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1.
Arch Toxicol ; 94(11): 3671-3722, 2020 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33111191

ABSTRACT

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family is the most important enzyme system catalyzing the phase 1 metabolism of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics such as herbal remedies and toxic compounds in the environment. The inhibition and induction of CYPs are major mechanisms causing pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. This review presents a comprehensive update on the inhibitors and inducers of the specific CYP enzymes in humans. The focus is on the more recent human in vitro and in vivo findings since the publication of our previous review on this topic in 2008. In addition to the general presentation of inhibitory drugs and inducers of human CYP enzymes by drugs, herbal remedies, and toxic compounds, an in-depth view on tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and antiretroviral HIV medications as victims and perpetrators of drug-drug interactions is provided as examples of the current trends in the field. Also, a concise overview of the mechanisms of CYP induction is presented to aid the understanding of the induction phenomena.


Subject(s)
Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacology , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Xenobiotics/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Retroviral Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Drug Interactions , Humans
2.
Obesity (Silver Spring) ; 26(8): 1251-1252, 2018 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30070075

ABSTRACT

Improved survival achieved by HIV-infected patients has complicated their medical care, as increasing numbers of comorbidities have led to polypharmacy and a higher risk of drug-drug interactions. Here, evidence is provided that weight-loss drugs should be used with caution in HIV-infected patients treated with lipophilic antiretroviral drugs because of the risk of virologic failure. This is particularly relevant considering that these agents are available on the market as over-the-counter medications, thus escaping the control of the physician.


Subject(s)
Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Retroviral Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , HIV Infections/virology , Nonprescription Drugs/adverse effects , Viremia/pathology , Adult , Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cohort Studies , Comorbidity , Disease Progression , Drug Antagonism , Female , HIV/drug effects , HIV/physiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/pathology , Humans , Nonprescription Drugs/therapeutic use , Polypharmacy , Preliminary Data , Treatment Failure , Viremia/drug therapy
3.
Med. clín (Ed. impr.) ; 151(1): 39.e1-39.e17, jul. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-173748

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de linfoma no hodgkiniano y linfoma de Hodgkin es mayor en pacientes con infección por el VIH que en la población general. Tras la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral de combinación (TARc) ha disminuido la importancia pronóstica de variables relacionadas con el VIH, adquiriendo mayor peso factores relacionados con el linfoma. Actualmente, los tratamientos de los linfomas en pacientes infectados por VIH no difieren de los empleados en la población general. Pero existen algunos aspectos diferenciales de los pacientes con VIH como la necesidad de TARc, de profilaxis y de tratamientos de algunas infecciones oportunistas. En este documento se actualizan las recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los linfomas en pacientes infectados por VIH publicadas por GESIDA/PETHEMA en 2008


The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma is higher in patients with HIV infection than in the general population. Following the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the prognostic significance of HIV-related variables has decreased, and lymphoma-related factors have become more pronounced. Currently, treatments for lymphomas in HIV-infected patients do not differ from those used in the general population. However, differentiating characteristics of seropositive patients, such as the need for cART and specific prophylaxis and treatment of certain opportunistic infections, should be considered. This document updates recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas in HIV infected patients published by GESIDA/PETHEMA in 2008


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV/immunology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis , Hodgkin Disease/diagnosis , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy , Hodgkin Disease/drug therapy , Lymphoma, AIDS-Related , Anti-Retroviral Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
5.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 23(supl.2): 25-32, jul. 2005. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-174526

ABSTRACT

El tratamiento antirretroviral ha modificado el curso de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) hasta convertirla en una enfermedad crónica. Sin embargo, dado que el tratamiento se concibe de por vida, se requieren nuevos fármacos que sean más eficaces, tengan menos efectos adversos y, además, que superen la resistencia creciente del virus. Estas nuevas moléculas pueden actuar tanto sobre las dianas virales conocidas como sobre otras nuevas. Los mecanismos de unión y entrada del virus a la célula incluyen las nuevas dianas terapéuticas más estudiadas. A pesar de que los estudios con sustancias que bloqueen eficazmente la unión del virus al receptor CD4 están en fases muy precoces, ya están en fases avanzadas (II o III) estudios de algunas moléculas que bloquean los correceptores de la entrada y recientemente se ha comercializado la enfuvirtida, que actúa bloqueando la fusión de membranas, fase última de la entrada del virus. Otro punto de actuación farmacológico muy prometedor es la integración del ADN proviral, ya que se están encontrando sustancias capaces de bloquear la integrasa in vitro. Por otra parte se siguen incorporando nuevos fármacos a las tres familias clásicas de antirretrovirales. Entre los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos de nucleósidos destacan la emtricitabina (recientemente comercializada) y el amdoxovir. La capravirina y el TMC-125 son los no análogos en fase más avanzada de desarrollo. Mientras que atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir y TMC-114 son nuevos inhibidores de la proteasa ya comercializados o próximos a estarlo


