A Review of the Current Status of Anesthetic Management of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic connective tissue disease of immunological etiology. In the course of the disease, symptoms of the musculoskeletal system predominate, but other systems can also be affected. The disease may require long-term treatment, and patients often require surgery on damaged joints. Complications of the disease and drug interactions may contribute to difficulties in perioperative care; therefore, knowledge is required to provide appropriate care. When anesthetizing a patient with RA, we should pay special attention to preoperative evaluation, taking a medical history, risk of difficult intubation or cardiac incidents, respiratory insufficiency, and frequent pulmonary infections. It is important to be aware of perioperative glucocorticoids supplementation, especially in patients with suspected adrenal insufficiency. Postoperative management, such as pain management, early rehabilitation, and restart of pharmacotherapy play, an important role in the patient's recovery. Special attention should be paid to perioperative management in pregnant women, as the disease is a significant risk factor for complications, and some anesthetic procedures can be noxious to the fetus. Due to the nature of the disease, it can be challenging for the anesthesiologist to provide good and appropriate pain medications, symptom management, and other necessary techniques that are done to anesthetize the patient properly. This work is based on the available literature and the authors' experience. This article aims to review the current status of anesthetic management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The effect of anesthetic blockade of greater occipital nerve during the withdrawal period of the medication overuse headache treatment.

Background and purpose:

Discontinua­tion of medication still remains a key element in the treatment of medication overuse headache (MOH), but there is no consensus on the withdrawal procedure. We aimed to share the promising results of anesthetic blockade of greater occipital nerve (GON), which can be an alternative to existing treatments during the early withdrawal period of MOH treatment.

This study was conducted using regular electronic medical records and headache diaries of patients diagnosed with MOH and treated with anesthetic GON blockade with 0.5% bupivacaine solution in a specia­lized headache outpatient clinic. A total of 86 patients who developed MOH while being followed up for chronic migraine were included in the study.

The treatment schemes for MOH are based on expert consensus and withdrawal strategies are the most challenging part of treatment. In our study, numerical rating scale for headache intensity, overused medication consumption per month, headache frequency (day/month) and the duration of each attack (hour/day) decreased significantly in the first month compared to pre-treatment (p < 0.01). 

Conclusion – Our study suggests that GON blockade can be used as a good alternative therapy in the treatment of MOH.

The role of perioperative sedative anesthetics in preventing postoperative delirium: a systematic review and network-meta analysis including 6679 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative delirium is a common and debilitating complication that significantly affects patients and their families. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is an effective sedative that can prevent postoperative delirium while also examining the safety of using sedatives during the perioperative period. METHODS: The net-meta analysis was used to compare the incidence of postoperative delirium among four sedatives: sevoflurane, propofol, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam. Interventions were ranked according to their surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). RESULTS: A total of 41 RCT studies involving 6679 patients were analyzed. Dexmedetomidine can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium than propofol (OR 0.47 95% CI 0.25-0.90), midazolam (OR 0.42 95% CI 0.17-1.00), normal saline (OR 0.42 95% CI 0.33-0.54) and sevoflurane (OR 0.39 95% CI 0.18-0.82). The saline group showed a significantly lower incidence of bradycardia compared to the group receiving dexmedetomidine (OR 0.55 95% CI 0.37-0.80). In cardiac surgery, midazolam (OR 3.34 95%CI 2.04-5.48) and normal saline (OR 2.27 95%CI 1.17-4.39) had a higher rate of postoperative delirium than dexmedetomidine, while in non-cardiac surgery, normal saline (OR 1.98 95%CI 1.44-2.71) was more susceptible to postoperative delirium than dexmedetomidine. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that dexmedetomidine is an effective sedative in preventing postoperative delirium whether in cardiac surgery or non-cardiac surgery. The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium becomes more apparent with longer surgical and extubation times. However, it should be administered with caution as it was found to be associated with bradycardia.

Lower extremity peripheral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty in a patient with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: A case report.

