Sugammadex ED90 dose to reverse the rocuronium neuromuscular blockade in obese patients.

Objective: to determine the ED90 (minimum effective dose in 90% of patients) of sugammadex for the reversal of rocuronium-induced moderate neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in patients with grade III obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: we conducted a prospective study with the biased coin up-and-down sequential design. We chosen the following doses: 2.0mg/Kg, 2.2mg/Kg, 2.4mg/Kg, 2.6mg/Kg, 2.8mg/Kg. The complete reversal of rocuronium-induced NMB considered a T4/T1 ratio ≥0.9 as measured by TOF. After induction of general anesthesia and calibration of the peripheral nerve stimulator and accelerometer, we injected rocuronium 0.6mg/kg. We administered propofol and remifentanil by continuous infusion, and intermittent boluses of rocuronium throughout the procedure. Results: we evaluated 31 patients, of whom 26 had displayed successful reversal of the NMB with sugammadex, and failure in five. The mean time to complete moderate NMB reversal was 213 seconds (172-300, median 25-75%). The ED90 of sugammadex calculated by regression was 2.39mg/kg, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.27-2.46 mg/kg. Conclusion: the ED90 of sugammadex in patients with grade III obesity or higher was 2.39mg/kg.

Objetivos: determinar a ED90 (dose mínima eficaz em 90% dos pacientes) de sugamadex para a reversão de bloqueio neuromuscular (BNM) moderado induzido pelo rocurônio em pacientes com obesidade grau III submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: estudo prospectivo com o método de projeção sequencial para cima e para baixo da moeda enviesada. As seguintes doses foram escolhidas: 2,0mg/kg-1, 2,2mg/kg-1, 2,4mg/kg-1, 2,6mg/kg-1, 2,8mg/kg-1. A reversão completa de BNM induzido por rocurônio considerou uma relação T4/T1 ≥0,9 na medida do TOF. Após a indução da anestesia geral e calibração do estimulador de nervo periférico e acelerômetro, rocurônio 0,6mg/kg-1 foi injetado. Infusão contínua de propofol e remifentanil, e bolus intermitente de rocurônio foram injetados durante todo o procedimento. Resultados: trinta e um pacientes foram avaliados, 26 dos quais bem-sucedidos e cinco sem reversão completa do BNM moderado promovido pelo sugamadex. O tempo médio para completar reversão de BNM foi 213 segundos (172 a 300 segundos; mediana, 25-75%). O ED90 de sugamadex calculado pela regressão foi de 2,39mg/kg-1 com um intervalo de confiança de 95% (2,27 a 2,46mg/kg-1). Conclusão: o ED90 de sugamadex em pacientes com obesidade grau III ou superior foi 2,39mg/kg-1.

Sugammadex ED90 dose to reverse the rocuronium neuromuscular blockade in obese patients / Dose ED90 de Sugamadex para reverter o bloqueio neuromuscular com rocurônio em pacientes obesos

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the ED90 (minimum effective dose in 90% of patients) of sugammadex for the reversal of rocuronium-induced moderate neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in patients with grade III obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: we conducted a prospective study with the biased coin up-and-down sequential design. We chosen the following doses: 2.0mg/Kg, 2.2mg/Kg, 2.4mg/Kg, 2.6mg/Kg, 2.8mg/Kg. The complete reversal of rocuronium-induced NMB considered a T4/T1 ratio ≥0.9 as measured by TOF. After induction of general anesthesia and calibration of the peripheral nerve stimulator and accelerometer, we injected rocuronium 0.6mg/kg. We administered propofol and remifentanil by continuous infusion, and intermittent boluses of rocuronium throughout the procedure. Results: we evaluated 31 patients, of whom 26 had displayed successful reversal of the NMB with sugammadex, and failure in five. The mean time to complete moderate NMB reversal was 213 seconds (172-300, median 25-75%). The ED90 of sugammadex calculated by regression was 2.39mg/kg, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.27-2.46 mg/kg. Conclusion: the ED90 of sugammadex in patients with grade III obesity or higher was 2.39mg/kg.

