Fermentative profile of corn silages with the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant / Perfil fermentativo de silagens de milho com a inclusão de aditivos químicos ou inoculante bacteriano

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant in corn silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments: silage without additive; silage added with urea (3.0%); silage with limestone (3.0%); silage added with crystal sugar (3.0%); and silage with a bacterial inoculant. Five of them were opened during the fermentation process (15 days) to measure pH, and three were opened 60 days after ensiling to evaluate the ammonia nitrogen and organic acids content. For the pH at the end of the fermentation process, higher values were found for the limestone additive, followed by the silage with urea, which had higher participation of lactic acid, 19.06 ppm for limestone and 18.95 ppm for urea. Higher concentrations of acetic acid were observed in inoculant silages (18.49ppm) or silage without additive (18.46ppm). The ammonia nitrogen content was higher in the silage with urea (23.74mg dL-1), followed by the silage without additive (7.54mg dL-1), which also had the highest concentration of butyric acid (4.19ppm). The use of additives reduced the concentration of butyric acid in the silage. The bacterial inoculant was the most efficient in decreasing the pH of the ensiled material.

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de aditivos químicos ou inoculante bacteriano na silagem de milho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos: silagem sem aditivo; silagem aditivada com ureia (3,0%); silagem aditivada com calcário (3,0%); silagem aditivada com açúcar cristal (3,0%); e silagem com inoculante bacteriano. Cinco sacos de silagem foram abertos durante o processo fermentativo (15 dias) para mensuração de pH, e três 60 dias após a ensilagem, para avaliação do teor de nitrogênio amoniacal e de ácidos orgânicos. Para pH no final do processo fermentativo, maiores valores foram verificados para o aditivo calcário, seguido da silagem com ureia, os quais apresentaram maior participação de ácido lático, 19,06 ppm para calcário e 18,95 ppm para ureia. Maiores concentrações de ácido acético foram observadas nas silagens inoculante (18,49 ppm) ou sem aditivo (18,46 ppm). O teor de nitrogênio amoniacal foi superior na silagem com ureia (23,74mg dL '), seguida pela silagem sem aditivo (7,54mg dL), que também apresentou maior concentração de ácido butírico (4,19 ppm). O uso de aditivos reduziu a concentração de ácido butírico na silagem. O inoculante bacteriano foi mais eficiente que aditivos químicos no declínio do pH do material ensilado.

Effects of resveratrol on alterations in cerebrum energy metabolism caused by metabolites accumulated in type I citrullinemia in rats.

We investigated the in vitro effects of citrulline (0.1, 2.5 and 5.0 mM) and ammonia (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mM), and the influence of resveratrol (0.01 mM, 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM) on pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), complex II, and cytochrome c oxidase activities in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus homogenates of 60-day-old male Wistar rats. Results showed that 2.5 and 5.0 mM citrulline decreased pyruvate kinase activity in cerebral cortex and, at a concentration of 5.0 mM, increased its activity in hippocampus. Additionally, 5.0 mM citrulline increased citrate synthase activity in the cerebellum of rats. Citrulline (5.0 mM) reduced complex II and cytochrome c oxidase activities in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. With regard to ammonia, at 0.1 and 1.0 mM, decreased complex II activity in cerebral cortex and at 1.0 mM decreased its activity in cerebellum and hippocampus. Ammonia (1.0 mM) also decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats. Resveratrol was able to prevent most of the alterations caused by these metabolites in the biomarkers of energy metabolism measured in the cerebrum of rats. Data suggest that these alterations in energy metabolism, caused by citrulline and ammonia, are probably mediated by the generation of free radicals, which can in turn be scavenged by resveratrol.

Effect of acute and chronic exposure to ammonia on different larval instars of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae).

Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) is the most important vector of malaria in South America and has already been found in peri-urban areas that commonly contain toxic nitrogenous compounds, such as ammonia. The adaptation of mosquitoes to polluted breeding sites can increase their distribution and affect the dynamics of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Therefore, the present study investigated the tolerance of larval instars of An. darlingi to ammonia under acute and chronic exposure conditions. Anopheles darlingi larval mortality, development time, and pupal and adult production using larvae of the 1st (L1) and 3rd (L3) instar were assessed as both acute and chronic effects of exposure to different concentrations of ammonia. Lethal concentrations (LCs) for L1 larvae were lower than LCs for L3 larvae. In general, higher ammonia concentrations caused an increase in larval mortality, especially in chronically exposed L1 larvae. The larval development time in L1 and L3 was longer with chronic treatment and decreased with increasing concentrations of ammonia. The number of pupae was very low for acutely exposed L1 and L3 larvae. Likewise, the probability of adult production decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations. This is the first report on the tolerance of An. darlingi to pollutants.

