The Short-Term Results of the Modified Concentric-Needle Technique for Single-Puncture Arthrocentesis: A Preliminary Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical applicability of the modified concentric cannula technique (CCT), focusing on the duration of the arthrocentesis, the number of reposition of cannula, and the occurrence of complications. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkiye, between September 2021 and May 2022. METHODOLOGY: Forty patients with Wilkes III temporomandibular joints (TMJ) internal derangement were identified and 13 patients who met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The main outcomes regarding the clinical applicability of modified CCT included the duration of arthrocentesis, the number of reposition of cannula, and the occurrence of complications. RESULTS: The values of maximum mouth opening (MMO) without pain and MMO without assistance measured in the immediate postoperative period and at the 4th and 8th postoperative weeks were found to be significantly higher than the pre-arthrocentesis values. The values of MMO with assistance measured in the immediate postoperative period and at the 8th postoperative week were also significantly higher than the baseline values. Compared with preoperative values, notable decreases in pain scores were observed at the 4th (p = 0.003) and 8th (p = 0.002) postoperative weeks. The assessment of the jaw dysfunction also revealed significantly lower scores at the 4th (p = 0.024) and 8th (p <0.001) postoperative weeks. CONCLUSION: Modified CCT of arthrocentesis substantially decreased pain and improved mandibular functions in patients with internal derangement of TMJ. Additionally, this technique could be performed with a reduced number of cannula relocations and required a shorter operative time even with the use of a higher irrigation volume during the lavage procedure. KEY WORDS: Arthrocentesis, Temporomandibular joint disorder, Temporomandibular joint.

Predicting Septic Arthritis in the Setting of Crystalline Arthropathy in the Native Joint Using Laboratory Data.

Background: Septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency. Diagnosis is difficult in patients with concomitant crystalline arthropathy (gout or pseudogout). The symptomatology of crystal arthritis mimics septic arthritis, clouding clinical diagnosis. Arthrocentesis and synovial fluid analysis are the standard diagnostic tests for both pathologies. Crystals on microscopy are diagnostic of crystal arthritis, however their presence does not rule out septic arthritis. Septic arthritis is diagnosed by positive microbiology culture. Though septic arthritis is associated with elevated synovial total nucleated count (TNC), TNC elevations can also occur with gout. The literature suggests that a TNC count of > 50,000 cells in a crystal-positive joint should raise suspicion for concurrent septic arthritis, however data is limited. Further diagnostic indicators are needed to help clinicians promptly identify crystal positive septic arthritis as the treatments and prognoses are different. Methods: Patients were retrospectively identified who had arthrocentesis of a native joint positive for monosodium urate (MSU) and/or (CPPD) crystals. Laboratory data was collected including synovial fluid cultures, total nucleated cell count (TNC), percent polymorphic neutrophils (%PMN), and crystal analysis; and serum CRP, ESR, and white blood cell count (WBC). Statistical analysis performed using Spearman correlation, Univariate-Fischer's exact and Wilcoxon tests, and multivariate analysis. Results: 442 joints identified with positive CPPD and/or MSU crystals, 31% female, 69% male. Of 442 aspirates, 58 had positive cultures. Patients were more likely to have positive cultures if synovial TNC > 50,000 (odds ratio 7.7), CRP > 10 mg/dL (OR 3.2), PMN > 90% (OR 2.17), and if the patient was female (OR 1.9), all were statistically significant with p < 0.05. There were 55 patients who underwent irrigation and debridement based on clinical suspicion or a positive gram stain, 37 of these ultimately had a positive culture (67%), the remaining 18 had negative cultures. Conclusion: Results are consistent with the literature, a TNC > 50,000 warrants a high suspicion for concurrent septic arthritis and should prompt providers to critically evaluate other patient laboratory data. Results further suggests that a patient with positive crystals, synovial TNC > 50,000 cells, PMN > 90%, and serum CRP > 10mg/dL is at high risk for having a concurrent septic arthritis and may warrant urgent irrigation and debridement and antibiotic therapy. This data serves as a supporting to develop an infection risk calculator for crystal positive septic arthritis. Level of Evidence: III.