RESUMO Objetivos: determinar a ED90 (dose mínima eficaz em 90% dos pacientes) de sugamadex para a reversão de bloqueio neuromuscular (BNM) moderado induzido pelo rocurônio em pacientes com obesidade grau III submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: estudo prospectivo com o método de projeção sequencial para cima e para baixo da moeda enviesada. As seguintes doses foram escolhidas: 2,0mg/kg-1, 2,2mg/kg-1, 2,4mg/kg-1, 2,6mg/kg-1, 2,8mg/kg-1. A reversão completa de BNM induzido por rocurônio considerou uma relação T4/T1 ≥0,9 na medida do TOF. Após a indução da anestesia geral e calibração do estimulador de nervo periférico e acelerômetro, rocurônio 0,6mg/kg-1 foi injetado. Infusão contínua de propofol e remifentanil, e bolus intermitente de rocurônio foram injetados durante todo o procedimento. Resultados: trinta e um pacientes foram avaliados, 26 dos quais bem-sucedidos e cinco sem reversão completa do BNM moderado promovido pelo sugamadex. O tempo médio para completar reversão de BNM foi 213 segundos (172 a 300 segundos; mediana, 25-75%). O ED90 de sugamadex calculado pela regressão foi de 2,39mg/kg-1 com um intervalo de confiança de 95% (2,27 a 2,46mg/kg-1). Conclusão: o ED90 de sugamadex em pacientes com obesidade grau III ou superior foi 2,39mg/kg-1.

Rocuronium and sugammadex in a 3 days old neonate for draining an ovarian cyst. Neuromuscular management and review of the literature / Rocurônio e sugamadex em recém-nascido de 3 dias para drenagem de um cisto ovariano. Controle neuromuscular e revisão da literatura

Abstract A case is reported in which a 3-days old neonate with a giant ovarian cyst was scheduled for surgery. The patient received a dose of sugammadex to reverse a rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. A fast and efficient recovery from neuromuscular block was achieved within 90 s. No adverse events or other safety concerns were observed. Furthermore, a review of the literature on the use of sugammadex in neonates was performed.

Resumo Relato do caso de uma criança recém-nascida de três dias de idade com um cisto ovariano gigante programada para a cirurgia. A paciente recebeu uma dose de sugamadex para reverter o bloqueio neuromuscular induzido por rocurônio. Uma recuperação rápida e eficiente do bloqueio neuromuscular foi obtida dentro de 90 segundos. Não foram observados efeitos adversos ou outros problemas de segurança. Além disso, uma revisão da literatura sobre o uso de sugamadex em recém-nascidos foi feita.

Rocuronium and sugammadex in a 3 days old neonate for draining an ovarian cyst. Neuromuscular management and review of the literature.

A case is reported in which a 3-days old neonate with a giant ovarian cyst was scheduled for surgery. The patient received a dose of sugammadex to reverse a rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. A fast and efficient recovery from neuromuscular block was achieved within 90s. No adverse events or other safety concerns were observed. Furthermore, a review of the literature on the use of sugammadex in neonates was performed.