RATIONALE: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nerves, leading to weakness and sensory symptoms. CIDP is a rare disease, and few studies have reported on anesthetic management in patients with this condition, especially the peripheral nerve block (PNB). Therefore, a safe and standardized anesthetic approach remains to be established. This case report aims to address this gap in evidence by documenting our experience with PNB in a patient with CIDP undergoing surgery. It contributes significantly to expanding the range of anesthetic options and enhancing perioperative outcomes for patients with CIDP. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 58-year-old woman diagnosed with CIDP was scheduled to undergo left total knee arthroplasty due to osteonecrosis. We anticipated postoperative pain and aggravation of neurological symptoms. DIAGNOSIS: CIDP. INTERVENTIONS: To manage the postoperative pain, we planned a combination of general anesthesia (GA) and lower extremity PNBs, viz. the tibial and femoral nerve blocks, supplemented with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. An initial dose of fentanyl 50 µg was administered as analgesia. The tibial and femoral nerves were identified using a peripheral nerve stimulator in conjunction with an ultrasonic echo device while the patient was conscious, to minimize the risk of nerve injury. The tibial and femoral nerve blocks were performed with 20 mL of ropivacaine (0.25%) and dexamethasone 2.2 mg, respectively. Subsequently, we administered fentanyl and ketamine and initiated continuous infusion of remifentanil. Thereafter, propofol 120 mg was administered intravenously over a span of 1 minute, followed by continuous infusion at 4 mg/kg/h. Upon confirming loss of consciousness, we induced GA using a supraglottic airway device without using muscle relaxants. For postoperative analgesia, we administered acetaminophen 1000 mg. OUTCOMES: The patient experienced no pain immediately after surgery, and good analgesia was achieved subsequently without worsening of sensory symptoms during rehabilitation. LESSONS: We achieved effective anesthetic management in a patient with CIDP by combining GA with nerve stimulation and ultrasound-guided PNB. It is crucial to devise a personalized anesthesia plan that focuses on the patients' safety and comfort while minimizing risk in patients with CIDP.

Immunotherapeutic Properties of Dexmedetomidine on Pain Management and Cardiovascular Function in Videolaparoscopic Cholecystectomies: A Randomized, Two-Arm, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy represented one of the most innovative surgical techniques approached in the surgery field. Dexmedetomidine association with general anesthesia promotes the response control to trauma by altering the neuroinflammatory reflex, provides better clinical outcomes in the postoperative period and reduces the excessive use of drugs with risk for addiction. This trial aims to evaluate the potential drug treatment of dexmedetomidine on organic function, with the targets in neuroinflammation, perioperative pain control and blood pressure measurements in a medium-sized surgical model. METHODS: Fifty-two patients were randomized in two groups: Sevoflurane and Dexmedetomidine - A (dexmedetomidine infusion [1 µg/kg loading, .2-.5 µg/kg/h thereafter]) vs Sevoflurane and Saline .9% - B. Three blood samples were collected at three times: before surgery, 4 to 6 hours after surgery and 24 hours postoperatively. The primary outcome was inflammatory and endocrine mediators dosage analisys. Finally, we evaluated pain and opioid use as secondary outcomes, also the hemodynamic values. RESULTS: In Dexmedetomidine group A, a reduction of Interleukin 6 was found during 4-6 hours after surgery. A reduction of IL-10 was noted in the measurement of its values 24 hours after the procedure, with statistical significance. Also, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well heart rate were attenuated, and there was a lower incidence of pain and opioid consumption in the first postoperative hour (P < .0001) in the anesthetic recovery room. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine provided anti-inflammatory activity, sympatholytic effect and analgesia with cardiovascular safety. It reinforces the therapeutic nature of highly selective α2-adrenergic agonists when combined within anesthetic interventions.

Sub-anesthetic dose of esketamine decreases postoperative opioid self-administration after spine surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis.

The use of intraoperative sub-anesthetic esketamine for postoperative analgesia is controversial. In this study, the impact of sub-anesthetic esketamine on postoperative opioid self-administration was determined. Patients who underwent spinal surgery with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) from January 2019 to December 2021 were respectively screened for analysis. Postoperative PCA was compared between patients who received a sub-anesthetic esketamine dose and patients who were not treated with esketamine (non-esketamine group) with or without propensity score matching. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with postoperative PCA. Patients who received intraoperative sub-anesthetic esketamine self-administered less PCA (P = 0.001). Azasetron, esketamine, and dexamethasone lowered the self-administration of PCA (IRR with 95% confidential interval, 0.789 [0.624, 0.993]; 0.581 [0.458, 0.741]; and 0.777 [0.627, 0.959], respectively). Fixation surgery and drinking were risk factors for postoperative PCA (1.737 [1.373, 2.188] and 1.332 [1.032, 1.737] for fixation surgery and drinking, respectively). An intraoperative sub-anesthetic dose of esketamine decreases postoperative opioid self-administration. Azasetron and dexamethasone also decrease postoperative opioid consumption. The study is registered at www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2300068733).

