Complex aortic-arch pseudoaneurysm with aorto-innominate vein fistula in a case of traumatic chest injury.

A patient in his late 30s presented with issues of retrosternal chest pain and palpitations. He had sustained a splinter injury to the left hemithorax a year ago for which he had been managed with a tube thoracostomy. During subsequent evaluations, he was found to have atrial fibrillations and a CT angiography revealed an arch of the aorta pseudoaneurysm with a fistulous communication with the innominate vein, which being a rare condition has no established treatment protocols. Endovascular salvage of the condition required an aortic Ishimaru zone 2 deployment of the thoracic endovascular aortic repair stent graft to provide an adequate landing zone. The elective left subclavian artery revascularisation was obtained by a left carotid artery to left subclavian artery bypass. Post procedure there was complete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm sac, and the fistulous aorto-venous communication inflow tract. The patient recuperated well and has returned to full active duties.

Síndrome de robo de la subclavia tras tratamiento endovascular de aorta torácica / Subclavian steal syndrome after endovascular treatment of the thoracic aorta

Introducción: el síndrome de robo de la subclavia es una entidad poco habitual que se presenta en pacientes con estenosis u oclusión de la arteria subclavia, habitualmente la izquierda, y secundario a ateroesclerosis. Los síntomas derivados de esta entidad son: la isquemia del miembro superior y los síntomas neurológicos. Caso clínico: se presenta un caso de un varón que, tras cinco meses de tratamiento endovascular de úlcera de aorta torácica penetrante, presenta síntomas neurológicos. Se realizó diagnóstico del síndrome a través de eco Doppler y se confirmó con angio RM. Finalmente, y debido a la incapacidad que producían los síntomas, se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico mediante cirugía de bypass carótido subclavio izquierdo. Discusión: el síndrome del robo de la subclavia es una entidad que raramente se presenta asociada a síntomas. Debe tenerse una alta sospecha para diagnosticarlo y tratarlo si es necesario. Aunque la tendencia actual es el tratamiento endovascular, en ocasiones la cirugía de derivación tradicional es la única opción. Siempre que sea posible, debe estudiarse la dominancia de las arterias vertebrales antes de ocluir la arteria subclavia en los procedimientos. (AU)

Introduction: subclavian steal syndrome is a rare entity, occurring in patients with stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery, usually the left subclavian artery and secondary to atherosclerosis. The symptoms derived from this entity are: ischemia of the upper limb and neurological symptoms. Case report: we present a case of a man who, after five months of endovascular treatment of penetrating thoracic aortic ulcer, presented neurological symptoms. The syndrome was diagnosed by echo-Doppler and confirmed by MRI angiography. Finally, due to the incapacity caused by the symptoms, surgical treatment was decided by left carotid-subclavian bypass. Discussion: subclavian steal syndrome is an entity rarely presents with symptoms, it must be highly suspected in order to diagnose it and, if necessary, treat it. Although, the current trend is endovascular treatment, sometimes traditional bypass surgery is the only option. Whenever possible, the dominance of the vertebral arteries should be studied before occluding the subclavian artery in the procedures. (AU)

A 12-year experience in the management of blunt thoracic aortic injury in Otautahi Christchurch.

BACKGROUND: Blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) is associated with a high mortality and is the second most common cause of death from trauma. The approach to major trauma, imaging technology and advancement in endovascular therapy have revolutionised the management of BTAI. Endovascular therapy has now become the gold standard technique replacing surgery with its high mortality and morbidity in unstable patients. We aim to assess the outcomes following management of BTAI. METHOD: This is a retrospective study of all patients with BTAI between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2022. Data were obtained from electronic health records. The grading of BTAI severity was done based on the Society of Vascular Surgery (SVS) Criteria. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included in the study analysis. The most common cause of BTAI was due to high-speed motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (36 patients, 72%). Grade 1 and grade 3 BTAI injuries were mostly encountered in 40% and 30% of the study cohort, respectively. Twenty-three patients (46%) underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). There was no secondary aortic re-intervention, conversion to open surgery or aortic-related deaths at 30 days or at most recent follow-up. CONCLUSION: Management of BTAI in our centre compares well with currently published studies. Long-term studies are warranted to guide clinicians in areas of controversy in BTAI management.