Corn grain yield and 15N-fertilizer recovery as a function of urea sidedress timing.

Best fertilizer management practices such as adopting the right N sidedress timing can reduce N losses by volatilization, thus, raising N-fertilizer recovery and grain yield. To evaluate ammonia (N-NH3 ) losses, N-fertilizer recovery and grain yield as a function of urea sidedress timing in corn, a field study was conducted during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons, adopting a complete randomized block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of urea sidedress timing (140 kg N ha-1) at V4, V6, V8, V10, and V12 growth stages, plus a control without sidedress N. The largest N losses by N-NH3 volatilization occurred when urea was applied at V10 or V12 growth stages, reaching losses of 35 and 41 % of the total applied N. Although climatic factors influences N-NH3 volatilization process, crop characteristics such as canopy development also seems to affect N-NH3 losses. Nitrogen application at V4 or V6 growth stages resulted in greater N-fertilizer recovery from urea sidedress, reaching values of 53 %. No increase in corn grain yield was observed with N application at different corn growth stages during the two growing seasons evaluated, most likely due to high N mineralization rates from the soil.

Ph, Ammonia Flux, and Total Nitrogen in Duck Litter with Chemical Blends - A Field Study

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chemical blend additives to duck litter on pH, ammonia (NH3) fluxes, total nitrogen (TN) under a small pen trial. One hundred twenty 1-day-old duck (pekin) were randomly assigned to 6 pens in a completely randomized design during 6 weeks. Control received no litter treatment whereas top-dressed treatment at rates of 50 g aluminum sulfate + 50 aluminum chloride/kg duck litter were mixed into the upper 1 cm of duck litter. Duck litter pH at 2 weeks through 5 weeks was significantly affected (p 0.05) by chemical blend treatments compared to controls, but not at 6 weeks. During the experimental periods, NH3 fluxes decreased (p 0.05) in chemical blend treatments. However, there were no remarkable difference (p>0.05) between treatments at 0 and 1 week. Reductions of NH3 fluxes at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks were 31, 16, 29 and 24%, respectively. Chemical blend treatments as a function of time resulted in increase in TN contents compared with control. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in TN between treatments at 2 and 3 weeks, except for 4, 5 and 6 weeks. Chemical blend decreases NH3 fluxes and increases TN positively by reducing duck litter pH.

Ph, Ammonia Flux, and Total Nitrogen in Duck Litter with Chemical Blends - A Field Study

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chemical blend additives to duck litter on pH, ammonia (NH3) fluxes, total nitrogen (TN) under a small pen trial. One hundred twenty 1-day-old duck (pekin) were randomly assigned to 6 pens in a completely randomized design during 6 weeks. Control received no litter treatment whereas top-dressed treatment at rates of 50 g aluminum sulfate + 50 aluminum chloride/kg duck litter were mixed into the upper 1 cm of duck litter. Duck litter pH at 2 weeks through 5 weeks was significantly affected (p 0.05) by chemical blend treatments compared to controls, but not at 6 weeks. During the experimental periods, NH3 fluxes decreased (p 0.05) in chemical blend treatments. However, there were no remarkable difference (p>0.05) between treatments at 0 and 1 week. Reductions of NH3 fluxes at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks were 31, 16, 29 and 24%, respectively. Chemical blend treatments as a function of time resulted in increase in TN contents compared with control. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in TN between treatments at 2 and 3 weeks, except for 4, 5 and 6 weeks. Chemical blend decreases NH3 fluxes and increases TN positively by reducing duck litter pH.(AU)

Interaction between afternoon aeration and tilapia stocking density / Interação entre aeração vespertina e densidade de estocagem na criação de juvenis de tilápia

