Analysis of Different Lymphedema Assessment Tools in Women with Breast Cancer After Mastectomy.

Background: Lymphedema is a common complication after mastectomy in women with breast cancer. Several methods have been described to assess and diagnose lymphedema, one of the most studied being the perimeter and ultrasonography. However, the reliability of these methods and the correlation between them are still controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability of cytometry and ultrasound imaging in the assessment of lymphedema after mastectomy in women with breast cancer and to study the correlation between them. Methods and Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 29 women with mastectomy after breast cancer. Lymphedema in the arm was measured both with cytometry and ultrasonography. Reliability was calculated with intraclass correlation coefficient. The correlation between the two methods was carried out with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Both cytometry (M1: α = 0.999, ICC = 0.996; M2: = α = 0.998, ICC = 0.994) and ultrasonography (M1: α = 0.992, ICC = 0.976; M2: = α = 0.991, ICC = 0.973) are reliable methods to assess lymphedema in the arm. No significant correlation was found between them (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Cytometry and ultrasonography appear to be adequate for the measurement of edema in women with breast cancer after mastectomy. However, for an accurate measurement of lymphedema, these measurements should not be used interchangeably.

Incidental Breast Cancer Diagnosis From Lymphoscintography Using 99mTc-Labeled Nanocolloid for Cutaneous Melanoma of the Upper Arm.

ABSTRACT: A 51-year-old woman with a 2-mm-Breslow-thickness melanoma on her arm had 99mTc-nanocolloid lymphoscintigraphy to localize the associated sentinel lymph node. A single axillary node was identified, and histology confirmed a micrometastasis of breast tissue origin. Imaging of the patient's breasts and subsequent biopsy confirmed ipsilateral stage III breast cancer, which was treated with lumpectomy and axillary node clearance. This is the first reported case of an incidental solid cancer diagnosis from a sentinel lymph node biopsy undertaken for a different tumor origin. This illustrates the importance of recognizing overlapping lymphatic distribution of sentinel lymph nodes, which can drain multiple organs.

Effect of arm position on image quality and radiation dose during thorax and abdomen computed tomography scans.

INTRODUCTION: During Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the Thorax-Abdomen-Pelvis (TAP) the patient's arms should be positioned above the head to obtain optimal image quality and expose the patient to the lowest possible radiation dose. This may be impossible with patients with shoulder problems leading to arms being positioned in other ways. This study aimed to investigate differences in objective image quality and estimated effective dose (E), when positioning the arms below shoulder level in CT-TAP. METHODS: An anthropomorphic phantom with cadaver arms was used. Four arm positions were tested: Along the torso (A), on the pelvis (B), on a pillow on the pelvis (C), and one arm on pillow on the pelvis and the other arm on the pelvis (D). A Siemens SOMATOM Definition Flash CT-scanner with CareDose 4D was used. The dose length product was read to estimate E. Image quality was assessed objectively by measuring noise within the region of interest in the liver and urinary bladder. RESULTS: Significant differences in E between all arm positions were seen (p = 0.005). The lowest E was obtained in position C, reducing E by 8.42%. Position A provided the best image quality but the highest E. CONCLUSION: This study showed no unequivocal optimal positioning of arms in CT-TAP. Position A provided the best object image quality, while position C yielded the lowest E. These results may impact the planning of diagnostic CT where positioning of arms may influence optimal image quality and radiation dose. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: This study illustrates tendencies for objective image quality and E when arms are positioned below shoulder level. Further research is needed to assess the clinical relevance with the diagnostic potential.

The SPECTRAL Perfusion Arm Clamping dAtaset (SPECTRALPACA) for video-rate functional imaging of the skin.

Spectral imaging has the potential to become a key technique in interventional medicine as it unveils much richer optical information compared to conventional RBG (red, green, and blue)-based imaging. Thus allowing for high-resolution functional tissue analysis in real time. Its higher information density particularly shows promise for the development of powerful perfusion monitoring methods for clinical use. However, even though in vivo validation of such methods is crucial for their clinical translation, the biomedical field suffers from a lack of publicly available datasets for this purpose. Closing this gap, we generated the SPECTRAL Perfusion Arm Clamping dAtaset (SPECTRALPACA). It comprises ten spectral videos (∼20 Hz, approx. 20,000 frames each) systematically recorded of the hands of ten healthy human participants in different functional states. We paired each spectral video with concisely tracked regions of interest, and corresponding diffuse reflectance measurements recorded with a spectrometer. Providing the first openly accessible in human spectral video dataset for perfusion monitoring, our work facilitates the development and validation of new functional imaging methods.

Fascicular Involvement of the Median Nerve Trunk in the Upper Arm: Manifestation as Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome With Unique Imaging Features.