Nonoperative Management for Low-Grade Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the standard of care for the treatment of blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) requiring intervention. Data suggest that low-grade BTAI (grade I [intimal tears] or grade II [intramural hematoma]) will resolve spontaneously if treated with nonoperative management (NOM) alone. There has been no comparison specifically between the use of NOM vs TEVAR for low-grade BTAI. We hypothesize that these low-grade injuries can be safely managed with NOM alone. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of all patients with a low-grade BTAI in the Aortic Trauma Foundation Registry from 2016 to 2021 was performed. The study population was 1 primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included complications, ICU length of stay, and ventilator days. RESULTS: A total of 880 patients with BTAI were enrolled. Of the 269 patients with low-grade BTAI, 218 (81%) were treated with NOM alone (81% grade I, 19% grade II), whereas 51 (19%) underwent a TEVAR (20% grade I, 80% grade II). There was no difference in demographic or mechanism of injury in patients with low-grade BTAI who underwent NOM vs TEVAR. There was a difference in mortality between NOM alone and TEVAR (8% vs 18%, p = 0.009). Aortic-related mortality was 0.5% in the NOM group and 4% in the TEVAR group (p = 0.06). Hospital and ICU length of stay and ventilator days were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: NOM alone is safe and appropriate management for low-grade BTAI, with lower mortality and decreased rates of complication when compared with routine initial TEVAR.

Readmission after thoracic endovascular aortic repair following blunt thoracic aortic injury.

PURPOSE: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is increasingly utilized to treat blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI), but post-discharge outcomes remain underexplored. We examined 90-day readmission in patients treated with TEVAR following BTAI. METHODS: Adult patients discharged alive after TEVAR for BTAI in the Nationwide Readmissions Database between 2016 and 2019 were included. Outcomes examined were 90-day non-elective readmission, primary readmission reasons, and 90-day mortality. As a complementary analysis, 90-day outcomes following TEVAR for BTAI were compared with those following TEVAR for acute type B aortic dissection (TBAD). RESULTS: We identified 2085 patients who underwent TEVAR for BTAI. The median age was 43 years (IQR, 29-58), 65% of all patients had an ISS ≥ 25, and 13% were readmitted within 90 days. The main primary causes for readmission were sepsis (8.8%), wound complications (6.7%), and neurological complications (6.5%). Two patients developed graft thrombosis as primary readmission reasons. Compared with acute TBAD patients, BTAI patients had a significantly lower rate of readmission within 90 days (BTAI vs. TBAD; 13% vs. 29%; p < .001). CONCLUSION: We found a significant proportion of readmission in patients treated with TEVAR for BTAI. However, the 90-day readmission rate after TEVAR for BTAI was significantly lower compared with acute TBAD, and the common cause for readmission was not related to residual aortic disease or vascular devices. This represents an important distinction from other patient populations treated with TEVAR for acute vascular conditions. Elucidating differences between trauma-related TEVAR readmissions and non-traumatic indications better informs both the clinician and patients of expected post-discharge course. Level of evidence/study type: IV, Therapeutic/care management.

Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Tool for In-hospital Mortality After Thoracic Endovascular Repair in Patients with Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury Using the Aortic Trauma Foundation Registry.