Efficacy of Duloxetine With Arthrocentesis in the Management of TMJ Internal Derangement.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthrocentesis is one of the most commonly used non-invasive surgical interventions in the treatment of refractory pain and dysfunction associated with internal derangement. Several adjunctive therapies have been used in combination with arthrocentesis in an attempt to increase its efficacy and long-term maintenance. Duloxetine is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor which is used in different chronic pain conditions. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of duloxetine in combination with arthrocentesis compared with arthrocentesis alone. Twenty-eight patients with chronic TMJ pain were included and randomly allocated into 2 groups (control and study groups). The control group included patients who underwent TMJ arthrocentesis only, and the study group included patients who underwent arthrocentesis followed by giving duloxetine (30 mg) orally twice daily for 3 months. Pain, maximum mouth opening, and level of anxiety and depression were assessed preoperatively and followed at regular intervals of 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Pain was significantly reduced in both groups at all postoperative intervals and was significantly lower in the study group than the control group at 6 months. Maximum mouth opening increased significantly in both groups, but the difference between them was not significant. Level of anxiety and depression was significantly decreased in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between them. The results of this study indicate that duloxetine in combination with arthrocentesis may provide effective and long-term pain control; however, its use is associated with a higher risk of adverse events.

[Minimally invasive treatments and open joint surgery for disorders of the temporomandibular joint]. / Minimaal invasieve behandelingen en opengewrichtschirurgie voor aandoeningen van het kaakgewricht.

The initial treatment of symptomatic disorders of the temporomandibular joint typically consists of a conservative approach, in which medication (painkillers and muscle relaxants), orofacial physiotherapy and splints are most important. In most cases, minimally invasive treatment options, such as arthrocentesis, arthroscopy or joint injections, are only considered when conservative methods provide insufficient symptom reduction. There is, however, an ongoing debate about the optimal treatment strategy due to an increasing body of evidence concerning the superior effectiveness in symptom reduction of minimally invasive treatment options with regard to conservative treatments. If these minimally invasive treatment options are also ineffective, open joint surgery may be considered as a last option for a select group of patients.

Detection value of third-generation sequencing to identify the pathogenic organisms in prosthetic joint infection.

To compare the detection value of third-generation sequencing (TGS) with pathogenic microbial culture in prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Arthrocentesis was performed on 29 patients who underwent hip and knee revision surgeries. In the PJI group, TGS detected 85.71 % of positive cases, while pathogenic microbial culture detected only 42.85 %. TGS identified 17 different pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus lactis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. In the loosening group, TGS was positive in one patient, while microbial culture was negative in all cases. TGS showed higher sensitivity (85.71 % vs. 42.85 %), comparable specificity (93.33 % vs. 100 %), and similar positive predictive value (92.31 % vs. 100 %) compared to culture.However, TGS had a higher negative predictive value (87.5 % vs. 65.22 %).Additionally, TGS provided faster results (mean time 23.8±3.6 h) compared to microbial culture (mean time 108.0±9.4 h).These findings suggest that TGS holds promise for detecting pathogenic microorganisms in PJI and has potential for clinical application.

Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis for condylar head fracture: a technical report.

OBJECTIVES: Double puncture arthrocentesis (DPA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMD) is considered an effective preservative option for managing mandibular condylar head fractures. However, the procedure is commonly performed by a traditional "blind" method using anatomical characteristics. In the present study, an ultrasonography (US) device was applied for the treatment of a case with a fractured mandibular condyle. METHODS: A 79-year-old female was diagnosed right side condylar head fracture complaining pain of right TMD and reduced mouth opening range: inter-incisor distance of 20 mm. Since the fracture position was high and inoperable, the decision was made to perform DPA of the TMD. The US probe was positioned parallel and slightly oblique to the major axis of the mandibular ramus. Both the posterior and anterior insertions into the joint space were performed according to the axis mentioned above, which enabled the operator to visualize the entirety of the needle. RESULTS: The device offered safety and ensured accuracy by providing real-time visual aid to the surgeon. The procedure provided an early increase in the inter-incisor distance (31 mm) and pain relief. CONCLUSIONS: Hence, for the preservative treatment of mandibular condylar head fractures, based on the present study, we recommend US-guided arthrocentesis as a safe, feasible, and effective therapeutic option instead of the conventional "blind" method.

