Characteristics of Using Oriental Medicine Clinics during the Japanese Occupation: An Analysis of the 1931 Seoul Bochun Clinic Account Book.

This article analyzes the "account book" of Kim Young-hoon (1882-1974), which summarizes information about patients at his Bochun Clinic in Seoul (then Gyeongseong) in 1931. Kim Young-hoon was a pivotal figure in the medical scene throughout the Korean Empire, the Japanese occupation, and the early years of the Republic of Korea. He left behind a large amount of documentation during his 60 years of practice at the Bochun Clinic, which he opened in the spring of 1909. In particular, the 1931 "account book" offers an insight into the daily life histories of his patients. Among the patient-visitors recorded in the account book, there were many influential people of the time, ranging from privileged individuals to anti-Japanese independence activists, from those in political and economic fields to those in academic and entertainment fields. At the same time, a significant number of lower-class people also visited the Clinic. Geographically, patients were centered in the city center of the capital, Gyeongseong, but were also widely distributed throughout the country. There are indications that those from the rural areas stayed in the homes of their acquaintances in Seoul. As such, the account book provides a tangible, concrete picture of the clinic's management for the year 1931, including visitor demographics, visiting diagnoses, telephone consultations, and the total cost of medicinal prescriptions. Because the account book is a one-year statistic, it has its limitations; however, it is the smallest unit that can be analyzed statistically. It provides insights into how many people came in over the course of a year and how much they spent. The expenditures are kept per individual family. The patient's name, prescribed medication, and the price of the medicine are mandatorily included, and in many cases, the place of residence and family relationships are also noted. The account book shows several layers of householders, servants, and employees in the extended family; it also shows people in various occupations. A few privileged families accounted for nearly half of the total expenditures, and the powerful visited frequently, utilizing Oriental medicine for many of their daily needs. For some, the Bochun Clinic is reminiscent of the royal temples of the dynasties. Patients come from the center and suburbs of Seoul, as well as from all over the country. In one year, more than one thousand types of prescriptions are issued and the total cost of medicines is about 33 seom (≒180 liters of rice). Although there is a concentration of high-frequency prescriptions, more than a thousand prescriptions are prescribed only once, which shows that the practice is specialized for each individual. Patient visits, consultations, and telephone use are observed, and the use of new drugs, quinine, and special ginseng as one-herb medication (danbang) are also noticeable. The statistical analysis of the 1931 Bochun Clinic "account book" can serve as a milestone for comparative analysis of the patterns of herbal medicine use before and after that year. Meanwhile, the Bochun Clinic "account book" shows the continuation of traditional practices of herbal medicine by both the powerful and the masses. On the one hand, Koreans responded to the coercive tide of modernity symbolized by the Imperial Governorate of Japan, but on the other hand, they were unwilling to let go of tradition and their own authority. While actively embracing the tide of civilization, Koreans also internalized their own rationality and sought to open a new path forward, a sentiment discernible between the lines of the "account book."

"Igual que en su casa": la construcción del paciente hospitalario en las clínicas quirúrgicas de la Barcelona de 1900 / "Just like at home": the construction of the hospital patient in the surgical clinics of Barcelona in 1900

El objeto de este trabajo es señalar el papel que las clínicas quirúrgicas creadas en Barcelona en las últimas dos décadas del siglo XIX tuvieron en la configuración del paciente hospitalario como parte de un proceso general de medicalización de la sociedad contemporánea. La clínica del ginecólogo Miquel A. Fargas (1858-1916) se toma como referencia de análisis para entender las razones de una nueva estrategia médica y empresarial que concede centralidad al paciente en un nuevo escenario médico bajo el control del profesional. El escenario de la clínica quirúrgica se constituye como un hospital doméstico y propicia un cambio mental en la relación del paciente con las nuevas prácticas médicas, lejos del imaginario colectivo del viejo hospital general de beneficencia. Este proceso tiene lugar en nombre de la eficacia y la eficiencia de la empresa quirúrgica que, al mismo tiempo, delimita la especialización médica y menoscaba la agencia del paciente, que gana en bienestar físico y emocional, pero pierde identidad. El modelo asistencial que se describe prospera y se multiplica durante el primer tercio del siglo XX en un contexto socioeconómico competitivo y en crecimiento. Se apunta así la contribución decisiva de la clínica, que deviene el espacio asistencial hegemónico a mediados del siglo XX, en el proceso de medicalización de la mayor parte de la sociedad catalana (AU)

Asepsia, clínicas "particulares" y beneficencia pública / Asepsis, "private" clinics and public charity

Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de las primeras clínicas privadas de la ciudad de Valencia, una serie de pequeños hospitales quirúrgicos fundados a lo largo de las últimas décadas del siglo XIX y del primer tercio del XX en paralelo a un modelo de beneficencia insuficiente. Durante el período de estudio, coincidiendo con la introducción en Valencia de la antisepsia y la asepsia quirúrgicas, empezó a gestarse un modelo asistencial dual. Por una parte, el sistema sanitario heredado del Antiguo Régimen basado en un gran hospital general de beneficencia; por otra, una incipiente sanidad “particular” o privada basada en la progresiva habilitación de una serie de clínicas quirúrgicas, una estrategia asistencial que se inscribe en el complejo proceso de medicalización del conjunto de la población, no solo de la burguesía urbana, sino también de las clases populares, la menestralía y el obrerismo. El desarrollo de estas clínicas se vio truncado de raíz con el estallido de la Guerra Civil Española, dado que la mayoría fueron incautadas por los comités revolucionarios y transformados en hospitales de sangre, con el objetivo de satisfacer las necesidades asistenciales del estado de guerra (AU)

Asistencia Pública. Sala de operaciones de alta cirugía.

En 1927, bajo la dirección del doctor Francisco Guerrini y la órbita de la Dirección General de Salubridad provincial, la Asistencia Pública ocupa la calle 4 y 51. Contaba con dos salas de operaciones, una de ellas para alta cirugía, como lo muestra la imagen, tres consultorios, el de clínica, uno de odontología y otro de otorrinolaringología; sala de primeros auxilios, sala de asepsia, y sala de rayos. Era conocida popularmente como “el dispensario”, pero era mucho más, un centro sanitario pues cumplía una importante labor asistencial.

A study of a provincial ear, nose and throat service in a British city prior to the National Health Service: Nottingham and South Nottinghamshire (1886-1947).

BACKGROUND: It was in twentieth-century Britain that the two distinct surgical disciplines, otology and laryngology, became united under the title oto-laryngology. Aural departments were established in general hospitals in the hands of specialists long before throat departments. The development and politics of the specialty occurred in London, while provincial services commenced in the early eighteenth century, with ophthalmologists, setting up a clinic or dispensary, progressing onto a hospital. METHODS: The following resources were used: the Nottinghamshire Archives; Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham Libraries and The Local Studies Library, Nottingham Central Library. RESULTS: The Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose was established in 1886, staffed by part-time general practitioners. The Nottingham Children's Hospital appointed two qualified surgeons in the 1910s and subsequently the General Nottingham Hospital appointed them as honorary assistant surgeons. Both hospitals provided access to beds, not available to the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose. Following The Education Act of 1907, Nottingham created a School Health Services. By the 1920s, Nottingham had four institutions providing clinical and surgical ENT services. The National Hospitals Survey conducted in 1945 recommended that the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose be closed and amalgamated with The General Hospital Nottingham. CONCLUSION: The General Hospital Nottingham was slow to create a service for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases and disorders, but established a Departmental Service by 1927. The surgical staffing was common to all four of the ENT services from mid-1930.

Building Community and Transforming Knowledge: Histories of Women's Health Practitioners and Community-Based Health Services in 20th-Century Alberta, Canada.

As new government health policy was created and implemented in the late 1910s and the late 1960s, women patients and health practitioners recognized gaps in the new health services and worked together to create better programs. This article brings the histories of the district nursing program (1919-43) and local birth control centres (1970-79) together to recognize women's health provision (as trained nurses or lay practitioners) as community-based and collaborative endeavours in the province of Alberta. The district nursing and birth control centre programs operated under different health policies, were influenced by different feminisms, and were situated in different Indigenous-settler relations. But the two programs, occurring half a century apart, provided space for health workers and their patients to implement change at a community level. Health practitioners in the early and late twentieth century took women's experiential knowledge seriously, and, therefore, these communities formed a new field of women's health expertise.

[Pioneering work in the teaching of pediatrics in Brazil: Carlos Artur Moncorvo de Figueiredo and the General Polyclinic of Rio de Janeiro, 1882-1901]. / Ações pioneiras do ensino de pediatria no Brasil: Carlos Artur Moncorvo de Figueiredo (Moncorvo pai) e a Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, 1882-1901.

The scientific activities of Carlos Artur Moncorvo de Figueiredo at the General Polyclinic of Rio de Janeiro (Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro), which he himself founded, are analyzed. His professional and political actions were fundamental for the introduction of pediatrics both in the establishment of a technical space for healing and in the formation of a specific discipline for the teaching of pediatrics at the faculties of medicine in the Empire, then based in the Court and in Salvador. Rather than arising in response to the social issue surrounding the fight against infant mortality, as is often implied in the historiography, pediatrics seems to have emerged from a movement for the implementation of experimental medicine.