BACKGROUND: The objective of our present effort was to use an international blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) registry to create a prediction model identifying important preoperative and intraoperative factors associated with postoperative mortality, and to develop and validate a simple risk prediction tool that could assist with patient selection and risk stratification in this patient population. METHODS: For the purpose of the present study, all patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for BTAI and registered in the Aortic Trauma Foundation (ATF) database from January 2016 as of June 2022 were identified. Patients undergoing medical management or open repair were excluded. The primary outcome was binary in-hospital all-cause mortality. Two predictive models were generated: a preoperative model (i.e. only including variables before TEVAR or intention-to-treat) and a full model (i.e. also including variables after TEVAR or per-protocol). RESULTS: Out of a total of 944 cases included in the ATF registry until June 2022, 448 underwent TEVAR and were included in the study population. TEVAR for BTAI was associated with an 8.5% in-hospital all-cause mortality in the ATF dataset. These study subjects were subsequently divided using 3:1 random sampling in a derivation cohort (336; 75.0%) and a validation cohort (112; 25.0%). The median age was 38 years, and the majority of patients were male (350; 78%). A total of 38 variables were included in the final analysis. Of these, 17 variables were considered in the preoperative model, 9 variables were integrated in the full model, and 12 variables were excluded owing to either extremely low variance or strong correlation with other variables. The calibration graphs showed how both models from the ATF dataset tended to underestimate risk, mainly in intermediate-risk cases. The discriminative capacity was moderate in all models; the best performing model was the full model from the ATF dataset, as evident from both the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (Area Under the Curve 0.84; 95% CI 0.74-0.91) and from the density graph. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we developed and validated a contemporary risk prediction model, which incorporates several preoperative and postoperative variables and is strongly predictive of early mortality. While this model can reasonably predict in-hospital all-cause mortality, thereby assisting physicians with risk-stratification as well as inform patients and their caregivers, its intrinsic limitations must be taken into account and it should only be considered an adjunctive tool that may complement clinical judgment and shared decision-making.

The impact of urgency of repair on outcomes following thoracic endovascular aortic repair for blunt thoracic aortic injury.

OBJECTIVE: Current societal recommendations regarding the timing of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) vary. Prior studies have shown that elective repair was associated with lower mortality after TEVAR for BTAI. However, these studies lacked data such as Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) aortic injury grades and TEVAR-related postoperative outcomes. Therefore, we used the Vascular Quality Initiative registry, which includes relevant anatomic and outcome data, to examine the outcomes following urgent/emergent (≤ 24 hours) vs elective TEVAR for BTAI. METHODS: Patients undergoing TEVAR for BTAI between 2013 and 2022 were included, excluding those with SVS grade 4 aortic injuries. We included covariates such as age, sex, race, transfer status, body mass index, preoperative hemoglobin, comorbidities, medication use, SVS aortic injury grade, coexisting injuries, Glasgow Coma Scale, and prior aortic surgery in a regression model to compute propensity scores for assignment to urgent/emergent or elective TEVAR. Perioperative outcomes and 5-year mortality were evaluated using inverse probability-weighted logistic regression and Cox regression, also adjusting for left subclavian artery revascularization/occlusion and annual center and physician volumes. RESULTS: Of 1016 patients, 102 (10%) underwent elective TEVAR. Patients who underwent elective repair were more likely to undergo revascularization of the left subclavian artery (31% vs 7.5%; P < .001) and receive intraoperative heparin (94% vs 82%; P = .002). After inverse probability weighting, there was no association between TEVAR timing and perioperative mortality (elective vs urgent/emergent: 3.9% vs 6.6%; odds ratio [OR], 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-4.7; P = .90) and 5-year mortality (5.8% vs 12%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.21-4.3; P > .9).Compared with urgent/emergent TEVAR, elective repair was associated with lower postoperative stroke (1.0% vs 2.1%; adjusted OR [aOR], 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.94; P = .044), even after adjusting for intraoperative heparin use (aOR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.92; P = .042). Elective TEVAR was also associated with lower odds of failure of extubation immediately after surgery (39% vs 65%; aOR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.09-0.35; P < .001) and postoperative pneumonia (4.9% vs 11%; aOR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.91; P = .031), but comparable odds of any postoperative complication as a composite outcome and reintervention during index admission. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with BTAI who underwent elective TEVAR were more likely to receive intraoperative heparin. Perioperative mortality and 5-year mortality rates were similar between the elective and emergent/urgent TEVAR groups. Postoperatively, elective TEVAR was associated with lower ischemic stroke, pulmonary complications, and prolonged hospitalization. Future modifications in society guidelines should incorporate the current evidence supporting the use of elective TEVAR for BTAI. The optimal timing of TEVAR in patients with BTAI and the factors determining it should be the subject of future study to facilitate personalized decision-making.