[Preliminarily study of arthrocentesis combined with liquid phase concentrated growth factor injection in the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of arthrocentesis combined with liquid phase concentrated growth factor (CGF) injection in the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA), in order to provide a new treatment option for TMJOA patients. METHODS: In this non-randomized controlled study, patients diagnosed with unilateral TMJOA who visited the center for temporomandibular joint disorder and orofacial pain of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from June 2021 to January 2023 were selected as research objects. The patients were divided into experimental group and control group, which were selected by patients themselves. The experimental group received arthrocentesis combined with liquid phase CGF injection and the control group received arthrocentesis combined with HA injection. Both groups were treated 3 times, once every two weeks. The clinical effect was evaluated by the maximum mouth opening, pain value and the degree of mandibular function limitation 6 months after treatment. The change of condylar bone was evaluated by cone beam CT (CBCT) image fusion technology before and after treatment. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were included in the experimental group, including 3 males and 17 females, with an average age of (34.40±8.41) years. A total of 15 patients were included in the control group, including 1 male and 14 females, with an average age of (32.20±12.00) years. There was no statistical difference in general information between the two groups (P > 0.05). There were no statistical differences in the mouth opening, pain value and the degree of jaw function limitation between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05), and all of them improved 6 months after treatment compared with before treatment (P < 0.05). However, the mouth opening of experimental group was significantly higher than that of control group 6 months after treatment (P < 0.05), and the degree of jaw function limitation was significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). CBCT 2D images showed that the condylar bone of both groups was smoother after treatment than before treatment, and image fusion results showed that 10 patients (50.0%) in the experimental group and 5 patients (33.3%) in the control group had reparative remodeling area of condylar bone, and there was no statistical difference between them (P > 0.05). Except for one CGF patient, the other patients in both groups had some absorption areas of condylar bone. CONCLUSION: The arthrocentesis combined with liquid phase CGF injection can improve the clinical symptoms and signs of unilateral TMJOA patients in short term, and is better than HA in increasing mouth opening and improving jaw function. CBCT fusion images of both patient groups show some cases of condylar bone reparative remodeling and its relevance to treatment plans still requires further study.

Joint Fluid Cell Count in Acute Bacterial Arthritis Patients Proven Positive Culture in Children.

BACKGROUND: Acute bacterial arthritis (ABA) is a serious, pediatric infection that can result in motor comorbidities. Normally, a joint fluid white blood cell (WBC) count of 50,000 or more cells/mm 3 is used to make a presumptive diagnosis of ABA. This study evaluated the utility of the joint fluid WBC count for diagnosing pediatric ABA confirmed by a positive culture result. METHODS: Patients with ABA between March 2010 and March 2023 at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center were included. ABA was confirmed by positive joint fluid culture results for a pathogenic organism. Patients with negative results and those without a joint fluid WBC count were excluded. Electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed for demographic data, timing of arthrocentesis, culture results and the joint fluid WBC count. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients with ABA were identified; of these, 22 were included. The median age was 5 years [interquartile range (IQR): 2-10 years]. Males comprised 55% of the population. The median joint fluid WBC count was 19,575 (IQR: 6806-47,388) cells/mm 3 , and 23% of the patients had 50,000 cells/mm 3 or more. The median time from symptom onset to arthrocentesis was 3 days (IQR: 2-5 days). The isolated organisms were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (50%), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (9%), Streptococcus pyogenes (27%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%) and Salmonella spp. (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients with ABA confirmed by positive results of a joint fluid culture had a joint fluid WBC count of less than 50,000 cells/mm 3 .

Current thinking in open temporomandibular joint surgery. Is this still indicated in the management of articular temporomandibular joint disorder?

Management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) follows a stepwise approach of conservative management, minimally invasive surgery (arthrocentesis and arthroscopy), open surgery and alloplastic replacement. The majority of patients treated in primary care and managed initially in secondary care have myofascial pain and can be managed conservatively with rest, topical NSAIDs, muscle massage, and a bite orthosis. Those who fail to improve and have articular related pain with limitation of function should initially undergo arthroscopic investigation and arthrocentesis, which is effective at resolving symptoms in 80% of patients. Arthroscopy provides the best diagnostic aid should there be a failure to improve and should enable the surgeon to appropriately plan open surgery. Historically, surgical intervention was based on a 'one size fits all' philosophy with the surgeon carrying out a procedure which they are used to doing regardless of the pathology. Prior to arthroscopy this carried an '80% chance of getting 80% better' regardless of approach. Prior arthroscopy reduced success rates to 50%-60% and a better success rate is needed. Basing surgical intervention on the pathology encountered is a sensible approach to joint management, with the surgeon performing surgery on the articular surfaces or disc as indicated. Having used this approach over the last 15 years the author has achieved success rates of 80% in the longer term and this philosophy, rationale, and technique will be discussed along with analysis of more recent publications in the field.