The present study aimed at determining the effects of the interaction between afternoon aeration and stocking density of Nile tilapia on variables of water and soil quality, growth performance and effluent quality. The experiment was a 3 x 2 factorial randomized block design, with three stocking densities (8, 12 and 16 fish per tank or 43.5, 65.3, and 87.0 g m-3) under two mechanical aeration regimes, absence (control; three replicates) and afternoon aeration (four replicates). The afternoon aeration was carried out from 12.00 a.m. up to 18.00 p.m. from the 3rd week until the end of the experiment. Except for the 16-fish tanks, the lowest concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen were found in the tanks with higher density of fish provided with afternoon aeration. Nitrite concentrations were lower in the 8-fish aerated tanks. In intensive system, the afternoon aeration of the fish culture water is an efficient management of water quality to remove gaseous ammonia and nitrite from water, but it is not appropriate to remove hydrogen sulfide from water.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar os efeitos da interação entre a aeração vespertina da água e a densidade de estocagem de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo sobre variáveis de qualidade de água, solo, desempenho zootécnico e qualidade de efluentes. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2. Havia três densidades de estocagem (8, 12 e 16 peixes por tanque ou 43,5; 65,3 e 87,0 g m-3, respectivamente), em dois regimes de aeração mecânica da água, ausência (controle; três repetições) e aeração vespertina (quatro repetições). A aeração vespertina da água ocorreu das 12 às 18 h, da terceira até a última semana de criação. Exceto pelos tanques com 16 peixes, menores concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal total foram observadas nos tanques de maior densidade de estocagem providos de aeração vespertina. As concentrações de nitrito da água foram menores nos tanques com 8 peixes e aeração vespertina. A aeração vespertina da água de cultivo de peixes é um eficiente manejo de qualidade de água para remoção de amônia gasosa e nitrito da água em sistemas intensivos, não sendo indicado, entretanto, para remoção de gás sulfídrico da água.

Interaction between afternoon aeration and tilapia stocking density / Interação entre aeração vespertina e densidade de estocagem na criação de juvenis de tilápia

The present study aimed at determining the effects of the interaction between afternoon aeration and stocking density of Nile tilapia on variables of water and soil quality, growth performance and effluent quality. The experiment was a 3 x 2 factorial randomized block design, with three stocking densities (8, 12 and 16 fish per tank or 43.5, 65.3, and 87.0 g m-3) under two mechanical aeration regimes, absence (control; three replicates) and afternoon aeration (four replicates). The afternoon aeration was carried out from 12.00 a.m. up to 18.00 p.m. from the 3rd week until the end of the experiment. Except for the 16-fish tanks, the lowest concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen were found in the tanks with higher density of fish provided with afternoon aeration. Nitrite concentrations were lower in the 8-fish aerated tanks. In intensive system, the afternoon aeration of the fish culture water is an efficient management of water quality to remove gaseous ammonia and nitrite from water, but it is not appropriate to remove hydrogen sulfide from water.(AU)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar os efeitos da interação entre a aeração vespertina da água e a densidade de estocagem de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo sobre variáveis de qualidade de água, solo, desempenho zootécnico e qualidade de efluentes. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2. Havia três densidades de estocagem (8, 12 e 16 peixes por tanque ou 43,5; 65,3 e 87,0 g m-3, respectivamente), em dois regimes de aeração mecânica da água, ausência (controle; três repetições) e aeração vespertina (quatro repetições). A aeração vespertina da água ocorreu das 12 às 18 h, da terceira até a última semana de criação. Exceto pelos tanques com 16 peixes, menores concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal total foram observadas nos tanques de maior densidade de estocagem providos de aeração vespertina. As concentrações de nitrito da água foram menores nos tanques com 8 peixes e aeração vespertina. A aeração vespertina da água de cultivo de peixes é um eficiente manejo de qualidade de água para remoção de amônia gasosa e nitrito da água em sistemas intensivos, não sendo indicado, entretanto, para remoção de gás sulfídrico da água.(AU)

Feeding strategy for sheep in different sequences in supplying ingredients based diet of spineless cactus / Estratégia de nutrientes para ovinos em distintas sequências de fornecimento alimentar em dieta a base de palma forrageira

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the sequence of the supply of ingredients (feeding strategy), based diet forage cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) on intake, digestibility of nutrients, pH and ammonia concentration in the rumen fluid. The ingredients were provided five sheep of nondescript breeding, averaging 38,5 kg, gifted with rumen cannule the following sequences: 1 (TMR, total mixed ration) at 7:00 and 15:00 h; 2 (C, concentrate) at 7:00 h, (SC, spineless cactus) at 8:00 h, (C) at 15:00 h and (TGH, tifton grass hay) at 16:00 h; 3 (C) at 7:00 h, (TGH) at 8:00 h, (C) at 15:00 h and (SC) at 16:00 h; 4 (SC) at 7:00 h, (C) at 8:00 h, (TGH) at 15:00 and (C) at 16:00 h and 5 (TGH) at 7:00 h, (C) at 8:00 h, (SC) at 15:00 h and (C) at 16:00 h. Were distributed into a 5 × 5 Latin Square with five treatments, five animals and five periods. The nutrient intake were not influenced by sequences The digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter(OM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates differ between treatments. The ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen were influenced by the times in collections sequences TGH/ C/SC/ TGH and C/TGH/C/SC. All feeding strategies can be used to feed sheep, except for total mixed ration.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da sequência da oferta dos ingredientes da dieta (estratégia alimentar), a base de palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o pH e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal do líquido ruminal. Os alimentos foram fornecidos a cinco ovinos de peso médio de 38kg nas seguintes sequências: mistura completa (MC) às 7:00h e às 15:00h; concentrado às 7:00h e palma às 8:00h e concentrado às 15:00h e feno de capim tifton às 16:00h (CPCF); concentrado às 7:00h e feno de capim tifton às 8:00h e concentrado às 15:00h e palma às 16:00h (CFCP); palma às 7:00h e concentrado às 8:00h e feno de capim tifton às 15:00h e concentrado às 16:00h (PCFC); feno de capim tifton às 7:00h e concentrado às 8:00h e palma às 15:00h e concentrado às 16:00h (FCPC). Foi adotado o delineamento quadrado latino 5X5, com cinco tratamentos, cinco animais e cinco períodos. Os consumos dos nutrientes não foram influenciados pelas sequências. A digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CHOT) diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os valores de pH ruminal e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal foram influenciados pelos horários de coletas nas sequências FCPC e CFCP.