Perioperative management of kidney transplantation in China: A national survey in 2021.

Perioperative anaesthesia management has an important significance for kidney transplantation; however, the related consensus remains limited. An electronic survey with 44 questions was developed and sent to the chief anaesthesiologist at 115 non-military medical centres performing kidney transplantation in China through WeChat. A response rate of 81.7% was achieved from 94 of 115 non-military medical centres, where 94.4% of kidney transplants (10404 /11026) were completed in 2021. The result showed an overview of perioperative practice for kidney transplantations in China, identify the heterogeneity, and provide evidence for improving perioperative management of kidney transplantation. Some controversial therapy, such as hydroxyethyl starch, are still widely used, while some recommended methods are not widely available. More efforts on fluid management, hemodynamical monitoring, perioperative anaesthetics, and postoperative pain control are needed to improve the outcomes. Evidence-based guidelines for standardizing clinical practice are needed.

Evolving trends in the surgical, anaesthetic, and intensive care management of acute spinal cord injuries in the UK.

PURPOSE: We surveyed the treatment of acute spinal cord injuries in the UK and compared current practices with 10 years ago. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted amongst neurosurgeons, neuroanaesthetists, and neurointensivists that manage patients with acute spinal cord injuries. The survey gave two scenarios (complete and incomplete cervical spinal cord injuries). We obtained opinions on the speed of transfer, timing and aim of surgery, choice of anaesthetic, intraoperative monitoring, targets for physiological parameters, and drug treatments. RESULTS: We received responses from 78.6% of UK units that manage acute spinal cord injuries (33 neurosurgeons, 56 neuroanaesthetists/neurointensivists). Most neurosurgeons operate within 12 h for incomplete (82%) and complete (64%) injuries. There is a significant shift from 10 years ago, when only 61% (incomplete) and 30% (complete) of neurosurgeons operated within 12 h. The preferred anaesthetic technique in 2022 is total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA), used by 69% of neuroanaesthetists. Significantly more intraoperative monitoring is now used at least sometimes, including bispectral index (91%), non-invasive cardiac output (62%), and neurophysiology (73-77%). Methylprednisolone is no longer used by surgeons. Achieving at least 80 mmHg mean arterial blood pressure is recommended by 70% neurosurgeons, 62% neuroanaesthetists, and 75% neurointensivists. CONCLUSIONS: Between 2012 and 2022, there was a paradigm shift in managing acute spinal cord injuries in the UK with earlier surgery and more intraoperative monitoring. Variability in practice persists due to lack of high-quality evidence and consensus guidelines.

Association Between Dose Escalation of Anesthetics and Outcomes in Patients With Refractory Status Epilepticus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between dose escalation of continuously administered IV anesthetics and its duration with short-term outcomes in adult patients treated for refractory status epilepticus (RSE). METHODS: Clinical and electroencephalographic data of patients with RSE without hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who were treated with anesthetics at a Swiss academic medical center from 2011 to 2019 were assessed. The frequency of anesthetic dose escalation (i.e., dose increase) and its associations with in-hospital death or return to premorbid neurologic function were primary endpoints. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify associations with endpoints. RESULTS: Among 111 patients with RSE, doses of anesthetics were escalated in 57%. Despite patients with dose escalation having a higher morbidity (lower Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score at status epilepticus [SE] onset, more presumably fatal etiologies, longer duration of SE and intensive care, more infections, and arterial hypotension) as compared with patients without, the primary endpoints did not differ between these groups in univariable analyses. Multivariable analyses revealed decreased odds for death with dose escalation (odds ratio 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.86), independent of initial GCS score, presumably fatal etiology, SE severity score, SE duration, and nonconvulsive SE with coma, with similar functional outcome among survivors compared with patients without dose escalation. DISCUSSION: Our study reveals that anesthetic dose escalation in adult patients with RSE is associated with decreased odds for death without increasing the proportion of surviving patients with worse neurofunctional state than before RSE. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that anesthetic dose escalation decreases the odds of death in patients with RSE.

Intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of upper back myofascial pain syndrome: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by the presence of trigger points. Among the treatment options, botulinum toxin injections have been investigated. The aim of this paper was to provide a synthesis of the evidence on intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for upper back MPS. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT: A systematic review of the literature was performed on the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library, using the following formula: ("botulinum") AND ("musculoskeletal") AND ("upper back pain") OR ("myofascial pain"). RESULTS: Ten studies involving 651 patients were included. Patients in the control groups received placebo (saline solution) injections, anaesthetic injections + dry needling or anaesthetic injections. The analysis of the trials revealed modest methodological quality: one "Good quality" study, one "Fair" and the other "Poor". No major complications or serious adverse events were reported. Results provided conflicting evidence and did not demonstrate the superiority of botulinum toxin over comparators. Most of the included trials were characterized by a small sample size, weak power analysis, different clinical scores used and non-comparable follow-up periods. Even if there is no conclusive evidence, the favourable safety profile and the positive results of some secondary endpoints suggest a potentially beneficial action in pain control and quality of life. CONCLUSION: The currently available studies show conflicting results. Their overall low methodological quality does not allow for solid evidence of superiority over other comparison treatments. Further insights are needed to properly profile patients who could benefit more from this peculiar injective approach. SIGNIFICANCE: The randomized controlled trials included in this review compared using botulinum toxin to treat upper back MPS with placebo or active treatments (e.g., dry needling or anaesthetics) showing mixed results overall. Despite the lack of clear evidence of superiority, our study suggests that the use of botulinum toxin should not be discouraged. Its safety profile and encouraging results in pain control, motor recovery and disability reduction make it an interesting treatment, particularly in the subset of patients with moderate to severe chronic pain and active trigger points. To support the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin, further high-quality studies are needed.

Oral ketamine for neuropathic cancer pain.

Optimal pain management in patients with advanced cancer often requires multiple pharmacological interventions and multimodal approach. Ketamine is an anaesthetic agent with increasing evidence supporting its use for pain. Due to its N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism and its activity at opioid receptors, it is an adjuvant to traditional analgesics. Ketamine has a safety profile with limited experience of oral prolonged use in patients with cancer. We report a case of a 40-year-old man with refractory neuropathic cancer-related pain. Opioid rotation to methadone was previously performed, coanalgesics were added, the patient was reluctant to invasive anaesthetic techniques and his pain was poorly controlled. Ketamine was added to attenuate pain keeping functionality. This is a report of a patient with refractory cancer pain treated with methadone and ketamine orally during months, without reported side effects. Ketamine's use to treat pain is increasing along with its evidence of efficacy for long-term oral use.

The role of NMDARs in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine.

BACKGROUND: As a phencyclidine (PCP) analog, ketamine can generate rapid-onset and substantial anesthetic effects. Contrary to traditional anesthetics, ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and can induce loss of consciousness in patients. Recently, the subanaesthetic dose of ketamine was found to produce rapid-onset and lasting antidepressant effects. AIM: However, how different concentrations of ketamine can induce diverse actions remains unclear. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the NMDAR-mediated anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine are not fully understood. METHOD: In this review, we have introduced ketamine and its metabolism, summarized recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying NMDAR inhibition in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine, explored the possible functions of NMDAR subunits in the effects of ketamine, and discussed the future directions of ketamine-based anesthetic and antidepressant drugs. RESULT: Both the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine were thought to be mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) inhibition. CONCLUSION: The roles of NMDARs have been extensively studied in the anaesthetic effects of ketamine. However, the roles of NMDARs in antidepressant effects of ketamine are complicated and controversial.

Less Induction Time and Postoperative Pain Using Spinal Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia With or Without the Use of Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to analyze anesthetic induction time and postoperative pain using spinal anesthesia versus general anesthesia with or without the use of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) in total knee arthroplasty. The hypothesis was that spinal anesthesia would be beneficial with respect to induction time and postoperative pain and that PNBs would complement this effect. METHODS: Patients were stratified according to demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system (ASA), and opioid intake and divided into: (A) general anesthesia without PNB; (B) general anesthesia with PNB; (C) spinal anesthesia without PNB; and (D) spinal anesthesia with PNB. Endpoints were anesthetic induction time, opioid consumption, and pain. Of 559 patients, 348 (62.3%) received general anesthesia (consisting of group A with 46 and group B with 302 patients), and 211 (37.7%) spinal anesthesia (consisting of group C with 117 and group D with 94 patients). RESULTS: We observed significantly lower total opioid intake 48 hours postoperative when applying spinal anesthesia by 2.08 mg (P < .05) of intravenous morphine-equivalent, and a reduction of 7.0 minutes (P < .05) until skin incision. The application of a PNB achieved a reduction of piritramide intake of 3.59 mg (P < .05) 48 hours postoperative and lengthened induction time by 8.5 minutes (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Statistically shorter anesthetic induction times without clinical relevance, but lower postoperative opioid dosages with clinical relevance were observed for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty with spinal anesthesia. The additional application of PNBs led to a lower need for opioids and lower pain levels in the early postoperative phase.