Evidence for minimally invasive treatment-A systematic review on surgical management of disc displacement.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc displacement (DD) has been established in different forms since over a century. Ther is a consensus to perform minimal invasive interventions as first-line surgical treatment since there are no evidence on best surgical practice yet. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to perform a complex systematic review (SR) on the topic-is there evidence for surgical treatment of TMJ DD? METHODS: The PICO was defined as DD patients (population), treated with different surgical interventions including arthrocentesis (intervention), compared with other or no treatment (control) regarding the outcome variables mandibular function, mouth opening capacity, TMJ pain, etcetera (outcome). For identification of prospective controlled trials and SRs, a search strategy was developed for application in three databases. RESULTS: The search yielded 4931 studies of which 56 fulfilled the stipulated PICO. Studies with low or moderate risk of bias were possible to include in meta-analyses. There were evidence suggesting arthrocentesis being more effective compared to conservative management (maximum interincisal opening (MIO): p < .0001, I2 = 22%; TMJ pain: p = .0003, I2 = 84%) and arthrocentesis being slightly more effective than arthrocentesis with an adjunctive hyaluronic acid injection (MIO: p = .04, I2 = 0%; TMJ pain: p = .28, I2 = 0%). Other treatment comparisons showed nonsignificant differences. The performed meta-analyses only included 2-4 studies each, which might indicate a low grade of evidence. CONCLUSION: Although arthrocentesis performed better than conservative management the findings should be interpreted cautiously, and non-invasive management considered as primary measure. Still, several knowledge gaps concerning surgical methods of choice remains.

Treatment of painful temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction: network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

There is currently no consensus on the best treatment for painful temporomandibular disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR), and no network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing all types of treatments for this condition has been conducted. The objective of this study was to compare and rank all treatments for DDwoR, including conservative treatments, occlusal splints, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), arthrocentesis (Arthro) alone, Arthro plus intra-articular injection (IAI) of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), Arthro plus IAI of hyaluronic acid (HA), Arthro with exercises, Arthro plus occlusal splints, and manipulative therapy. Outcome variables were pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and maximum mouth opening (MMO, mm). The mean difference with 95% confidence interval was estimated using Stata software. The GRADE system was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. A total of 742 patients from 16 RCTs were included in the NMA. Both direct meta-analysis and NMA showed that Arthro with IAI of co-adjuvants provided better pain reduction in the short term (≤3 months) than Arthro alone. However, the quality of the evidence was very low. In the intermediate term, Arthro alone or combined with co-adjuvants provided better pain reduction than conservative treatment, but with low-quality evidence. Conservative treatment significantly increased MMO in the short term compared to other treatments. In conclusion, the results of this NMA suggest that arthrocentesis with intra-articular injection of adjuvant medications may be superior to conservative treatments in reducing pain intensity at long-term follow-up, while no significant differences were found for the MMO outcome. However, the quality of evidence was generally low to very low, and further RCTs are needed to confirm these findings.

The Contemporary Management of Temporomandibular Joint Intra-Articular Pain and Dysfunction.

The understanding of the causes of temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction has evolved over 50 years. Historically, the term internal derangement has been used to describe the abnormal relationship between the articular disc, condyle, and glenoid fossa, which was thought to correlate with patient symptoms. It is now known that the pathophysiology of intra-articular pain and dysfunction (IPD) involves synovitis, capsular impingement, symptomatic disc displacement, or a combination of these. Symptomatic disc displacement should only be considered to be a potential source of IPD after synovitis and capsular impingement have been treated. This philosophy provides the opportunity for most patients with IPD to be initially treated nonsurgically or with minimally invasive procedures such as arthrocentesis or arthroscopy.

Arthroscopy versus arthrocentesis and versus conservative treatments for temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of arthroscopy compared to arthrocentesis and to conservative treatments for temporomandibular joint disorders. Thirteen controlled studies on various patient outcomes were included after a systematic search in seven electronic databases. Meta-analyses were conducted separately for arthroscopic surgery (AS) and arthroscopic lysis and lavage (ALL), and short-term (<6 months), intermediate-term (6 months to 5 years), and long-term (≥5 years) follow-up periods were considered. No significant differences in pain reduction and complication rates were found between AS or ALL and arthrocentesis. Regarding improvement in maximum mouth opening (MMO), both AS at intermediate-term and ALL at short-term follow-up were equally efficient when compared to arthrocentesis. However, at intermediate-term follow-up, ALL was superior to arthrocentesis for MMO improvement (mean difference 4.9 mm, 95% confidence interval 2.7-7.1 mm). Trial sequential analysis supported the conclusion of the meta-analysis for MMO improvement for ALL versus arthrocentesis studies at intermediate-term follow-up, but not for the other meta-analyses. Insufficient evidence exists to draw conclusions regarding other patient outcomes or about comparisons between arthroscopy and conservative treatments. Due to the low quality of the primary studies, further research is warranted before final conclusions can be drawn regarding the management of temporomandibular joint disorders.