Ovinos alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tratado com amônia anidra / Sheep fed with sugarcane bagasse treated with anhydrous ammonia / Ovinos alimentados con bagazo de caña de azúcar tratado con amoníaco anhidro

Entre os co-produtos existentes, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar merece destaque, visto que são produzidas, anualmente no país, cerca de 75 milhões de toneladas por ano. Este bagaço proveniente de usinas de açúcar, álcool ou aguardente constitui um problema, por ser pouco utilizado, sendo muitas vezes queimado ao ar livre, enquanto poderia ser usado na alimentação de ruminantes. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição da amônia anidra (NH3 ) sobre o valor nutritivo do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) em quatro carneiros adultos machos, castrados, sem raça definida, com peso inicial de 40,75 kg mantidos em gaiolas individuais de metabolismo, com sal mineralizado e água ad libitum. Quatro dietas isoproteicas, foram testadas e fornecidas aos animais em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4, sendo: Dieta 1 Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar “in natura”, Dieta 2 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 2% de NH3 , com base na matéria seca (MS), Dieta 3 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 3% de NH3 , com base na MS, Dieta 4 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 4% de NH3 , com base na MS. As dietas eram fornecidas duas vezes ao dia no período da manhã e tarde sempre nos horários de oito e 16 horas, respectivamente. Para a determinação da digestibilidade aparente utilizaram-se bolsas coletoras de fezes e as amostras do alimento e sobras eram mensuradas diariamente. A coleta da urina foi realizada utilizando-se baldes localizados sob as gaiolas de metabolismo, cujos baldes continham 100 mL de ácido clorídrico (HCL 2N) para prevenir fermentação e perda de nitrogênio. As amostras coletadas dos alimentos, sobras, fezes e urina foram acondicionadas em recipientes plásticos e conservadas em refrigeração, separando-se as amostras por tratamento e período experimental. (AU)

Among the existing co-products, crushed sugarcane bagasse is noteworthy, since the country has an annual production of approximately 75 million tons. The sugarcane bagasse from sugar, alcohol or cachaça mills is an issue, since it is underused and is often burned in open air, while it could be used as ruminant feed. This study assesses the effects of the addition of anhydrous ammonia (NH3 ) on the nutritional value of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse in four adult, male, mixed breed, castrated sheep, with 40.75kg initial weight, kept in individual metabolism cages, with mineral supplement and water ad libitum. Four isoproteic diets have been tested and fed to the animals in a 4x4 Latin square design. These treatments were: Diet 1 Sugarcane bagasse in natura; Diet 2 - Sugarcane bagasse + 2% NH3 , based on dry matter (DM); Diet 3 - Sugarcane bagasse + 3% NH3 , based on DM; Diet 4 - Sugarcane bagasse NH3 + 4% based on DM. The diets were fed twice a day, in the morning and afternoon, always at 08:00 am and 04:00 pm, respectively. For the determination of apparent digestibility, fecal collection bags were used and samples of food and leftovers were daily measured. Urine collection was performed using buckets placed under the metabolism cages. These buckets contained 100-ml hydrochloric acid (2N HCl) to avoid fermentation and nitrogen loss. Feed, leftover, feces and urine samples were stored in plastic bags under refrigeration, separated by treatment and trial period. After thawing the feces, diet and leftover samples were pre-dried at 55 °C for 72 hours and then ground in a mill with 1.00-mm mesh sieve. Urine samples were previously dried in an oven at 55 °C stored in plastic bags and then placed in a calorimeter for determining the energy content. (AU)