Ações pioneiras do ensino de pediatria no Brasil: Carlos Artur Moncorvo de Figueiredo (Moncorvo pai) e a Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, 1882-1901 / Pioneering work in the teaching of pediatrics in Brazil: Carlos Artur Moncorvo de Figueiredo and the General Polyclinic of Rio de Janeiro, 1882-1901

Resumo O artigo analisa as atividades científicas de Carlos Artur Moncorvo de Figueiredo desenvolvidas na Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, fundada por ele. As ações profissionais e políticas desse médico foram fundamentais à implementação da pediatria, tanto no campo do estabelecimento de um espaço técnico de cura como na formação de uma cátedra especial de ensino da pediatria nas faculdades de medicina do Império, à época sediadas na Corte e em Salvador. O que se encontrará aqui é uma defesa de que a pediatria surgiu como desdobramento de um movimento pela implementação da medicina experimental, e não como uma questão social em torno do combate à mortalidade infantil, como comumente se encontra implícito na historiografia.

Abstract The scientific activities of Carlos Artur Moncorvo de Figueiredo at the General Polyclinic of Rio de Janeiro (Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro), which he himself founded, are analyzed. His professional and political actions were fundamental for the introduction of pediatrics both in the establishment of a technical space for healing and in the formation of a specific discipline for the teaching of pediatrics at the faculties of medicine in the Empire, then based in the Court and in Salvador. Rather than arising in response to the social issue surrounding the fight against infant mortality, as is often implied in the historiography, pediatrics seems to have emerged from a movement for the implementation of experimental medicine.

Much More than a Clinic: Chicago's Free Health Centers 1968-1972.

Drawing on archival evidence, I document the emergence and florescence of three free health clinics in Chicago in the late 1960s. I trace the centers' forceful removal by the city's Board of Health, and their subsequent replacement by Federally Qualified Health Centers (FHQCs). I argue that the demise of the free centers is exemplary of a broader trend in US health policy of regulating and diminishing the health care options of poor Americans. By highlighting the stark contrast between Chicago's free health centers of the 1960s and the health care services offered by contemporary FQHCs, I reveal a gradual shift from health care rights to accessing care in the US health care safety net.

The National Network of Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinical Prevention Training Centers Turns 40-A Look Back, a Look Ahead.

Since 1979, the National Network of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Clinical Prevention Training Centers (NNPTC) has provided state-of-the-art clinical and laboratory training for STD prevention across the United States. This article provides an overview of the history and activities of the NNPTC from its inception to present day, and emphasizes the important role the network continues to play in maintaining a high-quality STD clinical workforce. Over time, the NNPTC has responded to changing STD epidemiological patterns, technological advances, and increasing private-sector care-seeking for STDs. Its current structure of integrated regional and national training centers allows NNPTC members to provide dynamic, tailored responses to STD training needs across the country.

The history of the Ostschweizerische Pleoptik und Orthoptik Schule in St. Gallen.

In judging the achievements of Alfred Bangerter in treatment and research of amblyopia it is easy to conclude that his pleoptic exercises have been forgotten because occlusion therapy is more effective and cheaper. However, Bangerter introduced the visuscope to determine the point of fixation directly on the retina, he started the first "school" (exercise treatment facility) for pleoptics and orthoptics in St. Gallen only 18 years after Mary Maddox did so in London and he started a training program for orthoptists. In 1957 the Genossenschaft Ostschweizerische Pleoptik-und Orthoptik-Schule, the OPOS Society, was founded, that in the following years built a clinic especially for the treatment of amblyopia. The idea was to treat children not in a clinic but in a home for children that offered optimal treatment but also adequate lodging and care for the children with amblyopia. The Cantonal government contributed by donating a right to build on the premises of the Cantonal Hospital. The new OPOS Clinic measured more than 500 square meters, had 4 floors and a cellar, and contained outpatient treatment facilities, two operating theatres, patient bedrooms, pleoptic and orthoptic exercise rooms with many devices and classrooms for orthoptic students. There were 56 beds for children. After Bangerter retired as chief physician of the Eye Clinic in 1974, he continued and expanded his clinical and surgical activity in the OPOS Clinic next to the Eye Clinic. After his successor in the OPOS Clinic retired in 1987, the OPOS Foundation sold the OPOS Clinic to the Canton that reintegrated it into the Eye Clinic. In the meantime, Bangerter had continued to pursue his ideal of amblyopia treatment and built a new clinic in Heiden in the neighbouring Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, for pleoptics, orthoptics, strabismus surgery, plastic eye surgery, but also for controversial treatments for macular degeneration and other retinal disorders. This Rosenberg Clinic opened in 1982 but Bangerter already stepped down in April 1983 and opened a day clinic in the Rosenbergstrasse in St. Gallen some years later instead. Strangely enough, one of the reasons he had moved to the Rosenberg Clinic was that he insisted on lengthy clinical stays for the treatment of amblyopia, but exactly that was one of the main causes of financial problems.