Descending thoracic aortic emergencies: Past, present, and future.

The most important descending thoracic aortic (DTA) pathologies are aneurysms, dissections, and traumatic injuries. In acute settings, these conditions can constitute a significant risk of bleeding or ischemia of vital organs, resulting in a fatal outcome. Morbidity and mortality associated with aortic pathologies remain significant, despite improvements in medical therapy and endovascular techniques. In this narrative review, we present an overview of the transitions in the management of these pathologies and discuss current challenges and future perspectives. Diagnostic challenges include differentiating between thoracic aortic pathologies and cardiac diseases. Efforts have been made to identify a blood test that can rapidly differentiate these pathologies. Computed tomography is the cornerstone of diagnosing thoracic aortic emergencies. Our understanding of DTA pathologies has improved substantially due to the significant advancement in imaging modalities in the last 2 decades. On the basis of this understanding, the treatment of these pathologies has been revolutionized. Unfortunately, robust evidence from prospective and randomized studies is still lacking for the management of most DTA diseases. Medical management plays a crucial role in achieving early stability during these life-threatening emergencies. This includes intensive care monitoring, heart rate and blood pressure control, and considering permissive hypotension for patients presenting with ruptured aneurysms. Over the years, surgical management of DTA pathologies changed from open repair to endovascular repair with dedicated stent-grafts. Techniques in both spectrums have improved substantially.

Endovascular treatment of a traumatic thoracic pseudo-aneurysm in a pediatric patient: a case report with review of literature.

Blunt aortic injury (BAI) as a result of thoracic trauma is a rare entity in the adult and pediatric population. The endovascular approach has been the preferred method of management over operative repair in adults. However, data on pediatrics is limited to case reports and case series with no long-term follow-up. There are no current guidelines for management in the pediatric population. We are reporting a successful repair of a traumatic thoracic aortic aneurysm in a 13 year old boy with covered stents, with a review of relevant literature.

Rule of four: an anatomic and value-based approach to stent-graft inventory for blunt thoracic aortic injury.

PURPOSE: As blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) treatment has shifted from open to thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), logistical challenges exist in creating and maintaining inventories of appropriately sized stent-grafts, including storage demands, shelf-life management and cost. We hypothesized that most injured aortas can be successfully repaired with a narrow range of stent-graft sizes and present a value-based anatomic approach to optimizing inventory. METHODS: CT-scans of all patients with BTAI admitted to our Level I trauma center from Apr 2010-Dec 2018 were reviewed. Patients with anatomy incompatible with TEVAR were excluded. For each patient, after aortic sizing a set of two stent-grafts most likely to be utilized was selected from a list of twenty commercially available GORE conformable TAG endografts based on manufacturer instructions. Stent-graft sizes were then ranked based on the number of cases they would be suitable for. MATLAB was utilized to determine the combinations of stent-grafts which would cover the most patients. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients with BTAI were identified and three were excluded based on iliac diameter. Most patients were male (68%), mean age 42.3 ± 20.2 years, mean ISS 37.0 ± 9.8. Overall mortality was 25%. Of the 20 available stent-graft options, a combination of four stent-grafts would successfully treat 100% of the patients in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Based on actual CT-scan aortic measurements, we demonstrated that an inventory of four sent-graft sizes was sufficient to treat 100% of patients with BTAI. These data can be utilized as a value-based anatomic approach to aortic stent-graft institutional inventory creation and maintenance.