Entre los coproductos existentes, el bagazo de caña de azúcar merece destaque, visto que es producido todo el año en el país, cerca de 75 millones de toneladas por año. Este bagazo proveniente de usinas de azúcar, alcohol o aguardiente constituye un problema, por ser poco utilizado, con frecuencia se queman al aire libre, mientras podría ser utilizado en la alimentación de rumiantes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la adición de amoníaco anhidro (NH3 ) en el valor nutritivo del bagazo de caña azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) para cuatro carneros machos adultos, castrados, sin raza definida, con peso inicial de 40,75 kg en jaulas individuales para el metabolismo, con sales minerales y agua ad libitum. Cuatro dietas isoproteicas han sido testadas y suministradas a los animales en un delineamiento en cuadrado latino 4x4, siendo: Dieta 1 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar “in natura”, Dieta 2 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 2% NH3 , con base en la materia seca (MS), Dieta 3 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 3% NH3 , basado en MS, Dieta 4 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 4% de NH3 , basado en la MS. Las dietas eran suministradas dos veces al día en el período de la mañana y tarde siempre en los horarios de ocho y 16 horas, respectivamente. Para la determinación de la digestibilidad aparente se utilizaron bolsas de plástico para recogido de heces, muestras de los alimentos y las sobras eran mensuradas diariamente.(AU)

Feeding strategy for sheep in different sequences in supplying ingredients based diet of spineless cactus / Estratégia de nutrientes para ovinos em distintas sequências de fornecimento alimentar em dieta a base de palma forrageira

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the sequence of the supply of ingredients (feeding strategy), based diet forage cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) on intake, digestibility of nutrients, pH and ammonia concentration in the rumen fluid. The ingredients were provided five sheep of nondescript breeding, averaging 38,5 kg, gifted with rumen cannule the following sequences: 1 (TMR, total mixed ration) at 7:00 and 15:00 h; 2 (C, concentrate) at 7:00 h, (SC, spineless cactus) at 8:00 h, (C) at 15:00 h and (TGH, tifton grass hay) at 16:00 h; 3 (C) at 7:00 h, (TGH) at 8:00 h, (C) at 15:00 h and (SC) at 16:00 h; 4 (SC) at 7:00 h, (C) at 8:00 h, (TGH) at 15:00 and (C) at 16:00 h and 5 (TGH) at 7:00 h, (C) at 8:00 h, (SC) at 15:00 h and (C) at 16:00 h. Were distributed into a 5 × 5 Latin Square with five treatments, five animals and five periods. The nutrient intake were not influenced by sequences The digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter(OM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates differ between treatments. The ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen were influenced by the times in collections sequences TGH/ C/SC/ TGH and C/TGH/C/SC. All feeding strategies can be used to feed sheep, except for total mixed ration.(AU)

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da sequência da oferta dos ingredientes da dieta (estratégia alimentar), a base de palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o pH e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal do líquido ruminal. Os alimentos foram fornecidos a cinco ovinos de peso médio de 38kg nas seguintes sequências: mistura completa (MC) às 7:00h e às 15:00h; concentrado às 7:00h e palma às 8:00h e concentrado às 15:00h e feno de capim tifton às 16:00h (CPCF); concentrado às 7:00h e feno de capim tifton às 8:00h e concentrado às 15:00h e palma às 16:00h (CFCP); palma às 7:00h e concentrado às 8:00h e feno de capim tifton às 15:00h e concentrado às 16:00h (PCFC); feno de capim tifton às 7:00h e concentrado às 8:00h e palma às 15:00h e concentrado às 16:00h (FCPC). Foi adotado o delineamento quadrado latino 5X5, com cinco tratamentos, cinco animais e cinco períodos. Os consumos dos nutrientes não foram influenciados pelas sequências. A digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CHOT) diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os valores de pH ruminal e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal foram influenciados pelos horários de coletas nas sequências FCPC e CFCP.(AU)

Digestibilidade in situ do sorgo e desaparecimento do nitrogênio amoniacal em vacas holandesas alimentadas com zeólita e uréia / In situ digestibility of sorghum and disappearance of ammonia nitrogen in Holstein cows fed with urea and zeolite / La digestibilidad in situ de sorgo y desaparición de nitrógeno amoniacal en vacas holandesas alimentadas con urea y zeolita

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca do sorgo e o desaparecimento do nitrogênio amoniacal em vacas holandesas fistuladas alimentadas com zeolita e uréia. Foram utilizadas dietas isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas e com zeolita (400g/dia) e sem zeolita. Foram avaliados pH e dinâmica do nitrogênio no rúmen e digestibilidade in situ. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização da zeólita natural misturadas à uréia proporcionou a maior disponibilidade de amônio no rúmen. O comportamento do pH ruminal não foi afetado com a inclusão da zeolita estilbita na composição das dietas. A suplementação com zeolita na dieta com uréia levou à menor digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca do sorgo (planta) e menor digestibilidade da FDNi.

