S1-Guideline Sebaceous Carcinoma.

Sebaceous gland carcinomas are rare malignant cutaneous adnexal tumors with sebocytic differentiation. The typical predilection area is the head and neck region, where sebaceous gland carcinomas are the most common malignant adnexal tumors of the skin. According to their localization a distinction is made between periocular and extraocular sebaceous gland carcinomas. Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) should always be ruled out if it is suspected. In terms of prognosis, sebaceous gland carcinomas are potentially aggressive tumors with a clear tendency to recur and metastasize. Only small extraocular sebaceous gland carcinomas that have been completely resected have a very good prognosis. Sebaceous gland carcinomas most frequently metastasize lymphogenously to regional or distant lymph nodes; organ metastasis occurs less frequently. Periocular sebaceous gland carcinomas have a higher metastasis rate (up to 15%) than extraocular sebaceous gland carcinomas (up to 2%). Complete micrographically controlled surgery (MCS) of the primary tumor is the therapy of first choice, regardless of periocular or extraocular localization. Adjuvant or therapeutic radiotherapy may be considered. There is currently no established standard therapy for advanced, inoperable, or metastatic sebaceous gland carcinomas. Local procedures and systemic therapies such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy can be considered. The procedure should be determined individually by an interdisciplinary tumor board. Close follow-up care is recommended for these potentially aggressive carcinomas.

Periocular sebaceous carcinoma: updates in the diagnosis, treatment, staging, and management.

Periocular sebaceous carcinoma (PSC) is a rare, aggressive, and potentially metastatic adnexal malignancy. Due to the ability of PSC to resemble several benign and malignant conditions, diagnosis is often delayed or mistaken. In addition, even with a known diagnosis, choosing the right treatment is still an open debate. For this reason, we decided to review the most up-to-date literature on PSC and propose a dedicated procedural protocol to help clinicians when dealing with PSC. A PubMed search was carried out using the terms "Sebaceous Carcinoma", "Adnexal Periocular Cancer", "Sebaceous Carcinoma AND eyelid", "Periocular Sebaceous Carcinoma", and "Ocular Adnexa". Pertinent studies published in English from 1997 up to December 2022 were compared to the selection criteria and if suitable, included in this review. Through the initial search, 84 articles were selected. Of these, 36 were included in the final study. Several papers explored different diagnostic and therapeutic strategies regarding PSC diagnosis and management. In light of the current literature review and the multidisciplinary experience of three clinical centers, a dedicated procedural protocol is proposed. PSC diagnosis may be achieved through accurate clinical evaluation, but it requires histopathologic confirmation, which can be challenging. Dermoscopy, in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography may facilitate PSC clinical examination, while immunohistochemistry stains may support histological diagnosis. Appropriate disease staging is necessary before choosing the treatment, as local disease requires radically different treatment compared to advanced disease. In addition, recent innovations in nonsurgical treatments, including radio-chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, may be a viable option in the most challenging cases.

Sebaceous carcinoma: an updated review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is a very rare and aggressive form of skin cancer that arises from the sebaceous glands. SC can occur anywhere on the body, but most commonly affects the head and neck, especially the upper eyelid. SC is the third most common malignancy of the eyelid and has the potential to metastasize and be fatal; therefore, it is vital for dermatologists to remain acquainted with this malignancy and its most current treatment options. Most commonly presenting as a painless lump or thickening of skin on the eyelid, SC has an insidious progression that may not prompt the patient to seek medical attention immediately. To avoid the potential of metastasis, early diagnosis and treatment is paramount. To assess if the cancer has spread, ophthalmology, imaging, and sentinel lymph node biopsy are recommended. This article provides a comprehensive review of SC's pathogenesis, current diagnostic methods, and treatments, including wide local excision, Mohs micrographic surgery, orbital exenteration, radiation, and other topicals. The prognosis of SC depends on several factors, including size, location, stage, and treatment method. After treatment of the neoplasm, diligent post-treatment surveillance remains the cornerstone of patient care. Continued dermatologic follow-ups are essential for early detection of reoccurrence, ensuring timely intervention and optimal long-term outcomes. In conclusion, this comprehensive review aims to equip dermatologists and other physicians with a nuanced understanding of SC, enabling them to provide effective care to support patients encountering this malignancy.

Eyelid carcinoma: An experience from a tertiary cancer center.