Comparison of treatment and outcomes in blunt thoracic aortic injury based on different vascular surgery guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) recommendations for managing intimal (grade 1) blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAIs) include observation and medical management. University of Washington (UW) revised criteria suggest that intimal injuries with ≥1 cm flap should be upgraded to a moderate injury and treatment be considered. We sought to evaluate and compare SVS and UW criteria for BTAI and determine how discordance in grading affected treatment and outcome. METHODS: We reviewed all patients admitted with BTAI from January 1, 2011, to March 31, 2022. Data included injury grading, demographics, and concomitant traumatic injuries. Images were reviewed to categorize the injury with both grading systems. Treatment and outcomes were analyzed for concordant and discordant groups. RESULTS: Our cohort comprised 208 patients after excluding four who died upon arrival. The mean age was 45 ± 19 years, 69% were men, and the median injury severity score was 34 (interquartile range, 26-45). Strong agreement was observed between the grading systems (kappa = 0.88). All patients with concordant grade 1 injuries (n = 54) were observed. SVS grade 1/2 BTAIs were reclassified in 12 of 71 patients (16.9%). Two (28.6%) SVS grade 2 injuries were graded lower with the UW criteria; neither patient required immediate or delayed repair. Ten (15.6%) SVS grade 1 BTAIs were graded higher with UW criteria. Of these, six underwent repair (one for preoperative embolization), and four were observed without sequalae. Overall mortality was 7.7% with no difference for concordant or discordant grades (7.7% vs 8.3%; P = .99). No aneurysm-related mortalities were observed. Follow-up imaging was available for 94 survivors (49.0%) at a median of 193 days (interquartile range, 42-522 days). Two patients unrepaired at the index hospitalization (SVS grade 3/UW grade 2) underwent successful delayed repair. No patient observed for a minimal injury had BTAI progression or required treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The UW grading system may upgrade or downgrade SVS grade 1 or 2 BTAI for as many as one in six injuries. Upgraded injuries should prompt consideration of repair if there is evidence of flap progression or thromboembolic complications. Downgraded injuries suggest that treatment may not be necessary; clinical expertise is key to determine optimal management in these patients.

Sex Related Outcomes Following Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury.

OBJECTIVE: Current literature suggests that thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in older patients with aortic aneurysms results in higher peri-operative mortality and lower long term survival in females compared with males. However, sex related outcomes in younger patients with blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) undergoing TEVAR remain unknown. This study examined the association between sex and outcomes after TEVAR for BTAI. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all patients who underwent TEVAR for BTAI in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS-TQIP) between 2016 and 2019. The primary outcome was in hospital death. Secondary outcomes were peri-operative complications. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for demographics, comorbidities, injury severity score, and aortic injury grade. RESULTS: Two thousand and twenty-two patients were included; 26% were female. Compared with males, females were older (46 [IQR 30, 62] vs. 39 [IQR 28, 56] years; p < .001), more often obese (41% vs. 33%; p = .005), had lower rates of alcohol use disorder (4.1% vs. 8.9%; p < .001) and a higher prevalence of hypertension (29% vs. 22%; p = .001). The injury severity was comparable between females and males (Injury Severity Score ≥ 25; 84% vs. 80%; p = .11) and there was no difference in aortic injury grades when comparing females with males (grade 1, 33% vs. 33%; grade 2, 24% vs. 25%; grade 3, 43% vs. 40%; grade 4, 0.8% vs. 1.3%; p = .53). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated no difference for in hospital mortality between females and males (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.67 - 1.53, p = .93). Compared with males, females were at lower risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.17 - 0.64; p = .001) and ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.28 - 0.91; p = .023). CONCLUSION: This study did not demonstrate a sex related in hospital mortality difference following TEVAR for BTAI. However, female sex was associated with a lower risk of AKI and VAP. Future studies should evaluate sex differences and long term outcomes following TEVAR in patients with BTAI.