Preoperative Evaluation, Anesthetic Considerations, and Perioperative Oral and Parenteral Medications in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Effective pain management protocol is critical to early mobilization, early discharge, and increasing patient satisfaction for hip and knee arthroplasty. Surgeons have tried to minimize dependence on opioids and opioid-related adverse events through multimodal protocols that use periarticular injections as well as oral and parenteral medications. The efficacy, cost, and adverse effects of each of these components need to be considered when formulating an evidence-based multimodal pain protocol. Recent advancements have changed understanding of the variability in metabolism of commonly given agents around the time of surgery. It is important to provide a systematic approach to the preoperative evaluation, anesthetic considerations, and the administration of oral and parenteral medications routinely used in total knee arthroplasty.

A pre-anesthetic bolus of ketamine versus dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate whether a single dose of ketamine or dexmedetomidine before induction of general anesthesia could reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium (primary outcome) or cognitive dysfunction (secondary outcome) in elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial included 60 elderly patients who were scheduled for emergency surgery. The patients were randomly assigned into one of three groups (n = 20): group I received 0.9% normal saline, group II received 1 µg/kg dexmedetomidine, and group III received 1 mg/kg ketamine right before anesthesia induction. Patients were observed for three days after surgery and tested for postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction using the delirium observation screening scale and the mini-mental state examination score, respectively. RESULTS: The dexmedetomidine group had the lowest incidence of delirium (p = 0.001) and cognitive dysfunction (p = 0.006) compared to the ketamine and placebo groups. The multivariate logistic regression model revealed that dexmedetomidine reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium by 32% compared to placebo (reference) (OR = 0.684, 95% CI: 0.240-0.971, p = 0.025), whereas ketamine increased the risk by threefold (OR = 3.012, 95% CI: 1.185-9.681, p = 0.013). Furthermore, dexmedetomidine reduced the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction by 62% (OR = 0.375, 95% CI: 0.091-0.543, p = 0.012), whereas ketamine increased the risk by 4.5 times (OR = 4.501, 95% CI: 1.161-8.817, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: A single pre-anesthetic bolus of dexmedetomidine is a practical choice for preventing postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Aswan University Hospital (approval number: aswu/548/7/2021; registration date: 06/07/2021) and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05341154) (22/04/2022).

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome characterized by super-refractory status epilepticus treated with high-dose anesthetics: A case report.

RATIONALE: Super-refractory status epilepticus is a serious illness with high morbidity and mortality, which is defined as an SE that continues or recurs 24 hours or more after the onset of anesthesia. Anesthetic agents can be either pro-convulsant or anticonvulsant or both. PATIENT CONCERNS: Epilepsy occurred at the age of 3 years. At the age of 4 years, generalized tonic-clonic seizure occurred for the first time. The patient was hospitalized at the age of 27 and 28 years for treating status epilepticus. At the age of 33 years, antiepileptic drugs were stopped due to poor appetite. In an early morning, the patient was found delirious with reduced speech. DIAGNOSIS: Occasionally, the patient blinked his eyelids, or deflected his eyeballs to 1 side. When propofol was lowered to 10 mL/H, the epileptic wave reduced obviously. Afterwards, the patient opened his eyes autonomously and his consciousness gradually recovered. The patient could answer questions, and the limbs had voluntary movements. The patient breathing also gradually recovered, and his urine gradually returned to pale yellow from green. After anesthetic was stopped for 10 days, the patient lost his consciousness again. The patient eyes turned upward frequently, which was relieved in 1 to 2 seconds with an attack once every 2 to 5 minutes. INTERVENTIONS: Clonazepam was gradually reduced to 2 mg qn, and the patient gradually woke up during this process. The patient was also treated with levetiracetam 1.5 g bid, oxcarbazepine 0.6 g bid, topiramate 50 mg bid and valproate 0.4 g tid. OUTCOMES: After 1 month follow-up, status epilepticus did not appear again. LESSONS: Propofol aggravated the tonic seizures. As tonic seizures occur during natural sleep and after sleep induced by various narcotic drugs, the decrease of consciousness level induced by excessive sedation of narcotic drugs has been suggested as the reason for poor seizure control.

