Retrospective evaluation of canine anal sac carcinoma (260 cases) in Brazil: late detection and failures in lymph node evaluation / Avaliação retrospectiva do carcinoma de saco anal canino (260 casos) no Brasil: detecção tardia e falhas na avaliação dos linfonodos

Anal sac neoplasms are common in companion animals, and the epidemiological profile has been extensively described in international studies; however, national data are still lacking. Data on the Brazilian reality of anal sac carcinoma cases' diagnosis and treatment are also scarce. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate cases of canine anal sac carcinoma and assess the profile of involvement, tumor size, and lymphatic invasion at the time of diagnosis. Information was obtained from Vetpat laboratory database, from 260 cases spanning a 12-year period (2010-2021). In histopathological evaluation at the time of diagnosis, data on sex, age, and race were described, as well as tumor size and lymphatic invasion. The presence of metastasis was also assessed in cases where lymph nodes were sampled. Simple descriptive statistical analysis was used to evaluate the data. Adult and elderly, female, and mixed-breed animals were more involved, indicating differences from international studies that can be attributed to sociocultural factors. In terms of tumor size, it was observed that 93% of the cases had the largest diameter above 2.5cm. Only 7% of the cases had the largest diameter below 2.5cm, demonstrating the often late diagnosis and the importance of rectal palpation examination during the general physical assessment of canine patients, particularly at an advanced age. Regarding lymphatic invasion and affected lymph nodes, 50% of the cases had lymphatic invasion described in the histopathological examination. However, only 5% of the lymph nodes were sent along with the primary tumor, indicating the disease's aggressive behavior but with possible metastases underdiagnosed.

As neoplasias de saco anal possuem incidência importante nos animais de companhia, tendo o seu perfil epidemiológico de acometimento amplamente descrito em estudos internacionais, entretanto dados nacionais ainda são escassos. De modo semelhante, dados acerca da realidade brasileira, associados ao diagnóstico e conduta desses casos, são inexistentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, de forma retrospectiva, os casos de carcinoma de saco anal canino, avaliando o perfil de acometimento, o tamanho tumoral e a invasão linfática no momento do diagnóstico. Foi obtido informações de 260 casos, respectivo a um período de 12 anos (2010-2021), proveniente do banco de dados do laboratório Vetpat. Foram descritos os dados acerca do sexo, idade e raça, bem como o tamanho tumoral e presença de invasão linfática em avaliação histopatológica no momento do diagnóstico. Os casos que cursavam com envio dos linfonodos também foram avaliados quanto a presença de metástase. Os dados foram avaliados mediante análise estatística descritiva simples. Foi encontrado um maior acometimento em animais adultos a idosos, do sexo feminino e sem raça definida, evidenciando diferenças em relação a estudos internacionais, que podem ser atribuídas a fatores socioculturais. Em relação ao tamanho tumoral, observou-se que 93% dos casos apresentavam o maior diâmetro acima de 2,5cm e apenas 7% dos casos apresentavam o maior diâmetro abaixo de 2,5cm, evidenciando o diagnostico frequentemente tardio, bem como a importância do exame de palpação retal durante a avaliação física geral de pacientes caninos, principalmente em idade avançada. Quanto a avaliação da invasão linfática e linfonodos acometidos, 50% dos casos cursavam com invasão linfática descrita em exame histopatológico, entretanto em apenas 5% dos casos os linfonodos foram enviados junto ao tumor primário, evidenciando o comportamento agressivo da doença, porém com metástases possivelmente subdiagnosticadas.

Interobserver variability in the diagnosis of canine hepatoid gland tumors

The reported prevalence of canine hepatoid gland tumor (HGT) varies widely owing mainly to the lack of well-defined diagnostic criteria and poor interobserver agreement. The aim of the present study was to improve the level of diagnostic agreement among pathologists in canine HGT. Five pathologists diagnosed and classified morphological features in 57 cases of canine HGT and, based on their reports, diagnostic algorithms were devised using recursive partitioning analysis. The proportion of diagnoses of malignant hepatoid neoplasia among the five pathologists ranged from 26.3 to 50.9%. Interobserver diagnostic agreement was classified as fair (κ = 0.54) but improved to good (κ ~ 0.65) following application of two novel diagnostic algorithms based on histomorphological features as sebaceous differentiation, mitotic count, atypical mitosis and cellular atypia. This study has demonstrated that interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of canine HGT could be improved using novel algorithms. Further analyses are warranted to validate the proposed classification systems applying a higher sampling of canine HGTs.(AU)