Outcomes following thoracic endovascular aortic repair for blunt thoracic aortic injury stratified by Society for Vascular Surgery grade.

OBJECTIVES: Although the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) aortic injury grading system is used to depict the severity of injury in patients with blunt thoracic aortic injury, prior literature on its association with outcomes after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is limited. METHODS: We identified patients undergoing TEVAR for BTAI within the VQI between 2013 and 2022. We stratified patients based on their SVS aortic injury grade (grade 1, intimal tear; grade 2, intramural hematoma; grade 3, pseudoaneurysm; and grade 4, transection or extravasation). We assessed perioperative outcomes and 5-year mortality using multivariable logistic and Cox regression analyses. Secondarily, we assessed the proportional trends in patients undergoing TEVAR based on SVS aortic injury grade over time. RESULTS: Overall, 1311 patients were included (grade1, 8%; grade 2, 19%; grade 3, 57%; grade 4, 17%). Baseline characteristics were similar, except for a higher prevalence of renal dysfunction, severe chest injury (Abbreviated Injury Score >3), and lower Glasgow Coma Scale with increasing aortic injury grade (Ptrend < .05). Rates of perioperative mortality by aortic injury grade were as follows: grade 1, 6.6%; grade 2, 4.9%; grade 3, 7.2%; and grade 4, 14% (Ptrend = .003) and 5-year mortality rates were 11% for grade 1, 10% for grade 2, 11% for grade 3, and 19% for grade 4 (P = .004). Patients with grade 1 injury had a high rate of spinal cord ischemia (2.8% vs grade 2, 0.40% vs grade 3, 0.40% vs grade 4, 2.7%; P = .008). After risk adjustment, there was no association between aortic injury grade and perioperative mortality (grade 4 vs grade 1, odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-3.5; P = .65), or 5-year mortality (grade 4 vs grade 1, hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-2.30; P = .82). Although there was a trend for decrease in the proportion of patients undergoing TEVAR with a grade 2 BTAI (22% to 14%; Ptrend = .084), the proportion for grade 1 injury remained unchanged over time (6.0% to 5.1%; Ptrend = .69). CONCLUSIONS: After TEVAR for BTAI, there was higher perioperative and 5-year mortality in patients with grade 4 BTAI. However, after risk adjustment, there was no association between SVS aortic injury grade and perioperative and 5-year mortality in patients undergoing TEVAR for BTAI. More than 5% of patients with BTAI who underwent TEVAR had a grade 1 injury, with a concerning rate of spinal cord ischemia potentially attributable to TEVAR, and this proportion did not decrease over time. Further efforts should focus on enabling careful selection of patients with BTAI who will experience more benefit than harm from operative repair and preventing the inadvertent use of TEVAR in low-grade injuries.