Uso de sugamadex após reversão incompleta com neostigmine do bloqueio neuromuscular induzido por rocurônio / Use of sugammadex after neostigmine incomplete reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade / Uso de sugamadex después de la reversión incompleta con neostigmine del bloqueo neuromuscular inducido por rocuronio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM) na prática anestésica já tem mais de meio século e sempre foi um desafio para os anestesiologistas. Até bem pouco tempo a reversão dos bloqueadores neuromusculares adespolarizantes só possuia uma opção: a utilização de anticolinesterásicos. No entanto em algumas situações como na presença de bloqueio neuromuscular profundo após o uso de altas doses do relaxante, o uso de anticolinesterásicos não possibilita a adequada reversão do bloqueio neuromuscular. Recentemente uma ciclodextrina gama mostrou-se altamente eficaz para a reversão do BNM de agentes esteroidais, o sugamadex. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, submetida à laparotomia exploradora de emergência após intubação em sequência rápida com uso de rocurônio 1,2 mg.kg-1. Ao final da cirurgia a paciente foi descurarizada com neostigmina, no entanto a monitoração da junção neuromuscular não apresentou a recuperação esperada, revelando curarização residual. Foi utilizado sugamadex 2 mg.kg-1 e a paciente apresenta reversão completa do BNM em apenas 2 minutos. CONCLUSÃO: A adequada recuperação do bloqueio neuromuscular residual é necessária para o pleno controle das funções da faringe e respiratória, evitando assim complicações. A adequada recuperação só pode ser obtida através da monitoração da junção neuromuscular com uma relação de TOF acima de 0,9. Muitas vezes a reversão do BNM com o uso de anticolinesterásicos pode não reverter completamente o BNM, no entanto na ausência da monitoração objetiva este diagnóstico não é possível. O caso ilustra o diagnóstico de BNM residual mesmo após a reversão com anticolinesterásicos, resolvido com a administração de sugamadex, uma alternativa segura para a reversão dos BNM adespolarizantes esteroidais.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) have been used for more than half of a century in anesthesia and have always been a challenge for anesthesiologists. Until recently, the reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers had only one option: the use of anticholinesterase agents. However, in some situations, such as deep neuromuscular blockade after high doses of relaxant, the use of anticholinesterase agents does not allow adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Recently, sugammadex, a gamma-cyclodextrin, proved to be highly effective for reversal of NMB induced by steroidal agents. CASE REPORT: A female patient who underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomy after rapid sequence intubation with rocuronium 1.2 mg.kg-1. At the end of surgery, the patient received neostigmine reversal of NMB. However, neuromuscular junction monitoring did not show the expected recovery, presenting residual paralysis. Sugammadex 2 mg.kg-1 was used and the patient had complete reversal of NMB in just 2 minutes time. CONCLUSION: Adequate recovery of residual neuromuscular blockade is required for full control of the pharynx and respiratory functions in order to prevent complications. Adequate recovery can only be obtained by neuromuscular junction monitoring with TOF ratio greater than 0.9. Often, the reversal of NMB with anticholinesterase drugs may not be completely reversed. However, in the absence of objective monitoring this diagnosis is not possible. The case illustrates the diagnosis of residual NMB even after reversal with anticholinesterase agents, resolved with the administration of sugammadex, a safe alternative to reverse the NMB induced by steroidal non-depolarizing agents.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El uso de bloqueantes neuromusculares (BNM) en la práctica anestésica cuenta ya con más de medio y siempre fue un reto para los anestesiólogos. Hasta hace poco tiempo la reversión de los bloqueantes neuromusculares adespolarizantes solo tenía una opción: la utilización de antocolinesterásicos. Sin embargo, en algunas situaciones como en presencia de bloqueo neuromuscular profundo después del uso de altas dosis del relajante, el uso de anticolinesterásicos no posibilita la adecuada reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular. Recientemente una ciclodextrina gama mostró ser altamente eficaz para la reversión del BNM de agentes esteroidales, como el sugamadex. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, sometida a la laparotomía exploradora de emergencia después de la intubación en secuencia rápida con el uso de rocuronio 1,2 mg.kg-1. Al término de la operación, la paciente fue descurarizada con neostigmina, pero la monitorización de la junción neuromuscular no presentó la recuperación esperada, revelando la curarización residual. Fue utilizado sugamadex 2 mg.kg-1 y comprobamos que la paciente presenta una reversión completa del BNM en solamente 2 minutos. CONCLUSIONES: La correcta recuperación del bloqueo neuromuscular residual es necesaria para el pleno control de las funciones de la faringe y respiratoria, evitando así complicaciones. La adecuada recuperación solo puede obtenerse por medio de la monitorización de la junción neuromuscular con una relación de TOF por encima de 0,9. En muchas ocasiones, la reversión del BNM con el uso de anticolinesterásicos puede no revertir completamente el BNM, pero sin embargo en ausencia de la monitorización objetiva, ese diagnóstico no puede ser alcanzado. El caso ilustra el diagnóstico de BNM residual incluso después de la reversión con anticolinesterásicos, resuelto con la administración de sugamadex, una alternativa segura para la reversión de los BNM adespolarizantes esteroidales.