A synopsis of multitarget therapeutic effects of anesthetics on depression.

Depression is a profound mental disorder that dampens the mood and undermines volition, which exhibited an increased incidence over the years. Although drug-based interventions remain the primary approach for depression treatment, the available medications still can't satisfy the patients. In recent years, the newly discovered therapeutic targets such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) have brought new breakthroughs in the development of antidepressant drugs. Moreover, it has come to light that certain anesthetics possess pharmacological mechanisms intricately linked to the aforementioned therapeutic targets for depression. At present, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have explored the therapeutic effects of anesthetic drugs such as ketamine, isoflurane, N2O, and propofol, on depression. These investigations suggested that these drugs can swiftly ameliorate patients' depression symptoms and engender long-term effects. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress and potential molecular mechanisms of various anesthetic drugs for depression treatment. By shedding light on this subject, we aim to facilitate the development and clinical implementation of new antidepressant drugs based on anesthetic medications.

Clinical experience of electroconvulsive therapy with anaesthetic and muscle relaxant at the Clínica Universidad de La Sabana: 2009-2017.

INTRODUCTION: Electroconvulsive therapy is an effective and safe procedure, which is indicated mainly in patients with both unipolar and bipolar depressive episodes, mania and schizophrenia, when they do not respond to other treatments. OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic, social and clinical properties of a group of patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with anaesthetic and muscular relaxant at the Universidad de La Sabana Clinic for a period of 8 years. METHODS: The databases and records of the procedures were reviewed from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2017. An analysis was performed with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: In this period, 1322 procedures were performed on 143 patients (54.5% women) with an associated diagnosis of major depression in 57%. The number of treatments per person was 9.2 and complications occurred in 3.8%, without any of them requiring invasive management. CONCLUSIONS: Electroconvulsive therapy is performed safely in patients and with different parameters in terms of age, gender and diagnosis, in comparison to other countries in Latin America and the world. It is important to join efforts in research that allow a more complete overview of the characteristics of its application in the country.

The role of anesthetic drug and technique in endothelial glycocalyx: A narrative review.

The level of endothelial glycocalyx (EG) shedding is associated with morbidity and mortality, and vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction is one of the pivotal clinical problems faced by critically ill patients, so research on the protective effects of EG is of great clinical significance for the treatment of critically ill diseases. Studies have illustrated that clinical anesthesia has different degrees of effects on vascular EG. Therefore, we reviewed the effects of distinct anesthesia methods and diverse anesthetic drugs on EG, aiming to provide a brief summary of what we know now, and to discuss possible future directions for investigations in this area. So as to provide a theoretical basis for future research on potential EG-positive drugs and targets, to minimize perioperative complications and improve the prognosis of surgical patients.

Predicting efficacy of sub-anesthetic ketamine/esketamine i.v. dose during course of cesarean section for PPD prevention, utilizing traditional logistic regression and machine learning models.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing researches supported that intravenous ketamine/esketamine during the perioperative period of cesarean section could prevent postpartum depression(PPD). With the effective rate ranging from 87.2 % to 95.5 % in PPD, ketamine/esketamine's responsiveness was individualized. To optimize ketamine dose/form based on puerpera prenatal characteristics, reducing adverse events and improving the total efficacy rate, prediction models were developed to predict ketamine/esketamine's efficacy. METHOD: Based on two randomized controlled trials, 12 prenatal features of 507 women administered the ketamine/esketamine intervention were collected. Traditional logistics regression, SVM, random forest, KNN and XGBoost prediction models were established with prenatal features and dosage regimen as predictors. RESULTS: According to the logistic regression model (ain = 0.10, aout = 0.15, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC = 0.728), prenatal Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 10, thoughts of self-injury and bad mood during pregnancy were associated with poorer ketamine efficacy in PPD prevention, whilst a high dose of esketamine (0.25 mg/kg loading dose+2 mg/kg PCIA) was the most effective dosage regimen and esketamine was more recommended rather than ketamine in PPD. The AUCvalidation set of KNN and XGBoost model were 0.815 and 0.651, respectively. CONCLUSION: Logistic regression and machine learning algorithm, especially the KNN model, could predict the effectiveness of ketamine/esketamine iv. during the course of cesarean section for PPD prevention. An individualized preventative strategy could be developed after entering puerpera clinical features into the model, possessing great clinical practice value in reducing PPD incidence.