CONTEXT: Eyelid carcinoma is rare tumors of the head and neck. They are rarely lethal but can be associated with significant morbidity if not treated early and appropriately. There are limited data available from world over and in particular the Indian subcontinent regarding eyelid carcinoma and its prognostic factors influencing treatment outcomes. Setting and Design:Retrospective study of patients treated in a tertiary cancer center between 2005 and 2016. METHODOLOGY: In this study, 51 patients with eyelid carcinoma treated at single tertiary cancer center were included. The demographic, clinical data, which includes the treatment received, histopathology report and follow-up, were recorded. All the relevant variables influencing disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. RESULTS: Sebaceous carcinoma was the most common eyelid carcinoma followed by squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma in descending order in this series. Lower eyelid was involved most often. The incidence of nodal metastasis was low (14%). Multivariate analysis revealed that margin status influenced the DFS (P= 0.001) (hazard ratios = 15.9 [95% confidence interval: 1.8-135.2]). The 5 years' DFS was 70%. CONCLUSION: Eyelid tumors are less common cancer with good prognosis if treated appropriately. The morbidity associated with treatment can be reduced if treated early.

Periocular skin cancer: Diagnosis and management.

The periocular region sees high rates of cancer compared to the rest of the body and can be affected by several unique tumors. Treatment typically involves surgical excision, although adjunctive therapies and prognosis vary depending on the diagnosis. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy affecting this region and should be excised promptly. This is followed by squamous cell carcinoma, which is often mistaken for BCC but is treated similarly. Melanoma is less common but more deadly, with relatively high rates of metastasis and death. Rare tumors that may be found in this region include sebaceous carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and microcystic adnexal carcinoma. While uncommon, these tumors are associated with poor outcomes and frequent recurrence. Recognition of periocular skin cancer is an important skill for primary care physicians, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can be sight or life-saving.

Nordic treatment practices survey and consensus for treatment of eyelid sebaceous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose was to describe the Nordic treatment practices and to reach a Nordic consensus for the treatment of sebaceous eyelid carcinoma. METHODS: The treatment practices data was collected by a questionnaire with 37 questions to the Nordic oculoplastic surgeons and analyzed. A PubMed MEDLINE database search was done to gather data on the published treatment practices and recommendations. A working group that consisted of in minimum one senior consultant from each leading Nordic University Eye Hospital was assigned. A structured interactive method was used to establish the consensus. RESULTS: Twenty-four doctors responded to the questionnaire. 23/24 (96%) of the respondents took a biopsy before surgery. Regional lymph node scanning was routinely done by 14/23 (61%) and a systemic screening of a metastatic disease by 13/23 (57%). 6/22 (27%) never took conjunctival mapping biopsies and 12/23 (52%) never screened for Muir- Torre. Respondents used Mohs surgery, frozen section or multi-stage excision with delayed closure, and 5-6 mm was the mostly preferred margin. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was a possible option for 9/22 (41%) and cryotherapy and Mitomycin C for 6/22 (27%) respondents. 50% of respondents considered radiation as a treatment option. 15/16 (94%) respondents always followed-up their patients, most for 5 years. Two thirds scanned regional lymph nodes during the follow-up. Consensus was reached for 18 statements representing three domains: preoperative work-up, treatment and follow-up. CONCLUSION: Treatment practices differ in between the five Nordic countries which have similar public health care systems. In the article the authors present a Nordic consensus for the treatment of eyelid sebaceous carcinoma.

Eyelid abscess masking underlying sebaceous cell carcinoma.

Sebaceous cell carcinoma is well known as the "great masquerader" mimicking other benign or malignant eyelid conditions and lesions. We present a case of a middle age male presenting with a subacute left upper lid abscess who was ultimately diagnosed with malignant sebaceous cell carcinoma after incision and drainage and treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics. This case highlights the deceptive clinical and radiographic appearance of this tumor and the importance of histologic examination in atypical or refractory periorbital abscesses.

Sebaceous carcinoma: controversies and their evidence for clinical practice.

Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is a potentially aggressive malignancy of periocular or extraocular skin. It arises sporadically or is associated with Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS). Here, we review three controversial clinical conundra related to the diagnosis and treatment of SC and offer evidence-based recommendations. First, following a diagnosis of SC, deciding which patients to screen for MTS can be challenging. The Mayo MTS Risk Score is a clinical score that incorporates the key cutaneous findings in MTS but relies heavily on personal and family history that may not be available at the time of SC diagnosis, especially in young patients. Young patients, who have extraocular SC and are suspected to have MTS though do not meet criteria by Mayo MTS Risk Score, should have their tumors tested using immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins. Second, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is used in periocular SC to evaluate nodal disease. Patient selection is critical for SLNB. Periocular SC stage ≥ T2c (by American Joint Commission on Cancer, 8th edition) may be considered for SLNB given positivity rates over fifteen percent in expert hands. Lastly, treatment of metastatic SC is an area of active investigation. When possible, tumor profiling may be used to select targeted agents. Future research into these three key questions is needed.

Impact of surgery and adjuvant treatment on the outcome of extraocular sebaceous carcinoma: a systematic review and individual patient's data analysis of 206 cases.

BACKGROUND: Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma (EOSC) is an aggressive malignancy of the sebaceous gland. Surgery is considered the cornerstone of treatment, but there is lack of clarity about extent and adjuvant treatment. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and analysis of individual patient data of all published cases of EOSC to look into demography, pattern of care, importance of type of surgery, and other adjuvant treatment and survival outcome. A search of PubMed and Google Scholar was done with the key words sebaceous carcinoma, extraocular sebaceous carcinoma, and Muir-Torre syndrome till December 2017. The data were compiled in an Excel chart and analyzed using SPSS IBM software. RESULTS: Data of 206 patients were retrieved. Median age at presentation was 65 years (range: 11-96 years). Surgery was performed in all except 13 patients. Of these 13, eight were deemed inoperable for extensive disease, and five had metastatic disease. Median PFS and OS for the entire cohort were 84 months (95% CI: 10-158 months) and 92 months (95% CI: 59-126 months). Univariate analysis revealed significantly poor survival for patients with a metastatic disease, regional nodal metastasis, and those with Mohs micrographic or incomplete surgery. CONCLUSION: EOSC is a disease of elderly patients with good prognosis. Complete surgery with regional lymph node dissection is standard treatment. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy is debatable but can be considered in patients with incomplete surgery or high-risk factors.

Sebaceous carcinoma: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

Sebaceous carcinoma usually occurs in adults older than 60 years, on the eyelid, head and neck, and trunk. In this Review, we present clinical care recommendations for sebaceous carcinoma, which were developed as a result of an expert panel evaluation of the findings of a systematic review. Key conclusions were drawn and recommendations made for diagnosis, first-line treatment, radiotherapy, and post-treatment care. For diagnosis, we concluded that deep biopsy is often required; furthermore, differential diagnoses that mimic the condition can be excluded with special histological stains. For treatment, the recommended first-line therapy is surgical removal, followed by margin assessment of the peripheral and deep tissue edges; conjunctival mapping biopsies can facilitate surgical planning. Radiotherapy can be considered for cases with nerve or lymph node involvement, and as the primary treatment in patients who are ineligible for surgery. Post-treatment clinical examination should occur every 6 months for at least 3 years. No specific systemic therapies for advanced disease can be recommended, but targeted therapies and immunotherapies are being developed.

Lacrimal Sac Sebaceous Carcinoma.

Sebaceous carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with a high mortality rate that commonly arises in the periorbital area. Rarely, the lacrimal apparatus may be involved by either contiguous or noncontiguous spread. The authors describe 2 unusual cases of sebaceous carcinoma in the lacrimal sac, presenting as a medial canthal mass simulating chronic dacryocystitis. In Case 1, the sebaceous carcinoma occurred primarily in the lacrimal sac, in the absence of concurrent or previous ocular adnexal sebaceous neoplasia. Mapping biopsies found no evidence of intraepithelial disease. Case 2 developed a late noncontiguous disease recurrence involving the lacrimal sac 5 years postprimary resection of an ipsilateral eyelid sebaceous carcinoma. These cases demonstrate atypical mode of spread of sebaceous carcinoma in lacrimal excretory system. It is important to regard the nasolacrimal drainage system as a potential reservoir for neoplastic sebaceous cells and minimize the risk of tumor cell dissemination during surgical management of eyelid or conjunctival sebaceous cell tumors.