Uso da termografia no diagnóstico de tumores de glândulas circum-anais em cães

Em cães, os tumores circum-anais são aqueles observados como a terceira neoplasia cutânea mais comum. Os adenomas de glândulas circum-anais (AGCA) têm um bom prognóstico de cura. Em contraste, os adenocarcinomas de glândulas circum-anais (ACGCA) possuem altas taxas de recidiva e podem ser metastáticos. Já a termografia é um método de diagnóstico que se baseia na captação de imagens infravermelhas que detectam a temperatura da superfície tecidual. Ela pode ser utilizada em diferentes situações, desde medicina do esporte até na oncologia. Em tumores circum--anais, o exame termográfico pode ser considerado um bom método diagnóstico complementar, pois possibilita a diferenciação entre área tumoral e área sadia, além de possuir 66,67% de eficácia em termos de diferenciação tumoral.

Uso da termografia no diagnóstico de tumores de glândulas circum-anais em cães

Em cães, os tumores circum-anais são aqueles observados como a terceira neoplasia cutânea mais comum. Os adenomas de glândulas circum-anais (AGCA) têm um bom prognóstico de cura. Em contraste, os adenocarcinomas de glândulas circum-anais (ACGCA) possuem altas taxas de recidiva e podem ser metastáticos. Já a termografia é um método de diagnóstico que se baseia na captação de imagens infravermelhas que detectam a temperatura da superfície tecidual. Ela pode ser utilizada em diferentes situações, desde medicina do esporte até na oncologia. Em tumores circum--anais, o exame termográfico pode ser considerado um bom método diagnóstico complementar, pois possibilita a diferenciação entre área tumoral e área sadia, além de possuir 66,67% de eficácia em termos de diferenciação tumoral.(AU)

Ki-67 labeling in canine perianal glands neoplasms: a novel approach for immunohistological diagnostic and prognostic.

BACKGROUND: The antibody Ki-67 is a reliable and easy tool to accurately assess the growth fraction of neoplasms in humans and animals, and it has been used to predict the clinical outcome. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression pattern of Ki-67 in normal and neoplastic perianal glands of dogs to evaluate the possible use of this proliferation marker as an ancillary method of perianal tumor diagnosis. We studied 42 cases of perianal gland neoplasms including adenomas (n = 15), epitheliomas (n = 15), and carcinomas (n = 12). As controls, 13 tissue samples from normal perianal glands were used. A Ki-67 index was established by a computer-assisted image analysis and compared with manual counting. RESULTS: Out of the 42 cases of perianal gland neoplasms, 34 were from males and eight from females. Recurrence was reported in 14 cases, being higher (8/12) in carcinomas. Immunostaining for Ki-67 revealed that the carcinomas showed a higher proliferation rate (9.87%) compared to groups of epitheliomas (2.66%) and adenomas (0.36%). For adenomas and epitheliomas of the perianal glands the computer-assisted counting and the manual counting gave similar results; however, only the computer-assisted image analysis was efficient to predict the perianal gland carcinoma recurrence. CONCLUSION: Since there were significant differences in the number of Ki-67-positive nuclei, this marker proved to be effective in helping the classification of perianal gland neoplasms and to refine the diagnosis criteria, especially in those samples with high variation in morphology/area. Also, higher Ki-67 index is related to recurrence in cases of perianal gland carcinomas. Further, the computer-assisted image analysis proved to be a fast and reliable method to assess the Ki-67 index in perianal gland neoplasms.

Expression of Connexins 43, 26 and 32 in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic perianal dog glands

Connexin (Cx) expression is reportedly altered in neoplasms. This study aimed to investigate the expression of Cx43, 26 and 32 in normal and pathological canine perianal glands. Thirty perianal glands bearing pathological processes and ten normal canine perianal glands were submitted to immunohistochemistry to search for presence of Cx43, Cx26 and Cx32. Both Cx43 and Cx26 expressions were observed in normal, hyperplastic glands, and in well and moderately differentiated adenomas. However, in poorly differentiated adenomas, expressions were reduced, and they were absent in carcinomas. Cx26 was located in the cytoplasm of normal, hyperplastic perianal gland cells, and in well and moderately differentiated adenomas. Cx32 was not observed in any neoplasm neither in normal or hyperplastic glands. Our results show that Cx43 and Cx26 expressions are altered in more aggressive canine perianal gland neoplasms, and we conclude that they may be related to the perianal gland carcinogenesis process

Expression of Connexins 43, 26 and 32 in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic perianal dog glands