Early Versus Delayed Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We examined early (≤24 h) versus delayed (>24 h) thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI), taking the aortic injury severity into consideration. BACKGROUND: Current trauma surgery guidelines recommend delayed TEVAR following BTAI. However, this recommendation was based on small studies, and specifics regarding recommendation strategies based on aortic injury grades are lacking. METHODS: Patients undergoing TEVAR for BTAI in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program between 2016 and 2019 were included and then stratified into 2 groups (early: ≤24 h vs. delayed: >24 h). In-hospital outcomes were compared after creating 1:1 propensity score-matched cohorts, matching for demographics, comorbidities, concomitant injuries, additional procedures, and aortic injury severity based on the acute aortic syndrome (AAS) classification. RESULTS: Overall, 1339 patients were included, of whom 1054(79%) underwent early TEVAR. Compared with the delayed group, the early group had significantly less severe head injuries (early vs delayed; 25% vs 32%; P =0.014), fewer early interventions for AAS grade 1 occurred, and AAS grade 3 aortic injuries often were intervened upon within 24 hours (grade 1: 28% vs 47%; grade 3: 49% vs 23%; P <0.001). After matching, the final sample included 548 matched patients. Compared with the delayed group, the early group had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality (8.8% vs 4.4%, relative risk: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.4; P =0.028), alongside a shorter length of hospital stay (5.0 vs 10 days; P =0.028), a shorter intensive care unit length of stay (4.0 vs 11 days; P <0.001) and fewer days on the ventilator (4.0 vs 6.5 days; P =0.036). Furthermore, regardless of the higher risk of acute kidney injury in the delayed group (3.3% vs 7.7%, relative risk: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.20-0.92; P =0.029), no other differences in in-hospital complications were observed between the early and delayed group. CONCLUSION: In this propensity score-matched analysis, delayed TEVAR was associated with lower mortality risk, even after adjusting for aortic injury grade.

Cover with caution: Management of the Left Subclavian Artery in TEVAR for trauma.

BACKGROUND: Elective Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) with left subclavian artery coverage (LSA-C) without revascularization is associated with increased rates of ischemic stroke. In patients with blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) requiring TEVAR, LSA-C is frequently required in over one-third of patients. This study aimed to evaluate outcomes of TEVAR in BTAI patients with and without LSA-C. METHODS: The largest existing international multicenter prospective registry of BTAI, developed and implemented by the Aortic Trauma Foundation, was utilized to evaluate all BTAI patients undergoing TEVAR from March 2016 to January 2021. Patients with uncovered left subclavian artery (LSA-U) were compared with patients who had left subclavian artery coverage with (LSA-R) and without (LSA-NR) revascularization. RESULTS: Of the 364 patients with BTAI who underwent TEVAR, 97 (26.6%) underwent LSA-C without revascularization, 10 (2.7%) underwent LSA-C with revascularization (LSA-R). Late and all ischemic strokes were more common in LSA-NR patients than LSA-U patients ( p = 0.006, p = 0.0007). There was no difference in rate of early, late, or overall incidence of paralysis/paraplegia between LSA-NR and LSA-U. When compiled as composite central nervous system ischemic sequelae, there was an increased rate in early, late, and overall events in LSA-NR compared with LSA-U ( p = 0.04, p = 0.01, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: While prior studies have suggested the relative safety of LSA-C in BTAI, preliminary multicenter prospective data suggests there is a significant increase in ischemic events when the left subclavian artery is covered and not revascularized. Additional prospective study and more highly powered analysis is necessary. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term reintervention following thoracic endovascular repair for blunt traumatic aortic injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term reinterventions of thoracic endovascular repair (TEVAR) after blunt traumatic aortic injury. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were interrogated until June 2021. Inclusion criteria were blunt traumatic aortic injury treated with TEVAR and mean follow-up of more than 60 months. A systematic review was conducted and data were pooled using a random effects model of proportions applying the Freeman-Tukey transformation. Late reintervention was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were procedure-related complications (endoleak, in-stent thrombosis, occlusion, infolding/collapse, bird-beak, migration, and left arm claudication), overall and aortic-related mortality, and aortic diameter changes. RESULTS: Eleven studies with a low quality assessment were included. Four hundred eight patients were collected and the 389 surviving more than 30 days were included. The mean follow-up was 8.2 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7-10.8; I2 = 40.2%). Late reintervention was 2.1% (95% CI, 0.6-3.9; I2 = 0.0%; 11/389 cases) with 0.1% (95% CI, 0.0-1.2; I2 = 0.0%; 3/389) occurring after 5 years. Bird-beak was identified in 38.7% (95% CI, 16.4-63.6; I2 = 86.6%). Left arm claudication occurring after 30 days was 3.1% (95% CI, 0.1-8.6; I2 = 26.9%; 11/140 cases). In-stent thrombosis was 1.9% (95% CI, 0.1-5.2; I2 = 51.8%; 11/389 cases). Endoleak was 0.5% (95% CI, 0.0-1.9; I2 = 0.0%; 5/389 cases). Infolding, occlusion, and migration were reported in 2 of 389, 1 of 389, and 0 of 389 patients, respectively. Overall late survival was 95.6% (95% CI, 88.1-99.8; I2 = 84.7%; 358/389 patients) and only one patient accounted for aortic related mortality. The increase in proximal and distal aortic diameters was estimated at 2.7 mm (95% CI, 1.2-4.3; I2 = 0.0%) and 2.5 mm (95% CI, 1.1-3.9; I2 = 0.0%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TEVAR demonstrates remarkably good long-term results and reinterventions are rarely required. Aortic reinterventions tend to occur within the first and after the fifth year.