Impact of clinicopathologic factors on survival in patients with sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid - a population-based analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate prognostic factors and survival of patients with sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid through a population-based analysis. Methods: A total of 940 patients with primary sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database in the United States from 1973 to 2013. Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis and Cox Regression multivariate analysis were performed to examine prognostic factors in overall survival (OS). 5- and 10-year survival rates, median survival, and prognostic variables with statistical significance were measured. Results: Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that OS is 66% and 44% at 5 years and 10 years respectively. Median OS is 9.4 years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that independent prognostic factors for OS are age at diagnosis (HR = 4.61 [95% CI 1.93-11.0], P = 0.001), surgical treatment (HR = 0.196 [95% CI 0.07-0.55], P = 0.002), combined surgical and radiation treatment (HR = 0.227 [95% CI 0.06-0.81], P = 0.023), and greater tumor size at diagnosis (HR = 3.381, [95% CI 1.77-6.45], P < 0.001). Conclusion: We report the largest population study to date to evaluate prognostic factors of patients with sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Multivariate analysis shows that older age, and greater tumor size correlate with decreased overall survival, whereas surgical treatment or combined surgical and radiation treatment correlate with increased overall survival. Interestingly, tumor grade, lymph node involvement, and distant extent of tumor have not demonstrated to be independent prognostic factors for overall survival.

Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid.

BACKGROUND: Periocular sebaceous carcinoma (PSC) is a rare but aggressive neoplasm that tends to clinically and histopathologically mimic other conditions. PSC can be challenging to diagnose using histomorphology alone given its overlap with 2 more common tumors that occur in this area (basal cell carcinoma [BCC] and squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]). Use of immunohistochemistry can help resolve this differential diagnosis. METHODS: A review of the literature was performed, focusing on the epidemiology, morphology, and immunohistochemical features of PSC. RESULTS: The most useful immunostains in the differential diagnosis of PSC are epithelial membrane antigen, Ber-Ep4, androgen receptor (AR), and adipophilin. To discern PSC from BCC, one should use EMA, Ber-Ep4, AR, and adipophilin, whereas discerning PSC from SCC can be achieved by evaluating AR and adipophilin. In addition, p53 and ERBB2 (formally known as HER2/neu) are other potentially useful immunohistochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of PSC. CONCLUSIONS: Use of new immunohistochemical techniques, as well as the elucidation of molecular alterations, such as the presence of ERBB2 amplification, will advance our understanding of PSC.

Updates on the Molecular Pathology of Selected Ocular and Ocular Adnexal Tumors: Potential Targets for Future Therapy.

Ophthalmic pathologic studies of retinoblastoma first definitively elucidated a genetic etiology for cancer three decades ago. Advances in DNA sequencing, protein expression profiling, and the exploration of epigenetics have since led to categorization of tumors and clinical prognostication based on genetic aberrancy. There are now many neoplasms that are defined by a characteristic genetic signature. In the past several years alone, much has been discovered in regard to the original tumor-suppressor gene initially defined in retinoblastoma as well as in other intraocular tumors such as medulloepithelioma. Our further understanding of ocular adnexal tumors that result in substantial morbidity and mortality, such as sebaceous carcinoma, has also benefited from a genetic approach. In this article, we review the clinicopathologic features of the foregoing three entities--retinoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, and sebaceous carcinoma--in order to highlight discoveries in their underlying abnormal molecular genetic functioning.

Patterns of lymphatic spread and the management of eyelid carcinomas.

OBJECTIVE: Eyelid carcinomas are rare, and the management strategy of regional lymph node metastasis linked to eyelid carcinomas has not been standardized to date. The aim of the present study was to analyze the patterns of regional metastasis and to assess the optimal extent of surgical treatment for lymph node metastasis of eyelid carcinoma. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of patient data from a single institution. From a series of 268 eyelid carcinomas, we selected the 21 patients with lymph node metastasis, and we analyzed the patterns of lymphatic spread, approach to treatment and outcomes. RESULTS: The most common histological type of eyelid carcinoma with regional metastasis was sebaceous carcinoma (17/21, 81.0%). Submandibular area metastases were seen only in the patients with the primary tumor originating in the medial half of the eyelid, but parotid area metastases were seen in both the patients whose tumors had a medial-half origin and those with a lateral-half origin. Although 11 of the 16 patients with parotid-area metastases underwent a tumorectomy or superficial parotidectomy (which resulted in four cases of recurrence in the parotid area), none of the five patients who underwent a total parotidectomy developed parotid-area recurrence. The incidence of regional recurrence of the patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy (14.3%) was lower than that of the patients without adjuvant radiotherapy (57.1%). CONCLUSION: Continued surveillance and optimal management of regional lymph node metastases are important for the control and survival of eyelid carcinomas.

