Camelid husbandry in the Atacama Desert? A stable isotope study of camelid bone collagen and textiles from the Lluta and Camarones Valleys, northern Chile.

Management of camelids in the coastal valleys of the Andes has generated much debate in recent years. Zooarchaeological and isotopic studies have demonstrated that in the coastal valleys of northern and southern Peru there were locally maintained camelid herds. Because of the hyperarid conditions of the northern coast of Chile, this region has been assumed to be unsuitable for the raising of camelids. In this study we report stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of camelid bone collagen and textiles made from camelid fiber from Late Intermediate Period (LIP) and Late Horizon (LH) occupations in northern Chilean river valleys. The camelid bone collagen isotopic compositions are consistent with these animals originating in the highlands, although there is a significant difference in the camelids dating to the LIP and LH, possibly because of changes made to distribution and exchange networks by the Inca in the LH. There were no differences between the isotopic compositions of the camelid fibers sampled from textiles in the LIP and LH, suggesting that either the production of camelid fiber was unchanged by the Inca or the changes that were made do not present visible isotopic evidence. Several camelid fiber samples from both the LIP and LH present very high δ13C and δ15N values, comparable to human hair samples from one site (Huancarane) in the Camarones Valley. These data suggest that people in the northern valleys of Chile may have kept small numbers of animals specifically for fiber production. Overall, however, the vast majority of the textile samples have isotopic compositions that are consistent with an origin in the highlands. These data suggest that the hyperarid coastal river valleys of northern Chile did not support substantial camelid herds as has been interpreted for northern Peru.

Vacinação na bovinocultura brasileira: revisão de literatura / Vaccination in Brazilian cattle: literature review / Vacunación en ganado brasileño: revisión de la literatura

Este resumo teve por objetivo destacar e avaliar as principais doenças com profilaxia vacinal na bovinocultura do Brasil, bem como as medidas de higiene durante a administração nos animais, alterações na legislação e as vantagens da vacinação adequada em relação ao mercado externo e no momento da comercialização destes animais. A vacinação é uma importante medida profilática dentro da atividade pecuária no Brasil, contribuindo efetivamente para o controle de doenças infectocontagiosas, conferindo sanidade aos animais e produtos oriundos destes. O constante avanço nas pesquisas e no desenvolvimento de vacinas contribui para uma eficácia maior destes produtos, melhorando seu custo/benefício e tornando viável sua utilização pelos produtores. A aplicação de forma adequada e a higienização dos instrumentos, em conjunto com a capacitação dos funcionários que desenvolvem este serviço, somada a implantação de um esquema vacinal sob supervisão do médico veterinário é primordial para a eficácia das aplicações e imunização satisfatória dos animais. Dentre as doenças de profilaxia vacinal podemos destacar a febre aftosa, brucelose, raiva dos herbívoros, clostridioses e leptospirose. As legislações que orientam sobre vacinações obrigatórias devem ser constantemente atualizadas de forma a garantir efetividade da vacinação, garantindo a saúde de animais, técnicos envolvidos no processo de produção e ao consumidor. Como a vacina da febre aftosa que teve redução da dosagem aplicada para diminuir as reações vacinais e consequentemente o descarte de carcaça no frigorífico. Assim, conclui-se que a relevância do manejo vacinal na bovinocultura, quando utilizada de forma correta e utilizando os materiais adequados, produz resultados muito interessantes aos produtores, agregando valor à mercadoria produzida na propriedade e viabilizando seu comércio para países estrangeiros.(AU)