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the in situ digestibility of sorghum and the disappearance of ammonia nitrogen in fistulated cows fed with urea and zeolite. Rumen pH, nitrogen dynamics and food digestibility in situ were evaluated. The results indicated that the use of natural zeolite mixed with urea increased ammonium availability in the rumen. Rumen pH was not affected by the inclusion of zeolite in the composition of diets. The effect of zeolite supplementation in the diet with urea led to lower in situ digestibility of dry matter of sorghum (plant), and iNDF.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la digestibilidad in situ de la materia seca de sorgo y desaparición de nitrógeno amoniacal en vacas Holandesas fistuladas alimentadas con zeolita y urea. Se utilizaron dietas isoproteicas, isocalóricas, con zeolita (400g/day) y sin zeolita. Se evaluó la dinámica de pH y nitrógeno en el rumen y la digestibilidad in situ. Los resultados indicaron que el uso de zeolita natural mezclado con urea proporciona la mayor disponibilidad de amonio en el rumen. El pH del rumen no se vio afectado por la inclusión de zeolita estilbita en composición de la dieta. Complementar la dieta con zeolita con urea llevó a disminuir la digestibilidad in situ de la materia seca de sorgo (planta) y menor NDFi digestibilidad.

Ovinos alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tratado com amônia anidra / Sheep fed with sugarcane bagasse treated with anhydrous ammonia / Ovinos alimentados con bagazo de caña de azúcar tratado con amoníaco anhidro

Entre os co-produtos existentes, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar merece destaque, visto que são produzidas, anualmente no país, cerca de 75 milhões de toneladas por ano. Este bagaço proveniente de usinas de açúcar, álcool ou aguardente constitui um problema, por ser pouco utilizado, sendo muitas vezes queimado ao ar livre, enquanto poderia ser usado na alimentação de ruminantes. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição da amônia anidra (NH3 ) sobre o valor nutritivo do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) em quatro carneiros adultos machos, castrados, sem raça definida, com peso inicial de 40,75 kg mantidos em gaiolas individuais de metabolismo, com sal mineralizado e água ad libitum. Quatro dietas isoproteicas, foram testadas e fornecidas aos animais em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4, sendo: Dieta 1 – Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar “in natura”, Dieta 2 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 2% de NH3 , com base na matéria seca (MS), Dieta 3 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 3% de NH3 , com base na MS, Dieta 4 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 4% de NH3 , com base na MS. As dietas eram fornecidas duas vezes ao dia no período da manhã e tarde sempre nos horários de oito e 16 horas, respectivamente. Para a determinação da digestibilidade aparente utilizaram-se bolsas coletoras de fezes e as amostras do alimento e sobras eram mensuradas diariamente. A coleta da urina foi realizada utilizando-se baldes localizados sob as gaiolas de metabolismo, cujos baldes continham 100 mL de ácido clorídrico (HCL 2N) para prevenir fermentação e perda de nitrogênio. As amostras coletadas dos alimentos, sobras, fezes e urina foram acondicionadas em recipientes plásticos e conservadas em refrigeração, separando-se as amostras por tratamento e período experimental...

Among the existing co-products, crushed sugarcane bagasse is noteworthy, since the country has an annual production of approximately 75 million tons. The sugarcane bagasse from sugar, alcohol or cachaça mills is an issue, since it is underused and is often burned in open air, while it could be used as ruminant feed. This study assesses the effects of the addition of anhydrous ammonia (NH3 ) on the nutritional value of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse in four adult, male, mixed breed, castrated sheep, with 40.75kg initial weight, kept in individual metabolism cages, with mineral supplement and water ad libitum. Four isoproteic diets have been tested and fed to the animals in a 4x4 Latin square design. These treatments were: Diet 1 – Sugarcane bagasse in natura; Diet 2 - Sugarcane bagasse + 2% NH3 , based on dry matter (DM); Diet 3 - Sugarcane bagasse + 3% NH3 , based on DM; Diet 4 - Sugarcane bagasse NH3 + 4% based on DM. The diets were fed twice a day, in the morning and afternoon, always at 08:00 am and 04:00 pm, respectively. For the determination of apparent digestibility, fecal collection bags were used and samples of food and leftovers were daily measured. Urine collection was performed using buckets placed under the metabolism cages. These buckets contained 100-ml hydrochloric acid (2N HCl) to avoid fermentation and nitrogen loss. Feed, leftover, feces and urine samples were stored in plastic bags under refrigeration, separated by treatment and trial period. After thawing the feces, diet and leftover samples were pre-dried at 55 °C for 72 hours and then ground in a mill with 1.00-mm mesh sieve. Urine samples were previously dried in an oven at 55 °C stored in plastic bags and then placed in a calorimeter for determining the energy content...