The benefits of performing temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis with catheters and a vacuum pump: A randomized control trial.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of two different techniques of double puncture arthrocentesis with and without the addition of catheters and a vacuum pump for management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc displacement without reduction (DDWOR). A total of 48 patients with DDWOR were randomly and blindly allocated into two treatment groups (N = 24): Group 1, TMJ arthrocentesis with the addition of catheters and a vacuum pump to the second needle; Group 2, TMJ arthrocentesis without any addition device. The following variables were registered and compared between groups: patient's pain perception (visual analogue scale [VAS; 0-10]); maximal interincisal distance [MID; mm]; joint effusion (JE, presence or absence); facial edema (FE; presence or absence); and the operation duration (OP; minutes). Patients in Group 1 presented with significantly lower VAS scores (p < 0.001) and presence of FE (p = 0.03) in the post-operative period, also an increase in MID values (p = 0.026), and a reduction in JE (p = 0.022) after 3 months. Besides that, in this group, the procedure was performed significantly faster (p < 0.001). Performing arthrocentesis with the addition of a vacuum pump makes the procedure faster and yields better results in terms of pain, facial swelling, mouth opening and joint effusion.

Intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma vs hyaluronic acid as an adjunct to TMJ arthrocentesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to find out if there is any difference in outcomes with the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or hyaluronic acid (HA) intra-articular injections after temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. METHODS: A systematic search of the electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was undertaken up to 5th May 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PRP with HA after TMJ arthrocentesis were included. RESULTS: Seven RCTs were eligible. Pooled analysis failed to demonstrate any significant difference in MMO between PRP and HA groups at 1 month (MD: 0.21 95 % CI: -1.29, 1.70), 3 months (MD: 0.92 95 % CI: -2.96, 4.80), and 6 months (MD: -0.05 95 % CI: -2.08, 1.97). The inter-study heterogeneity was high with I2 values of 85 %, 98 %, and 81 % respectively. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in pain scores between the PRP and HA groups at 1 month (MD: 0.42 95 % CI: -2.25, 3.10), 3 months (MD: 0.90 95 % CI: -1.60, 3.41), and 6 months (MD: 0.06 95 % CI: -0.92, 1.04) with inter-study heterogeneity of 99 %, 99 %, and 92 % respectively. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular use of PRP or HA after TMJ arthrocentesis may lead to comparable clinical outcomes. The current evidence is low-quality and fraught with high heterogeneity.

Treatments for painful temporomandibular disc displacement with reduction: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

There is currently no consensus on the best treatment for painful temporomandibular disc displacement with reduction (DDwR), and no network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing all types of treatment for this condition has been conducted. The objective of this study was to compare and rank all treatments for DDwR, including conservative treatments, occlusal splints, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), manual therapy, no treatment (control), arthrocentesis (Arthro) alone, Arthro plus intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma (Arthro-PRP) or hyaluronic acid (Arthro-HA), and Arthro plus occlusal splint. Predictor variables were pain intensity and maximum mouth opening (MMO). The mean difference with 95% confidence interval was estimated using Stata software. The GRADE system was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. Twenty RCTs reporting 1107 patients were identified in the literature search; 980 of these patients were included in the network meta-analysis. Direct meta-analysis showed that Arthro-PRP significantly reduced pain intensity compared to Arthro alone, while occlusal splint and manual therapy were superior to conservative treatment (all very low quality evidence). Arthro with intra-articular injection of PRP/HA ranked as the most effective treatment in terms of pain reduction, whereas LLLT ranked the best choice for increasing MMO for patients with DDwR. However, it is important to note that the evidence for the superiority of these treatments is generally of very low quality. Therefore, further high-quality research is needed to confirm these findings and provide more reliable recommendations for the treatment of DDwR.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound-Guided Arthrocentesis of a Pediatric Septic Ankle.

ABSTRACT: Septic arthritis is one potential cause of pediatric joint effusion and pain that may lead to significant morbidity. We present a case where point-of-care ultrasound was used to identify and aspirate a joint effusion in a pediatric patient with septic arthritis of the ankle, facilitating timely diagnosis and care. We review the technique for arthrocentesis of the ankle and literature on point-of-care ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric septic arthritis.

