais ocorridas em uma resina acrílica ativada termicamente após polimerizaçäo por três diferentes técnicas / Dimensional changes happened to a thermally activated acrylic resin after polymerization through three different tecniques

A borracha vulcanizada descoberta por Charles Goodyear em 1839 teve grande utilizaçäo na confecçäo de bases de dentaduras até 1936, quando entäo apareceu a resina acrílica para preencher a lacuna estética, e assim alguns problemas foram resolvidos, outros ainda permaneceram como: ciclo incorreto, movimentaçäo dental, alteraçöes dimensionais, dentre outras, diante disto, verificou-se as possíveis alteraçöes dimensionais ocorridas com uma resina acrílica ativada termicamente após polimerizaçäo, por 3 diferentes técnicas, respectivamente denominadas 1) de Tuckfield, 2) de Laboratório, e 3) sob Pressäo. Para esta finalidade, foram construídas 10 muflas padräo, com 10 corpos de prova em cada técnica empregada, totalizando assim 30 corpos de prova padronizados. Apesar de ocorrerem alteraçöes dimensionais por contraçäo de polimerizaçäo entre todas as técnicas descritas, pelas análise estatística concluiu-se que: na aplicaçäo dos testes de Tukey a nível de 5 por cento, ocorreu diferença significante somente entre as técnicas T (de Tuckfield) e P (de Pressäo)

Estudo das alteraçöes dimensionais de resinas acrílicas termopolimerizáveis processadas em forno de microondas convencional / Study of dimensional changes of heat curing acrylic resins processed by conventional microwave oven

Avaliou-se as alteraçöes dimensionais de três marcas de resinas acrílicas termopolimerizáveis quando processadas em forno de microondas convencional, a uma potência média alta (500 a 630W), durante três minutos. As leituras foram feitas imediatamente após a polimerizaçäo e depois de sete dias imersas em água destilada em temperatura ambiente. Constatou-se que näo houve diferença significante entre as resinas Palaton e Acrom-MC, porém a resina Lucitone 199, apresentou alteraçäo significante maior que as outras duas, tanto na primeira como na segunda leituras. O fator tempo foi determinante e todas as amostras sofreram contraçäo imediata e expansäo higroscópica após sete dias. As diferenças existentes provavelmente estejam relacionadas com a composiçäo das resinas e a forma de polimerizaçäo a que foram submetidas

Fracture behavior of dental composite resins.

Fracture toughness (KIC), critical stress intensity factor, and bending strength of 3 types of commercially available dental composite resins (macrofilled, hybrid and microfilled type) were determined using three point bend specimens. Acoustic Emission (AE), which is the generation of elastic wave due to the release of energy from the localized sources in material, was also detected during the fracture toughness test. Fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope. The fracture toughness values, AE patterns, and the nature of fracture surface were analyzed to understand fracture behavior of dental composite resins and fracture mechanism for each dental composite resin are proposed.

Recubrimiento pelicular con una dispersión de resinas acrílicas / Pelicular recover with acrilic resin

El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de comprobar la conveniencia de la aplicación de resinas acrílicas en medio acuoso para recubrir tabletas, empleándose 2 tipos de tabletas, oblangos y ovaladas a los que se aplicaron 2 tipos de resinas acrílicas, una para cubierta entérica y otra para liberación a nivel del estómago ensayándose diversos espesores de película y cantidades diferentes de materiales hidrófilos de modo que se pudiera definir un menor tiempo de liberación acorde al pH del tracto gastrointestinal. La aplicación de las resinas acrílicas se efectuó empleando un bombo grageador piloto, al cual se adaptó un ventilador de aire frio, una secadora y una pistola de aire comprimido, con una sola tobesa manteniéndose, para la pulverización de las resinas, condiciones definidas de ángulo y velocidad de rodamiento de las tabletas, el ángulo de inclinación de la aguja inyectora y la temperatura de aire de secado. Las tabletas ovaladas fueron más fáciles de recubrir en tanto que los oblangas demandaron de una mayor velocidad de rodamiento para evitar que se pegasen entre si.