Entre los coproductos existentes, el bagazo de caña de azúcar merece destaque, visto que es producido todo el año en el país, cerca de 75 millones de toneladas por año. Este bagazo proveniente de usinas de azúcar, alcohol o aguardiente constituye un problema, por ser poco utilizado, con frecuencia se queman al aire libre, mientras podría ser utilizado en la alimentación de rumiantes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la adición de amoníaco anhidro (NH3 ) en el valor nutritivo del bagazo de caña azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) para cuatro carneros machos adultos, castrados, sin raza definida, con peso inicial de 40,75 kg en jaulas individuales para el metabolismo, con sales minerales y agua ad libitum. Cuatro dietas isoproteicas han sido testadas y suministradas a los animales en un delineamiento en cuadrado latino 4x4, siendo: Dieta 1 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar “in natura”, Dieta 2 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 2% NH3 , con base en la materia seca (MS), Dieta 3 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 3% NH3 , basado en MS, Dieta 4 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 4% de NH3 , basado en la MS. Las dietas eran suministradas dos veces al día en el período de la mañana y tarde siempre en los horarios de ocho y 16 horas, respectivamente. Para la determinación de la digestibilidad aparente se utilizaron bolsas de plástico para recogido de heces, muestras de los alimentos y las sobras eran mensuradas diariamente...

The short-term effects of diammine silver fluoride on tooth sensitivity: a randomized controlled trial.

Tooth sensitivity is a common clinical problem. This multi-center randomized clinical trial assessed the effectiveness and safety of topical diammine silver fluoride. From two sites (Lima and Cusco, Peru), 126 adults with at least one tooth sensitive to compressed air were randomly assigned to either the experimental treatment or sterile water, and pain was assessed by means of a 100-mm visual analogue scale at 24 hours and 7 days. The diammine silver fluoride reduced pain at 7 days at both sites. At the Lima site, the average change in pain scores between baseline and day 7 for the silver fluoride group was -35.8 (SD = 27.7) mm vs. 0.4 (SD = 16.2) mm for the control group (P < 0.001). In Cusco, the average change in pain scores for the silver fluoride group was -23.4 (SD = 21.0) mm and -5.5 (18.1) mm for the control group (P = 0.002). No tissue ulceration, white changes, or argyria was observed. A small number of participants in the silver fluoride group experienced a mild but transient increase in erythema in the gingiva near the tooth. No changes were observed in the Gingival Index. We concluded that diammine silver fluoride is a clinically effective and safe tooth desensitizer.

Flexibility of the hepatic zonation of carbon and nitrogen fluxes linked to lactate and pyruvate transformations in the presence of ammonia.

It has been proposed that key enzymes of ureagenesis and the alanine aminotransferase activity predominate in periportal hepatocytes. However, ureagenesis from alanine, when measured in the perfused liver, did not show periportal predominance and even the release of the direct products of alanine transformation, lactate and pyruvate, was higher in perivenous cells. An alternative way of analyzing the functional distributions of alanine aminotransferase and the urea cycle along the hepatic acini would be to measure alanine and urea production from precursors such as lactate or pyruvate plus ammonia. In the present work these aspects were investigated in the bivascularly perfused rat liver. The results of the present study confirm that gluconeogenesis and the associated oxygen uptake tend to predominate in the periportal region. Alanine synthesis from lactate and pyruvate plus ammonia, however, predominated in the perivenous region. Furthermore, no predominance of ureagenesis in the periportal region was found, except for conditions of high ammonia concentrations plus oxidizing conditions induced by pyruvate. These observations corroborate the view that data on enzyme activity or expression alone cannot be extrapolated unconditionally to the living cell. The current view of the hepatic ammonia-detoxifying system proposes that the small perivenous fraction of glutamine synthesizing perivenous cells removes a minor fraction of ammonia that escapes from ureagenesis in periportal cells. However, since urea synthesis occurs at high rates in all hepatocytes with the possible exclusion of those cells not possessing carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, it is probable that ureagenesis is equally important as an ammonia-detoxifying mechanism in the perivenous region.