Recurrent sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid: Outcome after postoperative reirradiation.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was for us to describe a case of recurrent sebaceous carcinoma treated with postoperative reirradiation. METHODS: A 38-year-old man was diagnosed with sebaceous carcinoma of the right lower eyelid. The patient developed local recurrence 4 times, with the first one at 30 months after the excision. The first local recurrence was treated with excision and postoperative radiotherapy with 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks. He manifested preauricular nodal metastasis with the third local recurrence, which was confirmed with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-CT ((18)F-FDG PET-CT). He received 2 courses of adjuvant reirradiation to the right orbit with 45 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks and 30 Gy/15 fractions/3 weeks, respectively. RESULTS: The patient was successfully treated with no evidence of locoregional recurrence at 2 years after the cancer-directed therapy. The patient's follow-up from the date of diagnosis has been 9 years. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant reirradiation with modest doses may be considered with a view to provide disease control and long-term survival.

Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Ocular Region: The 2014 Professor Winifred Mao Lecture.

Sebaceous carcinoma is a malignancy arising in the periocular region that can lead to blindness and tumor-related metastases. This study is a review of published literature and personal experience. This malignancy can arise from the sebaceous units in the tarsus (meibomian glands), in association with the cilia (Zeis glands), in the brow, and in the caruncle. There is a tendency for diffuse intraepithelial growth (pagetoid spread) that can be clinically invisible. Detection before lymph node metastasis is critical. This malignancy often masquerades as chronic unilateral conjunctivitis or blepharitis, typically in older patients. Management includes a 2-step approach with step 1 focused on eyelid and conjunctival map biopsies to determine the full extent of solid deep tumor and pagetoid spread. After complete review of all biopsies, step 2 is performed using local resection for all deep tumor, cryotherapy to pagetoid disease, and reconstruction. In most cases, the posterior lamella of eyelid is sacrificed with tumor removal, whereas the anterior lamella of the eyelid can be saved. After removal and cryotherapy, immediate reconstruction, using clean instruments, with buccal membrane graft for the posterior lamella and skin flap for the anterior lamella, is developed. For persistent or recurrent pagetoid disease, cryotherapy, topical mitomycin C, or plaque radiotherapy is provided. Exenteration is sometimes necessary. Sebaceous carcinoma, if detected early, can be managed with carefully planned map biopsy to determine tumor extent, followed by local resection, cryotherapy, and eyelid reconstruction. Orbital exenteration is occasionally necessary.

Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid: clinicopathological features and outcome in Asian Indians.

PURPOSE: To study the clinical and histopathological features of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) and to evaluate the prognosis in the Asian-Indian population. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 191 patients with SGC. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation of eyelid SGC was 57 years (median, 56 years). The tumor epicenter was most commonly located in the upper eyelid (n=125, 65%). The mean tumor basal diameter was 15 mm (median, 10 mm). There was evidence of tumor extension into the orbit (n=30, 16%), paranasal sinuses (n=3, 2%), and brain (n=1, 1%). Wide excision biopsy (n=146, 78%) was the most common treatment modality. Tumor recurrence was noted in 42 (24%) patients over a mean follow-up period of 29 months (median, 20 months). On the basis of the Kaplan-Meier estimate, lymph node metastasis occurred in 18%, systemic metastasis was detected in 10%, and death occurred in 2% of patients at 10 years. On multivariate analysis, the factors predicting locoregional lymph node and systemic metastasis were medial canthal involvement (P=0.004; P=0.013), lateral canthal involvement (P=0.013; P=0.025), tumor basal diameter >10 mm (P=0.002; P=0.002), and perivascular invasion (P=0.043; P<0.001), respectively. The factors predicting death due to metastasis on multivariate analysis were medial canthal involvement (P=0.012) and tumor basal diameter >10 mm (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Advanced eyelid SGC is a tumor associated with poor prognosis. In this study, canthal involvement, larger tumor diameter, and perivascular invasion were poor prognostic factors.