Selective fascicular involvement of the median nerve trunk above the elbow leading to anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) syndrome is a rare form of peripheral neuropathy. This condition has recently garnered increased attention within the medical community owing to advancements in imaging techniques and a growing number of reported cases. In this article, we explore the topographical anatomy of the median nerve trunk and the clinical features associated with AIN palsy. Our focus extends to unique manifestations captured through MRI and ultrasonography (US) studies, highlighting noteworthy findings, such as nerve fascicle swelling, incomplete constrictions, hourglass-like constrictions, and torsions, particularly in the posterior/posteromedial region of the median nerve. Surgical observations have further enhanced the understanding of this complex neuropathic condition. High-resolution MRI not only reveals denervation changes in the AIN and median nerve territories but also illuminates these alterations without the presence of compressing structures. The pivotal roles of high-resolution MRI and US in diagnosing this condition and guiding the formulation of an optimal treatment strategy are emphasized.

The latissimus dorsi creates a dynamic track for the inferior angle of the scapula during arm abduction in humans.

BACKGROUND: The importance of several scapulothoracic muscles, including trapezius and serratus anterior, in maintaining physiological scapula kinematics has been highlighted in the past. However, the relationship between the scapula and the latissimus dorsi muscle remains unclear. Our clinical surgical observation is that the latissimus dorsi does not directly attach but rather runs superficial to the inferior angle of the scapula. Based on this observation, we hypothesise that the latissimus dorsi creates a dynamic track on which the scapula glides under the muscle belly during elevation of the arm, creating the latissimus-scapula overlap (LSO). METHODS: All consecutive patients who had a whole-body computed tomography scan (CT) in case of polytrauma evaluation between 2018 and 2021, with complete depiction of the scapula and latissimus dorsi muscle, were analysed. 150 shoulders in 90 patients with arms up were matched according to their age (within five years), gender, and affected side with 150 shoulders in 88 patients with arms down. Patients with pathologies of the upper extremities or thorax that potentially could alter LSO measurements were excluded. LSO was calculated as a ratio of the measured area of the latissimus dorsi projection on the scapula and the total scapula area. RESULTS: The mean age of the 178 patients (48 females; 13 males) was 60 years. The arms-up group showed a significantly higher LSO than the arms-down group (19.9 ± 6.3% vs. 2.7 ± 2.2%; p < 0.0001). In the arms-up group, approximately one fifth of the scapula was overlapped inferiorly by the muscle belly of the latissimus dorsi, contrary to the almost non-existing LSO in the arms-down group. CONCLUSION: With arms up, humans show a significantly higher LSO in comparison to arms down indicating that the latissimus dorsi indeed creates a dynamic track on which the scapula is forced to travel during abduction of the arm. This finding of increased LSO during the elevation of the arm warrants further consideration of the role of the latissimus dorsi in scapula kinematics and potentially scapular dyskinesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level two diagnostic study.

Crossed raised arm position improves the flow of contrast medium in torso contrast-enhanced computed Tomography.

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective cohort study examined the effects of the crossed raised arm (CRA) position in contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) on contrast medium influx and image quality relative to the conventional position. METHODS: Contrast medium influx into the collateral veins on CECT images was evaluated in 92 participants. The CT values of the pulmonary artery, descending aorta, and spleen were obtained in both positions and compared. Anatomical changes in the diameters and area of the subclavian vein and costoclavicular distance were also analyzed. RESULTS: Contras 27 and 6 patients in the conventional and CRA positions, respectively. The influx risk ratio in the CRA position versus that in the conventional position was 0.22 (95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.51). Elevations in the median CT value of the pulmonary artery, descending aorta, and spleen in the CRA position were 7.0% (p < .001), 7.4% (p < .001), and 9.8% (p < .001), respectively. Enlargements in the major and minor diameters of the subclavian vein, subclavian vein area, and costoclavicular distance in the CRA position versus those in the conventional position were 19.3% (p < .001), 28.1% (p < .001), 53.6%, and 30.0% (p < .001), respectively. CONCLUSION: The CRA position effectively prevented contrast medium influx into the collateral veins due to SVS and increased CT values in the target organs in CECT. The diameters and area of the subclavian vein and costoclavicular distance were enlarged at the thoracic outlet, which improved the flow of the contrast medium into the targeted organs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The CRA position can contribute to obtaining better CECT images during common clinical assessments at no additional cost.

A comparative study of the CT effective dose in whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT for arm-raised position and arm-lowered position.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate and compare the effective dose (ED) delivered by computed tomography (CT) in whole-body positron emission tomography/CT (WB-PET/CT) scans between patients positioned with their arms-raised and those with their arms-lowered during the scan on a large population. METHODS: The retrospective study involved 785 oncology patients who underwent WB-PET/CT scans with 18F-FDG between January and June 2019. Exclusion criteria were applied, resulting in a final analysis of data from 732 adult patients. All of the patients were measured height and weight, and the ED from CT in WB-PET/CT was estimated using the dose length product value and a conversion factor. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore relationships between factors and the ED. Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate connections between weight and ED, and height and ED. Multiple linear regression was used to predict ED based on sex, weight, and arm position. RESULTS: The arm-lowered group had a higher ED than the arm-raised group, and the median dose was 1.1 times higher in the arm-lowered group. The difference in ED between the two groups was found to be greater with higher body weight. Arm-position (ß = 0.460), sex (ß = -0.190), and weight (ß = 0.057) were significant predictors of ED. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that arm position, sex, and weight were significant factors influencing the ED from CT scans in WB-PET/CT. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The research underscores the importance of considering these factors when evaluating radiation exposure in clinical practice, particularly for patients undergoing WB-CT imaging. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the radiation dosimetry associated with different patient positions during WB-PET/CT scans.

