Subject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , COVID-19/therapy , Critical Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy , State Government , Terminal Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Female , Fetal Viability , Humans , Pregnancy , Proxy/legislation & jurisprudence , SARS-CoV-2 , United StatesSubject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/ethics , Advance Directives/ethics , Dementia/physiopathology , Family/psychology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Right to Die/ethics , Withholding Treatment/ethics , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/psychology , Aged, 80 and over , Attitude of Health Personnel , Dementia/psychology , Disease Progression , Euthanasia, Passive/ethics , Female , Humans , Nursing Assessment , Sucking BehaviorABSTRACT
Os avanços tecnológicos associados às técnicas médicas têm levado os profissionais da saúde a terem como meta incansável o prolongamento da vida. O êxito de tais procedimentos, porém, em pacientes sem possibilidade de cura e com autonomia de decisão tem apenas prolongado o processo de morrer. Neste sentido, por um lado, a renúncia do tratamento passa a ser visualizada como uma forma de suicídio e, por outro, a sua interrupção pela equipe médica como eutanásia ativa. Assim, a qualidade de vida é associada ao curar, e não ao cuidar. Pretende-se, neste artigo, apresentar que o prolongamento assistido da vida significa compatibilizar as dimensões da autonomia, do cuidado e do respeito, sendo estes, portanto, responsáveis pela manutenção do conceito de dignidade (AU)
Technological advances associated to medical techniques have been leading health professionals to have life extension as their tireless goal. However, the success of such procedures in patients with no chance of recovery and presenting decision-making autonomy has been only extending the process of dying. In this sense, on the one hand giving up the treatment is viewed as a form of suicide, and on the other hand the interruption of the treatment by the medical staff is viewed as active euthanasia. Therefore, quality of life is associated to healing rather than caring. The present article aims to demonstrate that the assisted extension of life reconciles the dimensions of autonomy, care and respect, and that these are responsible for maintaining the concept of dignity (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hospice Care/ethics , Hospice Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Life Change Events , Life Support Care/ethics , Life Support Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Personal Autonomy , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Life Support Care/standards , Focus Groups/standards , Right to Die/ethics , Right to Die/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/ethicsSubject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Emergency Medical Services/legislation & jurisprudence , Emergency Medicine/standards , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Decision Making , Female , France , Humans , Male , Terminal Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Dementia is highly prevalent and incurable. The participation of dementia patients in clinical research is indispensable if we want to find an effective treatment for dementia. However, one of the primary challenges in dementia research is the patients' gradual loss of the capacity to consent. Patients with dementia are characterized by the fact that, at an earlier stage of their life, they were able to give their consent to participation in research. Therefore, the phase when patients are still competent to decide offers a valuable opportunity to authorize research, by using an advance research directive (ARD). Yet, the use of ARDs as an authorization for research participation remains controversial. In this paper we discuss the role of autonomous decision-making and the protection of incompetent research subjects. We will show why ARDs are a morally defensible basis for the inclusion of this population in biomedical research and that the use of ARDs is compatible with the protection of incompetent research subjects.
Subject(s)
Advance Directives/ethics , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Ethics, Medical , Ethics, Research , Mental Competency/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directive Adherence/ethics , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Informed Consent/ethics , Informed Consent/legislation & jurisprudence , Morals , Netherlands , Personal Autonomy , Proxy/legislation & jurisprudenceSubject(s)
Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Physician's Role , Suicide, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudence , Terminal Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Terminal Care/methods , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Aged , Germany , Humans , Life Support Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Withholding Treatment/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
Since September 1st, 2009, the most recent version of the German "Betreuungsrechtsänderungsgesetz" has been validated by the legislators. It precisely sets out how physicians and nursing staff have to deal with a written declaration of a patient's will. This new law focuses in a special way on advance directives, describes the precise rules for the authors of an advance directive and shows both its sphere of action and its limitations. This article aims to give an overview on the legal scope of advance directives, and to illustrate potential limitations and conflicts. Furthermore, it shows the commitments and rights of the medical team against the background of an existing advance directive.
Subject(s)
Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Attitude of Health Personnel , General Surgery/legislation & jurisprudence , National Health Programs/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Germany , Humans , Legal Guardians/legislation & jurisprudence , Third-Party Consent/legislation & jurisprudenceSubject(s)
Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Proxy/legislation & jurisprudence , Terminal Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Communication , Europe , Germany , Humans , Professional-Family Relations , Suicide, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
People with dementia who are no longer competent have limited control over how their lives end. But an advance directive to withhold food and water by mouth could be used to ensure that one does not live for years in severe dementia. Such directives are arguably already legal.
Subject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/ethics , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives , Dementia/diagnosis , Eating , Euthanasia, Passive/legislation & jurisprudence , Mental Competency , Personal Autonomy , Right to Die , Withholding Treatment/ethics , Advance Directives/ethics , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/trends , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Chronic Disease , Dementia/psychology , Disease Progression , Drinking , Euthanasia, Passive/ethics , Homes for the Aged/ethics , Homes for the Aged/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Medicaid , Medicare , Nursing Homes/ethics , Nursing Homes/legislation & jurisprudence , Right to Die/ethics , Right to Die/legislation & jurisprudence , Severity of Illness Index , United States , Withholding Treatment/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
This issue's "Legal Briefing" column covers recent legal developments involving voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED). Over the past decade, clinicians and bioethicists have increasingly recognized VSED as a medically and ethically appropriate means to hasten death. Most recently, in September 2013, the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) called on its 2,000 member hospices to develop policies and guidelines addressing VSED. And VSED is getting more attention not only in healthcare communities, but also in the general public. For example, VSED was recently highlighted on the front page of the New York Times and in other national and local media. Nevertheless, despite the growing interest in VSED, there remains little on-point legal authority and only sparse bioethics literature analyzing its legality.This article aims to fill this gap. Specifically, we focus on new legislative, regulatory, and judicial acts that clarify the permissibility of VSED. We categorize these legal developments into the following seven categories: 1. Definition of VSED. 2. Uncertainty Whether Oral Nutrition and Hydration Are Medical Treatment. 3. Uncertainty Regarding Providers' Obligations to Patients Who Choose VSED. 4. Judicial Guidance from Australia. 5. Judicial Guidance from the United Kingdom.