The theory and practice of Thomas Verner Moore's Catholic psychiatry and psychotherapy.

Thomas Verner Moore (1877-1969), a Catholic priest, psychologist, and psychiatrist, developed a Catholic psychiatry in the first half of the 20th century. Following a brief description of Moore's life, this article develops his psychiatric theory, beginning with its grounding in Thomistic philosophical thought. The relationship between reason and faith, the place of the soul in psychological theory, and a central role for Catholic moral teaching were three Thomistic principles vital to Moore's thinking. Defining psychology as the science of personality, and the study of personality as central to psychiatry, Moore articulated a theory and practice of psychotherapy that he contended was scientifically sound. Although his clinical work did not impose religious teachings on patients, if such teachings were meaningful to them, he did discuss them in sessions; moreover, Catholic moral teaching was a compass in his treatment of patients. The article includes a brief history of the psychiatric clinic that Moore first established in 1916 and its successor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Free Clinics and the Need for Nursing Action in Uncertain Political Times.

Free clinics have been a source of health care for uninsured and low-income Americans for half a century and serve some of the nation's most vulnerable within their home community. Despite parallels to nursing's significant involvement in the formation of free public clinics and commitment to care for all, there is paucity of nursing literature about free clinics. This article details the history of U.S. free clinics and the intersections among free clinics and value-based care, health reform, and tax reform, including the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Challenges impacting free clinics are detailed, as well as strategies nurses may employ to support survival of free clinics and enhance service to their target populations. Roles for nurses in free clinic governance, management, and practice are described as well as suggestions for research, education, and public policy.

Female Gynecologists and Their Birth Control Clinics: Eugenics in Practice in 1920s-1930s China.

Yang Chao Buwei, the first Chinese translator of Margaret Sanger's What Every Girl Should Know, was the first female gynecologist to open up a birth control clinic in China. By the 1930s, other female gynecologists, like Guo Taihua, had internalized and combined national and eugenic concerns of race regeneration to focus on the control of women's reproduction. This symbiosis between racial regeneration and birth control is best seen in Yang Chongrui's integration of birth control into her national hygiene program. This article traces the efforts of pioneer gynecologists in giving contraceptive advice at their birth control clinics, which they framed as a humanitarian effort to ease the reproductive burden of working-class women. It also examines their connections with Sanger's international birth control movement, and their advocacy of contraception as practitioners, translators, and educators. The author argues that these Chinese female gynecologists not only borrowed, but adapted, Western scientific knowledge to Chinese social conditions through their writings and translations and in their clinical work.

[History of Clinical Psychiatry of Sapienza University of Rome in Policlinico Umberto I]. / Storia della Clinica Psichiatrica della Sapienza Università di Roma nel Policlinico Umberto I.

The present article intends to go over the history of the Psychiatric Clinic of the Sapienza University of Rome, starting from the beginning of the teaching of Psychiatry at Santa Maria della Pietà mental hospital, back in 1871, to the eventual founding, at the University "La Sapienza" and the Umberto I general hospital, of the Institute of Psychiatric Clinic and next of the Nervous and Mental Diseases' Clinic with the enclosed specialization school in Psychiatry. A detailed overview is supplied on the characters of the eminent scientists who have succeeded over time at the head of the Clinic and on the description of its different organization, conceived by each of them because of their educational and cultural roots. In this humus is born, in 1966, the journal Rivista di Psichiatria, still alive. To follow, a brief description of what the academic Psychiatry of the Umberto I nowadays represents, and indeed point of contact of different psychiatric thinking roots, with an organic, pharmacological, phenomenological, and psychotherapeutic orientation, this latter in the psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and family-related approaches.

[Poverty and Sickness. The precarious lives of lower-class families in Würzburg and Göttingen, 1800-1850]. / Armut und Krankheit. Das prekäre Leben von Unterschichtenfamilien in Würzburg und Göttingen, 1800-1850.

This contribution focuses on the medical practice of the policlinics in Würzburg and Göttingen in the first half of the nineteenth century. In these institutions patients were treated free of charge by medical students and assistant physicians who, in turn, were able to gain further experience and develop their skills. The policlinics were therefore an important part of poor-healthcare in both these cities. The essay tries in particular to illustrate healthcare for poor patients against the background of their everyday lives and working environment. Based on the situation of individual poor patients, the concepts of 'sickness' and 'poverty' are discussed as mutually dependent determinants of the 'reality of life' among the urban lower classes. This contribution combines the evaluation of medical practice journals and patient histories with the analysis of source materials on urban poor relief and healthcare. It looks particularly at the children and elderly people who attended the policlinics. The encounters between physicians and poor patients documented in the sources not only provide valuable insights into historical patient behaviours, they also open up new perspectives of the physician-patient relationship during the nineteenth century transition from the 'sickbed-society' to hospital medicine.