This summary aimed to highlight and evaluate the main diseases with vaccination prophylaxis in Brazilian cattle, as well as hygiene measures during administration in animals, changes in legislation and the advantages of adequate vaccination in relation to the foreign market, at the moment of administration commercialization of these animals. Vaccination is an important prophylactic measure inside the cattle raising activity in Brazil, effectively contributing to the control of infectious diseases, giving health to animals and products from them. The constant progress in research and development of vaccines contributes to greater efficiency of these products, improving their cost / benefit and making their use viable by producers. Proper application and hygiene of the instruments, cumulated with the training of the staff that develop this service, added to the implementation of a vaccination scheme with a supervision of the veterinarian is paramount for the effectiveness of the applications and satisfactory immunization of the animals. Between the diseases of vaccine prophylaxis we can highlight foot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis, herbivore rabies, clostridiosis and leptospirosis. Legislation governing mandatory vaccinations must be constantly updated to ensure effective vaccination, ensuring the health of animals, technicians involved in the production and consumer process, such as the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine that has been reduced in dosage to reduce vaccine reactions, and consequently the disposal of carcass in the refrigerator. Lastly, we could conclude the relevance of vaccine management in cattle, when used correctly and using the right materials, produces very interesting results for producers, adding value to the commodity produced on the property and enabling their trade to foreign countries.(AU)

Este resumen tuvo como objetivo resaltar y evaluar las principales enfermedades con profilaxis de vacunación en el ganado brasileño, así como las medidas de higiene durante la administración en animales, los cambios en la legislación y las ventajas de una vacunación adecuada en relación con el mercado extranjero, en el momento de la comercialización de estos animales. La vacunación es una medida profiláctica importante dentro de la actividad ganadera en Brasil, que contribuye eficazmente al control de enfermedades infecciosas, dando salud a los animales y productos derivados de ellos. El progreso constante en la investigación y el desarrollo de vacunas contribuye a una mayor efectividad de estos productos, mejorando su costo/beneficio y haciendo que su uso sea viable por los productores. La aplicación adecuada y la higiene de los instrumentos, junto con la capacitación del personal que desarrolla este servicio, además de la implementación de un esquema de vacunación bajo la supervisión del veterinario es primordial para la efectividad de las aplicaciones y la inmunización satisfactoria de los animales. Entre las enfermedades de profilaxis de vacunas podemos destacar la fiebre aftosa, la brucelosis, la rabia herbívora, la clostridiosis y la leptospirosis. La legislación que rige las vacunas obligatorias debe actualizarse constantemente para garantizar una vacunación efectiva, garantizar la salud de los animales, técnicos involucrados en el proceso de producción y el consumidor. Como la vacuna contra la fiebre aftosa que se ha reducido en dosis para reducir las reacciones de la vacuna y, en consecuencia, eliminación reducida de la carcasa en el refrigerador. Al final, podemos concluir la relevancia del manejo de vacunas en el ganado, cuando se usa correctamente y utiliza los materiales convenientes, produce resultados muy interesantes para los productores, agregando valor al producto producido en la propiedad y permitiendo su comercio a países extranjeros.(AU)

Vacinação na bovinocultura brasileira: revisão de literatura / Vaccination in Brazilian cattle: literature review / Vacunación en ganado brasileño: revisión de la literatura

Este resumo teve por objetivo destacar e avaliar as principais doenças com profilaxia vacinal na bovinocultura do Brasil, bem como as medidas de higiene durante a administração nos animais, alterações na legislação e as vantagens da vacinação adequada em relação ao mercado externo e no momento da comercialização destes animais. A vacinação é uma importante medida profilática dentro da atividade pecuária no Brasil, contribuindo efetivamente para o controle de doenças infectocontagiosas, conferindo sanidade aos animais e produtos oriundos destes. O constante avanço nas pesquisas e no desenvolvimento de vacinas contribui para uma eficácia maior destes produtos, melhorando seu custo/benefício e tornando viável sua utilização pelos produtores. A aplicação de forma adequada e a higienização dos instrumentos, em conjunto com a capacitação dos funcionários que desenvolvem este serviço, somada a implantação de um esquema vacinal sob supervisão do médico veterinário é primordial para a eficácia das aplicações e imunização satisfatória dos animais. Dentre as doenças de profilaxia vacinal podemos destacar a febre aftosa, brucelose, raiva dos herbívoros, clostridioses e leptospirose. As legislações que orientam sobre vacinações obrigatórias devem ser constantemente atualizadas de forma a garantir efetividade da vacinação, garantindo a saúde de animais, técnicos envolvidos no processo de produção e ao consumidor. Como a vacina da febre aftosa que teve redução da dosagem aplicada para diminuir as reações vacinais e consequentemente o descarte de carcaça no frigorífico. Assim, conclui-se que a relevância do manejo vacinal na bovinocultura, quando utilizada de forma correta e utilizando os materiais adequados, produz resultados muito interessantes aos produtores, agregando valor à mercadoria produzida na propriedade e viabilizando seu comércio para países estrangeiros.