Subject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Drinking , Eating , Ethics, Clinical , Hospice Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Moral Obligations , Right to Die/legislation & jurisprudence , Suicide, Assisted/legislation & jurisprudence , Aged, 80 and over , Australia , Canada , Decision Making , Family , Female , Hospice Care/ethics , Hospice Care/methods , Hospice Care/standards , Humans , Male , Palliative Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Proxy , Right to Die/ethics , Societies, Medical , Supreme Court Decisions , Uncertainty , United Kingdom , United StatesSubject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/ethics , Brain Death/legislation & jurisprudence , Life Support Care/ethics , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/ethics , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Canada , Female , Humans , Life Support Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications , TexasSubject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/ethics , Brain Death/legislation & jurisprudence , Life Support Care/ethics , Pregnancy Complications , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives/ethics , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Female , Humans , Life Support Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Pregnancy , TexasSubject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Anorexia Nervosa/psychology , Mental Competency/legislation & jurisprudence , Mentally Ill Persons/legislation & jurisprudence , Right to Die/legislation & jurisprudence , Treatment Refusal/legislation & jurisprudence , Adult , Adult Survivors of Child Abuse/psychology , Anorexia Nervosa/complications , Anorexia Nervosa/therapy , Comorbidity , Enteral Nutrition , Female , Humans , Personality Disorders , Substance-Related Disorders , United KingdomABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The French law allows the persons of age to appoint a trusted person and to draft advance directives in case they are one day in a condition that prevents them from expressing their will regarding their health care. Our study objective was to assess patients' and relatives' knowledge and collecting their opinion regarding these means of expression of their will. METHODS: An anonymous survey by self-administered questionnaire was conducted in the admission offices of the University Hospital of Nancy in April 2011. The questions focused on trusted person and anticipated directives. RESULTS: We collected 367 answers, 61.8% of which were females. Average age of respondents was 48.7 years old (standard deviation: 15.6). Three fourths of respondents were informed of their possibility to appoint a trusted person and were able to establish the difference between a trusted person and a contact person. Respondents mainly chose their spouse (52%). They thought that the trusted person's opinion takes precedence over the family's or relatives' one (64.7%), given that this opinion is based on indications previously provided by the patient (74.8%). The majority of people surveyed were ignorant of the possibility to draft advance directives but were glad of it (57.5%). They would include herein their refusal of unreasonable obstinacy (75.8%), their wishes to withhold/withdraw of some treatments, to stop active treatments in case of high odds of chronic coma or vegetative state (52.8%) or their will to donate organ after death (50.6%). More than three fourths of the patients wished to include these informations on their health care card chip. CONCLUSION: Legal means of expression of the patient's wishes and are not systematically known by the population. The possibility to appoint a trusted person is much more known than that to draft advance directives. After the release in December 2012 of the Sicard report regarding the end of life in France, an important information campaign of the general public remains to be undertaken.
Subject(s)
Advance Directive Adherence , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Interpersonal Relations , Living Wills , Trustees , Adult , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directive Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Awareness , Data Collection , Female , France , Humans , Living Wills/legislation & jurisprudence , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Trust , Trustees/statistics & numerical dataSubject(s)
Blood Transfusion/ethics , Blood Transfusion/legislation & jurisprudence , Jehovah's Witnesses , Treatment Refusal/ethics , Treatment Refusal/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directive Adherence/ethics , Advance Directive Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence , Advance Directives , Blood Transfusion/psychology , Culture , Dissent and Disputes , Ethics Committees, Clinical , Europe , Humans , Informed Consent , Italy , Jehovah's Witnesses/psychology , Liability, Legal , Malpractice/legislation & jurisprudence , Mental Competency , Personal Autonomy , Third-Party Consent/ethics , Third-Party Consent/legislation & jurisprudence , United StatesABSTRACT
Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) is a tool to document and ensure continuity of end-of-life treatment decisions across healthcare settings that became a legal document in California in January 2009. Hospitals were surveyed to evaluate factors associated with uptake of this intervention and whether a grassroots community coalition intervention facilitated dissemination. A mail and telephone survey of all acute care hospitals in California was conducted between August 2011 and January 2012, and community coalition reports of interaction with hospitals and hospital characteristics from the California Office of Statewide Planning and Development and Census ZIP Code Tabulation Areas were analyzed. Of 349 hospitals, 286 (81.9%) responded to the survey. Sixty-five percent of hospitals had a policy about POLST, 87% had available blank POLST forms, 84% had educated staff, and 94% reported handling POLST properly in the emergency department and on admission. In multivariable analyses, hospitals in poor areas and for-profit (vs nonprofit) hospitals were less likely to stock blank POLST forms and to have educated staff, and hospitals with community coalition interaction and in wealthier areas were more likely to handle POLST forms correctly. Although POLST is widely used in California, a significant minority of hospitals remain unprepared 3 years after implementation. Efforts to improve implementation should emphasize dissemination in poorer areas and in for-profit hospitals.