Antiretroviral treatment has modified the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection transforming it into a chronic disease. However, as treatment is conceived "for life", more effective and safety drugs, overcoming the growing resistance of the virus are required. New molecules may block the known viral targets or other new ones. The mechanism of the virus union and entrance to the cell includes the new therapeutic targets that are studied more frequently. Although studies with substances that efficiently block the virus-CD4 receptors union are in very early phases, other studies of molecules capable to block the entrance co-receptors are in more advanced phases (II or III), and enfuvirtide, a substance that blocks membrane fusion, the last phase of virus entrance, has been recently marketed. Another very promising pharmacological target is the integration of the proviral DNA as we know some substances that in vitro block HIV integrase. Besides this, new drugs are increasing the three classic antiretroviral families. Among nucleoside analogs emtricitabine (recently marketed) and amdoxovir are the more prominent. Capravirine and TMC-125 are the non-nucleoside analogs whose studies are more advanced. And atazanavir, fos-amprenavir, tipranavir and TMC-114 are the new protease inhibitors recently marketed or near to be


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Retroviral Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , CD4 Antigens/physiology , DNA, Viral/physiology , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Protease Inhibitors , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors , HIV Fusion Inhibitors , HIV Integrase Inhibitors
6.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 23(supl.2): 41-54, jul. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-174527

ABSTRACT

La monitorización terapéutica es una estrategia terapéutica que suscita un creciente interés para mejorar la eficacia del tratamiento antirretroviral y disminuir su toxicidad, aunque los datos que la avalan son todavía escasos. Los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos de nucleósidos (ITIAN) no son actualmente candidatos, puesto que su efecto depende de la forma activa intracelular y no de la concentración plasmática. Los inhibidores de la proteasa (IP) y los de la transcriptasa inversa no análogos de nucleósidos (ITINN) satisfacen los criterios necesarios para ser candidatos a la monitorización terapéutica. Las principales limitaciones radican en que los parámetros a monitorizar para medir la exposición al fármaco y la concentración eficaz del mismo no se han definido adecuadamente. Los pocos estudios efectuados en pacientes no tratados previamente han demostrado que la monitorización mejora la eficacia terapéutica. La monitorización será particularmente útil cuando el riego de presentar concentraciones subterapéuticas o tóxicas es muy elevado (interacciones farmacocinéticas; malabsorción intestinal; efectos adversos, fracaso virológico sin una causa evidente, mujeres embarazadas, niños). El cociente inhibitorio integra parámetros farmacológicos y virológicos y es útil en los pacientes con fracasos virológicos previos, aunque es necesaria su estandarización. Es importante que cualquier programa de monitorización terapéutica se acompañe de medidas para monitorizar y mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento. En definitiva, existe fundamento para pensar que la monitorización terapéutica puede ser una herramienta útil para optimizar el tratamiento en determinadas circunstancias; sin embargo, antes de recomendar su amplia aplicación como método de rutina es preciso estandarizar los parámetros que deben utilizarse y realizar estudios con una metodología adecuada para perfilar el papel de la monitorización terapéutica en diferentes situaciones clínicas


Therapeutic drug monitoring is attracting growing interest as a means of increasing the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and of decreasing its toxicity, although data supporting this strategy are still scarce. Currently, nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NARTI) are not candidates because their effect depends on their active intracellular form and not on plasma concentration. Protease inhibitors (PI) and non-nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNARTI) meet the criteria for therapeutic drug monitoring. The main limitations are that the parameters to be monitored in order to measure exposure to the drug and the effective concentration of the drug have not been well defined. The few studies performed in treatment-naive patients have demonstrated that monitoring improves therapeutic efficacy. This strategy will be particularly useful when the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic concentrations is especially high (pharmacokinetic interactions, intestinal malabsorption, adverse effects, virological failure without obvious cause, pregnancy, children). Although it remains to be standardized, the inhibitory quotient integrates pharmacological and virological parameters and is useful in patients with prior virological failure. Any therapeutic drug monitoring program should be accompanied by measures to monitor and improve treatment adherence. There are good reasons to believe that therapeutic drug monitoring can be useful to improve treatment in specific circumstances. However, before its widespread use as a routine method can be recommended, the parameters to be used should be standardized and studies with appropriate methodology should be performed to define the role of therapeutic drug monitoring in distinct clinical situations


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Drug Monitoring/methods , Anti-Retroviral Agents/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Retroviral Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , HIV Protease Inhibitors , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors , Pregnant Women
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