Diferencias en equipos de ecografía para la detección de metástasis de melanoma / Differences in Ultrasound Scanners' Detection of Metastasis in Melanoma

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Forma de presentación "prono-doloroso-like" del síndrome de Parsonage-Turner / Parsonage-Turne síndrome "pulled elbow-like" presentation form

Introducción: El síndrome de Parsonage-Turner es una neuritis del plexo braquial de etiología desconocida. Se ha des-crito su aparición tras procesos infecciosos, por lo que se sospecha un mecanismo autoinmune. Su descripción en la edad pediátrica se limita a casos aislados. En los adultos, la sintomatología típica es un dolor súbito e intenso, localizado en el hombro y la región proximal de la extremidad superior, seguido de parálisis flácida y amiotrofia. Caso clínico: Lactante de 14 meses de edad que consulta por presentar una impotencia funcional de los miembros superiores de 48 horas de evolución. Los días previos mostró una infección respiratoria de las vías altas. Presentaba el brazo derecho en posición de prono, debilidad de la musculatura proximal de ambas extremidades superiores, sobre todo la derecha, e incapacidad para la movilización. Se detectó rhinovirus en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de moco nasal. El electromiogra-ma (EMG) del deltoides demostró una denervación aguda intensa de los músculos proximales de ambas extremidades superiores, sobre todo la derecha, compatible con una plexitis braquial bilateral. Conclusiones: El espectro clínico de presentación de la neuralgia amiotrófica puede ser distinto en la edad pediátrica. El dolor, característico de la forma adulta, puede no estar presente. Su forma de presentación puede asemejarse a un prono doloroso, por lo que deberemos incluirlo en su diagnóstico diferencial. El diagnóstico se basa en hallazgos clínicos; son de utilidad la resonancia magnética y el EMG, que debe realizarse 2-3 semanas tras el inicio del cuadro. El conocimiento de esta entidad permite establecer un diagnóstico precoz, lo que evita tratamientos potencialmente yatrogénicos, y anticipar el pronóstico

Introduction: Parsonage-Turner syndrome is a brachial plexus neuritis of unknow etiology. An autoinmune mecha-nism is suspected because of its appearance after infections. It predominantly affects proximal muscles of upper ex-tremities, with a first painful phase, which evolves to paresis and atrophy of the affected muscles. His description in pediatric patients is limited to isolated cases. Case report: 14 months infant consulting for weakness of upper limbs. He had an upper respiratory tract infection the previous days. Examination revealed weakness of the proximal muscles of the both arms, more marked on the right side and inability to active mobility simulating a pulled elbow. Magnetic resonance imaging of neck and shoulder showed no structural pathology. The electromyogram performed at 3 weeks of the onset of symptoms demonstrated acute denervation of the proximal arm muscles compatible with bilateral brachial plexitis. Rhinovirus was detected in polimerasa chain reaction in nasopharyngeal aspirate. Conclusions: Parsonage-Turner syndrome is an entity to consider in painful shoulder or upper limb functional impo-tence, as pulled elbow. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings. It's useful to rule one MRI and EMG (which must be per-formed 2-3 weeks after onset). It has spontaneous evolution partially favorable to rehabilitation and anti-inflammatory treatment. Knowledge of this entity allows proper handling, avoiding iatrogenic treatments, and allows anticipate the outcome

Determination of Optimal Imaging Mode for Ultrasonographic Detection of Subdermal Contraceptive Rods: Comparison of Spatial Compound, Conventional, and Tissue Harmonic Imaging Methods

OBJECTIVE: To determine which mode of ultrasonography (US), among the conventional, spatial compound, and tissue-harmonic methods, exhibits the best performance for the detection of Implanon(R) with respect to generation of posterior acoustic shadowing (PAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 21 patients, referred for localization of impalpable Implanon(R), underwent US, using the three modes with default settings (i.e., wide focal zone). Representative transverse images of the rods, according to each mode for all patients, were obtained. The resulting 63 images were reviewed by four observers. The observers provided a confidence score for the presence of PAS, using a five-point scale ranging from 1 (definitely absent) to 5 (definitely present), with scores of 4 or 5 for PAS being considered as detection. The average scores of PAS, obtained from the three different modes for each observer, were compared using one-way repeated measure ANOVA. The detection rates were compared using a weighted least square method. RESULTS: Statistically, the tissue harmonic mode was significantly superior to the other two modes, when comparing the average scores of PAS for all observers (p < 0.00-1). The detection rate was also highest for the tissue harmonic mode (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Tissue harmonic mode in uS appears to be the most suitable in detecting subdermal contraceptive implant rods.