This summary aimed to highlight and evaluate the main diseases with vaccination prophylaxis in Brazilian cattle, as well as hygiene measures during administration in animals, changes in legislation and the advantages of adequate vaccination in relation to the foreign market, at the moment of administration commercialization of these animals. Vaccination is an important prophylactic measure inside the cattle raising activity in Brazil, effectively contributing to the control of infectious diseases, giving health to animals and products from them. The constant progress in research and development of vaccines contributes to greater efficiency of these products, improving their cost / benefit and making their use viable by producers. Proper application and hygiene of the instruments, cumulated with the training of the staff that develop this service, added to the implementation of a vaccination scheme with a supervision of the veterinarian is paramount for the effectiveness of the applications and satisfactory immunization of the animals. Between the diseases of vaccine prophylaxis we can highlight foot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis, herbivore rabies, clostridiosis and leptospirosis. Legislation governing mandatory vaccinations must be constantly updated to ensure effective vaccination, ensuring the health of animals, technicians involved in the production and consumer process, such as the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine that has been reduced in dosage to reduce vaccine reactions, and consequently the disposal of carcass in the refrigerator. Lastly, we could conclude the relevance of vaccine management in cattle, when used correctly and using the right materials, produces very interesting results for producers, adding value to the commodity produced on the property and enabling their trade to foreign countries.

Este resumen tuvo como objetivo resaltar y evaluar las principales enfermedades con profilaxis de vacunación en el ganado brasileño, así como las medidas de higiene durante la administración en animales, los cambios en la legislación y las ventajas de una vacunación adecuada en relación con el mercado extranjero, en el momento de la comercialización de estos animales. La vacunación es una medida profiláctica importante dentro de la actividad ganadera en Brasil, que contribuye eficazmente al control de enfermedades infecciosas, dando salud a los animales y productos derivados de ellos. El progreso constante en la investigación y el desarrollo de vacunas contribuye a una mayor efectividad de estos productos, mejorando su costo/beneficio y haciendo que su uso sea viable por los productores. La aplicación adecuada y la higiene de los instrumentos, junto con la capacitación del personal que desarrolla este servicio, además de la implementación de un esquema de vacunación bajo la supervisión del veterinario es primordial para la efectividad de las aplicaciones y la inmunización satisfactoria de los animales. Entre las enfermedades de profilaxis de vacunas podemos destacar la fiebre aftosa, la brucelosis, la rabia herbívora, la clostridiosis y la leptospirosis. La legislación que rige las vacunas obligatorias debe actualizarse constantemente para garantizar una vacunación efectiva, garantizar la salud de los animales, técnicos involucrados en el proceso de producción y el consumidor. Como la vacuna contra la fiebre aftosa que se ha reducido en dosis para reducir las reacciones de la vacuna y, en consecuencia, eliminación reducida de la carcasa en el refrigerador. Al final, podemos concluir la relevancia del manejo de vacunas en el ganado, cuando se usa correctamente y utiliza los materiales convenientes, produce resultados muy interesantes para los productores, agregando valor al producto producido en la propiedad y permitiendo su comercio a países extranjeros.

Polydactyly suggesting local husbandry of Pre-Columbian camelids: A case from Castillo de Huarmey archaeological site, northern coast of Peru.