Use of sugammadex after neostigmine incomplete reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) have been used for more than half of a century in anesthesia and have always been a challenge for anesthesiologists. Until recently, the reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers had only one option: the use of anticholinesterase agents. However, in some situations, such as deep neuromuscular blockade after high doses of relaxant, the use of anticholinesterase agents does not allow adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Recently, sugammadex, a gamma-cyclodextrin, proved to be highly effective for reversal of NMB induced by steroidal agents. CASE REPORT: A female patient who underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomy after rapid sequence intubation with rocuronium 1.2mg.kg(-1). At the end of surgery, the patient received neostigmine reversal of NMB. However, neuromuscular junction monitoring did not show the expected recovery, presenting residual paralysis. Sugammadex 2mg.kg(-1) was used and the patient had complete reversal of NMB in just 2 minutes time. CONCLUSION: Adequate recovery of residual neuromuscular blockade is required for full control of the pharynx and respiratory functions in order to prevent complications. Adequate recovery can only be obtained by neuromuscular junction monitoring with TOF ratio greater than 0.9. Often, the reversal of NMB with anticholinesterase drugs may not be completely reversed. However, in the absence of objective monitoring this diagnosis is not possible. The case illustrates the diagnosis of residual NMB even after reversal with anticholinesterase agents, resolved with the administration of sugammadex, a safe alternative to reverse the NMB induced by steroidal non-depolarizing agents.

[Rocuronium vs vecuronium for neuromuscular block during transsternal thymectomy in the patient with myasthenia gravis]. / Rocuronio frente a vecuronio para el bloqueo neuromuscular en la timectomía transesternal del paciente miasténico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease marked by high titers of immunoglobulin G antibodies, which accelerate destruction of cholinergic receptors and interfere with neuromuscular transmission. This study aimed to determine whether neuromuscular function under a rocuronium block is different from function under a vecuronium block patients with myasthenia gravis and to describe extubation conditions in the operating room or the intensive care unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized, single-blind clinical trial enrolling patients with myasthenia gravis type IIa and IIb according to the classification of Osserman. The patients were randomized to groups receiving a vecuronium or rocuronium block. We recorded arterial oxygen saturation, capnogram, heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and neuromuscular function by accelerometry. During surgery 25% of the total dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent was administered. Maintenance was with a continuous infusion of propofol and fentanyl. All patients were extubated according to clinical criteria, confirmed by train-of-four ratio (T4/T1). RESULTS: The mean (SD) time elapsed before recovery of 25% of neuromuscular function was 53.1 (1.9) min in the rocuronium group and 56.2 (0.8) min in the vecuronium group (P = .01). Time elapsed before recovery of 90% of function was 71.3 (2.7) min in the rocuronium group and 96.3 (1.2) min in the vecuronium group (P = .001). Twenty-eight of the 30 patients in the rocuronium group (93.3%) were extubated with recovery of 89.1% (0.5%) of twitch response and a T4/T1 ratio of 0.83. The difference between groups was statistically significant (P = .01). In no case was it necessary to administer a maintenance dose or reverse the block. CONCLUSIONS: The rocuronium block had a better profile than the vecuronium block in this study. With this blocking agent we were able to circumvent respiratory depression, with its immediate consequences, and thus meet the main clinical criterion when anesthetizing patients with myasthenia gravis.