Use of equine cadaver limb models to enhance veterinary student self-efficacy during arthrocentesis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if equine cadavers modified with joint distension would yield higher fluid volumes, require fewer needle redirects, and improve student self-efficacy. SAMPLE: 19 third-year veterinary students. METHODS: Voluntary participation was sought during 4 sessions of an equine arthrocentesis and diagnostic analgesia laboratory. Half of the sessions were provided with unmodified cadavers and half were provided with cadavers modified with joint distention. Prior to and after the laboratory, participating students completed surveys regarding their self-efficacy with arthrocentesis of the metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. During the study, the number of needle redirects and the volume of fluid obtained was recorded. RESULTS: Increased fluid volumes were obtained from the modified metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. No difference was identified in number of needle redirects between cadaver types for either joint. Self-efficacy scores increased at the end of the laboratory for arthrocentesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint in both modified and unmodified groups. Self-efficacy scores increased at the end of the laboratory for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint for the modified but not unmodified groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Modified equine cadavers provided a higher fluid yield following arthrocentesis compared to unmodified cadavers, but despite this, multiple attempts were required for proper needle placement. Performing equine arthrocentesis improved student self-efficacy with the task. Given our results, the model used for introduction to performing equine arthrocentesis may be less important than practice with the skill. In order to improve proficiency and self-efficacy, equine arthrocentesis should be provided multiple times throughout the veterinary curriculum.

Effectiveness of double-puncture temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis with viscosupplementation in different categories of severity - a prospective study.

This 3-year prospective study evaluated the efficacy of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthrocentesis with viscosupplementation in different severity stages based on the Dimitroulis classification (categories 2-4 were included). TMJ arthrocentesis was performed under local anaesthesia, and the protocol consisted of a double-puncture technique with lavage of ≥150 cc Ringer Lactate plus viscosupplementation. Incobotulinum toxin A was administered 10-15 days preoperatively in patients with concomitant masticatory myalgia. The primary outcome was TMJ pain, assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-10), and the secondary outcomes were the maximum mouth opening (MMO, mm) and myalgia degree (0-3). All outcomes were assessed on the intervention day (T0) and after the procedure (T1) (minimum 1 month and then 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and every year since). A total of 108 patients were enrolled (mean age of 43.1 ± 18.9 years); 86 (80%) were women and 22 (20%) were men. Preoperative pain was 4.02 ± 3.12 (mean ± SD), MMO was 38.10 ± 9.56 (mean ± SD) and myalgia degree was 1.80 ± 1.18 (mean ± SD). After an average of 215.4 days (31-1253 days), a statistically significant improvement of pain (P < 0.0001), MMO (P = 0.005) and myalgia degree (P < 0.0001) was observed. The overall successful outcome of TMJ arthrocentesis with viscosupplementation was 76%. The authors observed increased arthrocentesis effectiveness and success rate with viscosupplementation in Dimitroulis category 2 (88.6%) compared to 3-4 (71.4%). An association was found between arthrocentesis with viscosupplementation failure and painful myalgia (ρ = 0.477; P < 0.0001). Thirteen patients (12%) underwent a second TMJ intervention after finalising the present trial. With a low complication rate, TMJ arthrocentesis with viscosupplementation led to an overall benefit for all the included patients. This study reinforces the important role of minimally invasive TMJ arthrocentesis as a first treatment option, with better results in the early stages compared to more severe stages.

Arthrocentesis approaches to the phalangeal joints of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Irrespective of the exceptional adaptation of dromedaries to harsh environmental conditions, they remain highly susceptible to joint lameness resulting from a range of diverse factors and conditions. The joints most often affected by traumatic osteoarthritis in dromedaries are the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. A comprehensive understanding of joint anatomy and topography of the dromedary is required to perform arthrocentesis correctly on affected joints. Forty-two distal limbs were taken from 28 camels and studied by gross dissection, casting, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT). Representative three-dimensional models of the joint cavities, recesses, and pouches were obtained using different casting agents. This study provides a detailed description of dorsally, axially, and abaxially positioned joint recesses, as well as palmar/plantar positioned joint pouches. The safety and feasibility of the different arthrocentesis approaches were evaluated. The traditional dorsal arthrocentesis approach of the metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, has limitations due to the risk of damaging the tendon structures and articular cartilage, which can lead to joint degeneration. A lateral arthrocentesis approach via the proximal palmar/plantar pouches of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints is recommended. This approach eliminates the potential needle injury to the articulating joint cartilage and other surrounding joint structures, such as tendons, blood vessels, and nerves.