Three camelid metapodials with polydactyly (additional digits) were found at the Wari culture archaeological site (dated to the Middle Horizon) of Castillo de Huarmey. The anomalous bones were excavated among numerous remains, and presumably represent animals that were sacrificed within the principal mortuary mausoleum. The bones derive from at least two individuals. The etiology of the deformities remains unknown, but the most probable causes include low genetic diversity in the herd or unintended effect of selective breeding. The likelihood of impaired locomotion suggests birth and rearing within the site vicinity. The animals were juvenile, apparently killed around the age of sexual maturity, when they would have attained maximum body mass. Purposeful funerary proceedings with deformed animals suggest (at least) a locally developed camelid husbandry.

[The invention of animals: a history of Mexican veterinary medicine in the nineteenth century]. / La invención de los animales: una historia de la veterinaria mexicana, siglo XIX.

This article analyzes a phenomenon I call "the invention of animals," that is, the way in which veterinary medicine and the practices of physiology, microbiology and zootechnics produced new and different ways of thinking about, studying, understanding, regulating, legislating, commercializing, exploiting and experiencing "the animal." In particular, the text focuses on the evolution of this phenomenon in Mexico during the nineteenth century, since during this period the impact of these disciplines on animal bodies led to significant changes in the fields of human medicine, public health, and livestock production.

La invención de los animales: una historia de la veterinaria mexicana, siglo XIX / The invention of animals: a history of Mexican veterinary medicine in the nineteenth century

Resumen El artículo reflexiona en torno a un fenómeno que he denominado “la invención de los animales”, es decir, la manera en la que la medicina veterinaria y el ejercicio de la fisiología, la microbiología y la zootecnia produjeron un modo nuevo y distinto de pensar, estudiar, entender, normar, legislar, comercializar, explotar y vivir “lo animal”. Particularmente, el texto se focaliza en el proceso de este fenómeno en el México del siglo XIX, ya que a lo largo de este período el impacto de estas disciplinas sobre el cuerpo de los animales produjo cambios significativos en el campo de la medicina humana, la salud pública y la producción agropecuaria.

Abstract This article analyzes a phenomenon I call “the invention of animals,” that is, the way in which veterinary medicine and the practices of physiology, microbiology and zootechnics produced new and different ways of thinking about, studying, understanding, regulating, legislating, commercializing, exploiting and experiencing “the animal.” In particular, the text focuses on the evolution of this phenomenon in Mexico during the nineteenth century, since during this period the impact of these disciplines on animal bodies led to significant changes in the fields of human medicine, public health, and livestock production.

An analysis of the 1978 African swine fever outbreak in Brazil and its eradication.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the African swine fever (ASF) outbreak that began in 1978 in Paracambi municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and the steps taken by the Brazilian authorities to eradicate the disease. The presence of ASF in the country was confirmed by isolating the virus, and its pathogenicity was certified by the laboratory of the Plum Island Disease Center, New York, United States. Even before the laboratory results became available, the Brazilian Agriculture Ministry declared an Animal Health Emergency, in which the official Veterinary Services adopted rapid control measures to restrain and eradicate the disease. These control measures contributed to the reorganisation of the national swine industry and stimulated the use of high-technology production techniques, as well as an improvement in herd health consciousness. All this contributed to Brazil becoming the largest meat exporter in the world.

[The genotype of the principal Mycobacterium bovis in Argentina is also that of the British Isles: did bovine tuberculosis come from Great Britain?]. / El genotipo de Mycobacterium bovis mayoritario en la Argentina lo es también en las islas Británicas: la tuberculosis bovina provino de Gran Bretaña?

Bovine tuberculosis is a highly prevalent animal disease in Argentina. In this work evidence was obtained showing that a major Mycobacterium bovis group in Argentina had been introduced with the bovine bulls imported from the United Kingdom at the end of the XIX century. This evidence came from two sources: historical, obtained by bibliographical references, and from laboratory results, using a molecular typing method called spoligotyping. These strains are also present in other countries that introduced cattle from the same origin.