Nationwide Analysis of Penetrating Thoracic Aortic Injury: Injury Patterns, Management, and Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Penetrating thoracic aortic injuries (PTAI) represent a rare form of thoracic trauma. Unlike blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAI), only scarce data, included in small case series, are currently available for PTAI. The purpose of this study was to describe injury patterns, surgical management, and outcomes of patients with PTAI and compare to those with BTAI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 9-y retrospective cohort study (2007-2015) was conducted using the National Trauma Data Bank. Patient demographics, injury profile, procedures performed, and patient outcomes were compared between the PTAI and BTAI group. RESULTS: A total of 2714 patients with PTAI and 14,037 patients with BTAI were identified. Compared to BTAI, PTAI patients were younger (28 versus 42 y, P < 0.001), more often male (89.1% versus 71.7%, P < 0.001), and more likely to arrive without signs of life (27.6% versus 7.5%, P < 0.001). PTAI patients had less associated injuries, overall, compared to those with BTAI; however, were more likely to have injuries to the esophagus, diaphragm, and heart. Patients with PTAI were less likely to undergo endovascular (5.8% versus 30.5%, P < 0.001) or open surgical repair (3.0% versus 4.2%, P < 0.001) compared to BTAI. While the large majority of PTAI patients expired before their hospital arrival or in the emergency department, the in-hospital mortality rate among those who survivedemergency department stay was 43.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with PTAI present to the hospital without any signs of life, and their overall mortality rate is extremely high. Only a small portion of PTAI patients who survived the initial resuscitation period underwent surgical interventions for thoracic aortic injuries. Further studies are still warranted to clarify the indications and types of surgical interventions for PTAI.

Delayed endovascular repair for traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysms: experience from an Asian single center.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) classified as grade III aortic injuries are conventionally repaired as procedural emergencies, generally within 24 h of arrival. These patients typically require adequate resuscitation and treatment of multiple traumatic injuries, which complicate optimal management strategies of aortic PSAs. This study reviews the experience of an Asian single center to evaluate the efficacy and safety of delayed (> 24 h) endovascular repair for PSAs. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with blunt aortic injury (BTAI) were brought to our institution between February 2014 and May 2020. Patients with other grades of aortic injuries (grade I, II, or IV) were excluded from the study, and the remaining patients with grade III aortic injuries were placed into the early (< 24 h) and delayed (> 24 h) groups according to the timing of repair. Medical records and follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed to document the outcomes of the procedures. Primary outcomes included mortality and complications. RESULTS: During this period, there were 14 patients (13 males and 1 females) with aortic PSAs, and each patient received thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Of these 14 patients, 1 underwent emergent TEVAR, and 13 underwent delayed repair (median 7 days, range, 3-14 days). Over a period of 8 years, the overall survival of our series was 100%. No paraplegia, stroke, ischemia of limb or other serious procedural complications were observed during the duration of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The experience of our center indicates that delayed repair for selected PSAs could be permissible, which enables a repair in more controlled circumstances.