A model for ammonia poisoning in cattle.

The intravenous infusion of ammonium chloride was used to induce ammonia (NH3) poisoning in cattle. A 1.5 M ammonium chloride solution, buffered to pH 7.0, was infused at 400 mL/h until a convulsive episode occurred and therapy was initiated. Convulsions occurred with 200 to 1200 mL of ammonium solution. The clinical picture and metabolic effects were similar to the natural poisoning; no side effected occurred. The hypermmoniemia caused hyperglycemia, hyperlactemia, hyperkalemia and Intense metabolic acidosis. After treatment there was a sharp decrease in plasma NH3. Within 110 min all steers stood and recovered appetites. The induction of NH3 poisoning in cattle with ammonium chloride offers many advantages over the administration of high po doses of urea.

Liver nitrogen movements during short-term infusion of high levels of ammonia into the mesenteric vein of sheep.

Four 40 kg wethers were used in a crossover design to quantify, by arterio-venous procedures, the mass transfer of NH3, urea and amino acids (AAs) across the portal-drained viscera and the liver during a 31 min infusion of either 0 (C0) or 1100 (C1100) micromol NH4HCO3/min into the mesenteric vein. In C1100, hepatic NH3 extraction remained stable at 1214 micromol/min (1.90 micromol/min per g wet liver weight), the capacity for hepatic NH3 removal was exceeded by 654 micromol/min and the incremental (C1100-C0) urea-N release: NH3 -N removal ratio increased progressively, from 0.52 to 0.90. The NH4HCO3 infusion reduced total branched-chain AA transfer across the portal-drained viscera and total AA-N and lysine extraction by the liver. Hepatic release of glutamate was augmented ornithine switched from net release to net removal and net splanchnic release of free essential AA (44 micromol/min (sed 9.2), ) and branched-chain AA (33 micromol/min (sed 2.0), ) were reduced to 0.58 of their basal rate. The study showed that conversion of excess NH3 to urea during a short-term hepatic NH3 overload required no additional contribution of AA-N to ureagenesis; essential AA and branched-chain AA supply to non-splanchnic tissues was, however, temporarily decreased.

Concentraçäo de amônia no rúmen de vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu, em pastagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) na estaçäo das chuvas / Ruminal ammonia concentration in crossbred Holstein-Friesian/Zebu cows grazing on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) in the rainy season

The objective of the experiment was to estimate the rumen ammonium concentration in rumen fistulated crossbred European x Zebu cows, grazing on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) cv. Napier, during the rainy season, from November 1991 to April 1992. Cows remained in elephant grass paddocks during all day and did not receive any concentrate. The paddock management consisted of 30 days of resting period and grazed during three days with a stocking rate of 4.5 cows/ha. Crude protein (CP) content varied from 12.6 to 16.2 percent in dry matter. The rumen content samples were taken in the first, second and third days of grazing at different times 7, 13 and 19h. The lowest ammonium concentration (2.4mg/100ml of rumen liquor) was observed in November, and the highest concentration (9.1mg/100ml) was observed in March. At that time CP contents of elephant grass were one of the lowest (12.6 percent) and the highest concentration (16.2 percent) observed during the experiment. The ammonia concentrations observed were 7.3, 5.8 and 6.4mg/100ml for the first, second and third day of the paddock occupation, respectively. Ammonium concentrations also varied with the time of the day, levels of 5.8, 6.8 and 6.9mg/100,l, respectively at 7, 13 and 19h. The rumen ammonia concentration tended to increase from November to March, being in April lower than that observed in March, suggesting a decrease of rumen ammonia concentration with the beginning of the dry season. During this period, pasture CP was stable from November to February, with the highest level observation in March

Genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and its ammonium derivatives.

Aflatoxin (AF) B1 is a main contaminant in diverse agricultural products. In an attempt to reduce this problem and the hazards to human health, an AFB1 inactivating system with ammonia has been developed. In this work we evaluated the efficiency of the system in mice using micronucleus (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Four groups of animals were fed for 8 weeks with a special diet mainly composed of maize: (1) uncontaminated; (2) uncontaminated/inactivated; (3) contaminated/inactivated; and (4) contaminated. We evaluated MN at weekly intervals in peripheral blood, and in weeks 4 and 8 SCE frequencies were quantified in bone marrow cells. The results shows that animals fed with AFB1 contaminated/inactivated maize had a 45% lower level of induced cytogenetic damage than those animals fed with AFB1 contaminated but not inactivated maize. A residual amount of AFB1 after the inactivating treatment and reconversion back to AFB1 in the organism may account for the remaining increased levels of SCE and MN.