Connexin (Cx) expression is reportedly altered in neoplasms. This study aimed to investigate the expression of Cx43, 26 and 32 in normal and pathological canine perianal glands. Thirty perianal glands bearing pathological processes and ten normal canine perianal glands were submitted to immunohistochemistry to search for presence of Cx43, Cx26 and Cx32. Both Cx43 and Cx26 expressions were observed in normal, hyperplastic glands, and in well and moderately differentiated adenomas. However, in poorly differentiated adenomas, expressions were reduced, and they were absent in carcinomas. Cx26 was located in the cytoplasm of normal, hyperplastic perianal gland cells, and in well and moderately differentiated adenomas. Cx32 was not observed in any neoplasm neither in normal or hyperplastic glands. Our results show that Cx43 and Cx26 expressions are altered in more aggressive canine perianal gland neoplasms, and we conclude that they may be related to the perianal gland carcinogenesis process (AU)

Retrospective--systematic study and quantitative analysis of cellular proliferation and apoptosis in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic perianal glands in dogs.

Neoplasms in the perianal region are frequently diagnosed in dogs. The aetiology is unknown, and most of them are benign. In this study, 240 neoplasms of the perianal glands of dogs were retrieved from the Department of Pathology archives of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny of University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), from 1984 to 2004. All 240 cases were re-examined by two pathologists. Nine cases (4%) were diagnosed as hyperplasia, 49 (20%) as group I adenoma, 81 (34%) were classified as moderately differentiated adenomas of the group II, 46 (19%) were poorly differentiated adenomas of group II, 48 (20%) were carcinoma of the group III according to the classification proposed by Berrocal, and 7 (13%) were other kind of tumours. Males over 8 years of age were predominantly affected. Cell proliferation was quantified by counting proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive nuclei, and apoptosis was quantified by counting fluorescent eosin-stained apoptotic corpuscles (AC) in normal tissue, hyperplasia and in different histologic types of neoplasia of these glands. A parallel pattern of increase in both parameters (cell proliferation and apoptosis) was obtained. The net growth index (NGI), represents how much a cell population is proliferating or dying and was achieved by dividing the mean PCNA count in 1000 cells by the mean AC stain count in 1000 cells. NGI was different between hyperplasia and neoplasia; group I adenomas have a much higher potential of growth, and NGI decreases from benign towards malignant lesions. These results show up the importance of studying cell proliferation and apoptosis to understand the carcinogenesis of dog perianal gland.

Enfermedad de Bowen perianal / Perianal Bowen disease

Antecedentes: La Enfermedad de Bowen es un carcinoma intraepitelial, no queratinizado de células escamosas de la piel. La localización perineal es poco frecuente. Objetivos: Analizar su forma de presentación, el tratamiento implementado y los resultados obtenidos. Diseño: Trabajo retrospectivo. Población: Pacientes con Enfermedad de Bowen perianal asistidos en nuestro Hospital en los años 2000 y 2001. Método: En todos los casos el diagnóstico se realizó por biopsias de áreas condilomatosas; en 1 caso se realizó resección amplia de la lesión. Conclusiones: La escasa sintomatología de esta patología retrasan su diagnóstico. Ante su sospecha es fundamental el minucioso examen de toda la región anogenital y la biopsia de toda lesión sospechosa. En la actualidad el consenso general mantiene como tratamiento de elección a la resección ampliada. El curso clínico de la enfermedad de Bowen es relativamente benigno con un riesgo a desarrollar un carcinoma invasor que no supera el 2 al 6 por ciento. El seguimiento en el tiempo es imprescindible para prevenir recurrencias. (AU)

Tumor de Ebrikossoff perianal / Perianal Abrikossoff's tumor

Se comunica el caso clínico de una mujer de 57 años que consulta por masa perianal de dos años de evolución, de crecimiento lento. Al exámen físico, masa perianal en sector anterior derecho, de 4 x 3 cm. firme, adherida a planos superficiales y profundos, especialmente al esfínter anal. Biopsia incisional revela tumor benigno decéculas granulares. Se efctúa resección local amplia con excisión parcial de esfínter y sutura esfinteriana. La histología revela un tumor benigno de células granulares o tumor de Abrikossoff. Estudio inmunohistoquímico: Enolasa(++) y proteínas S/100(+) apoya el orígen neural del tumor. Este raro tumor, de histogénesis incierta, que puede presentarse en cualquier sitio del organismo, especilamente en cabeza y cuello(lengua), pared torácica y brazos. Es importante diferenciarlo de la variedad maligna del tumor de células granulares y de los carcinomas de células escamosas, por sus implicancias terapéuticas y pronósticas