Identification and characterization of Bamboo mosaic virus isolates from a naturally occurring coinfection in Bambusa xiashanensis.

Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) is a well-characterized virus and a model of virus-host interaction in plants. Here, we identified naturally occurring BaMV isolates from Fujian Province, China and furthermore describe a naturally occurring BaMV coinfection in bamboo (Bambusa xiashanensis) plants. Two different types of BaMV were identified, represented by isolates BaMV-XSNZHA7 (X7) and BaMV-XSNZHA10 (X10). The phylogenetic relationships between X7- and X10-like isolates and published BaMV isolates were determined based on genomic RNA and amino acid sequences. Three clusters were identified, indicating that BaMV is highly diverse. The in planta viral replication kinetics were determined for X7 and X10 in single infections and in an X7/X10 coinfection. The peak viral load during coinfection was significantly greater than that during single infection with either virus and contained a slightly higher proportion of X10 virus than X7, suggesting that X10-like viruses may have a fitness advantage when compared to X7-like viruses.

Characterisation of siRNAs derived from new isolates of bamboo mosaic virus and their associated satellites in infected ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus).

We characterised the virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNA) of bamboo mosaic virus (Ba-vsiRNAs) and its associated satellite RNA (satRNA)-derived siRNAs (satsiRNAs) in a bamboo plant (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) by deep sequencing. Ba-vsiRNAs and satsiRNAs of 21-22 nt in length, with both (+) and (-) polarity, predominated. The 5'-terminal base of Ba-vsiRNA was biased towards A, whereas a bias towards C/U was observed in sense satsiRNAs, and towards A in antisense satsiRNAs. A large set of bamboo genes were identified as potential targets of Ba-vsiRNAs and satsiRNAs, revealing RNA silencing-based virus-host interactions in plants. Moreover, we isolated and characterised new isolates of bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV; 6,350 nt) and BaMV-associated satRNA (satBaMV; 834 nt), designated BaMV-MAZSL1 and satBaMV-MAZSL1, respectively.

Molecular characterization and detection of a recombinant isolate of bamboo mosaic virus from China.

The complete genome sequences of three isolates of bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) from mainland China were determined and compared to those of BaMV isolates from Taiwan. Sequence analysis showed that isolate BaMV-JXYBZ1 from Fuzhou shares 98 % nucleotide sequence identity with BaMV-YTHSL14 from nucleotides 2586 to 6306, and more than 94 % nucleotide sequence identity with BaMV-MUZHUBZ2 in other regions. Recombination and phylogenetic analyses indicate that BaMV-JXYBZ1 is a recombinant with one recombination breakpoint. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a BaMV recombinant worldwide.

The molecular basis for flexibility in the flexible filamentous plant viruses.

Flexible filamentous plant viruses cause more than half the viral crop damage in the world but are also potentially useful for biotechnology. Structural studies began more than 75 years ago but have failed, owing to the virion's extreme flexibility. We have used cryo-EM to generate an atomic model for bamboo mosaic virus, which reveals flexible N- and C-terminal extensions that allow deformation while still maintaining structural integrity.

Genetic diversity and evolution of satellite RNAs associated with the bamboo mosaic virus.

Satellite RNAs (satRNAs) are subviral agents that depend on cognate helper viruses for genome replication and encapsidation. Their negative impacts on helper viruses have been exploited to control plant viral diseases. SatBaMV is a commonly found satRNA associated with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) that infects diverse bamboo species in the field. To investigate the genetic diversity and evolution of satRNAs, we examined seven satBaMV populations derived from five bamboo species and cultivars from Taiwan, China, and India and one from the greenhouse. We found 3 distinct clades among the seven populations. Clade I is consisted of all satBaMV isolates, except for those from Dendrocalamus latiflorus in Taiwan and Bambusa vulgaris in India, which belong to Clades II and III, respectively. Interestingly, nucleotide diversity was lower for Clade I than II and III. However, the nucleotide diversity did not seem to depend on bamboo species or geographic location. Our population genetic analyses revealed the presence of excessive low-frequency polymorphic sites, which suggests that the satBaMV population was under purifying selection and/or population expansion. Further analysis of P20, the only satBaMV gene that encodes a non-structural protein involved in the long-distance movement of satBaMV, showed evidence of purifying selection. Taken together, our results suggest that purifying selection against defective P20 protein is responsible at least in part for the evolution of the satBaMV genome.

Two key arginine residues in the coat protein of Bamboo mosaic virus differentially affect the accumulation of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs.

The interactions between viral RNAs and coat proteins (CPs) are critical for the efficient completion of infection cycles of RNA viruses. However, the specificity of the interactions between CPs and genomic or subgenomic RNAs remains poorly understood. In this study, Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) was used to analyse such interactions. Using reversible formaldehyde cross-linking and mass spectrometry, two regions in CP, each containing a basic amino acid (R99 and R227, respectively), were identified to bind directly to the 5' untranslated region of BaMV genomic RNA. Analyses of the alanine mutations of R99 and R227 revealed that the secondary structures of CP were not affected significantly, whereas the accumulation of BaMV genomic, but not subgenomic, RNA was severely decreased at 24 h post-inoculation in the inoculated protoplasts. In the absence of CP, the accumulation levels of genomic and subgenomic RNAs were decreased to 1.1%-1.5% and 33%-40% of that of the wild-type (wt), respectively, in inoculated leaves at 5 days post-inoculation (dpi). In contrast, in the presence of mutant CPs, the genomic RNAs remained about 1% of that of wt, whereas the subgenomic RNAs accumulated to at least 87%, suggesting that CP might increase the accumulation of subgenomic RNAs. The mutations also restricted viral movement and virion formation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves at 5 dpi. These results demonstrate that R99 and R227 of CP play crucial roles in the accumulation, movement and virion formation of BaMV RNAs, and indicate that genomic and subgenomic RNAs interact differently with BaMV CP.

The 3'-terminal sequence of Bamboo mosaic virus minus-strand RNA interacts with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and initiates plus-strand RNA synthesis.

A 3'-terminal, 77-nucleotide sequence of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) minus-strand RNA (Ba-77), comprising a 5' stem-loop, a spacer and a 3'-CUUUU sequence, can be used to initiate plus-strand RNA synthesis in vitro. To understand the mechanism of plus-strand RNA synthesis, mutations were introduced in the 5' untranslated region of BaMV RNA, resulting in changes at the 3' end of minus-strand RNA. The results showed that at least three uridylate residues in 3'-CUUUU are required and the changes at the penultimate U are deleterious to viral accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts. Results from UV-crosslinking and in vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase competition assays suggested that the replicase preferentially interacts with the stem structure of Ba-77. Finally, CMV/83 + UUUUC, a heterologus RNA, which possesses about 80 nucleotides containing the 3'-CUUUU pentamer terminus, and which folds into a secondary structure similar to that of Ba-77, could be used as template for RNA production by the BaMV replicase complex in vitro.

Structural homology between bamboo mosaic virus and its satellite RNAs in the 5'untranslated region.

A structural element was identified in the 5'-proximal sequence of the bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) RNA. Mutational analysis of the hairpin showed that disruptions of the secondary structure or substitutions of the loop sequences resulted in reduced accumulation of BaMV genomic RNA. Phylogenetic analysis further suggested the presence of structural homologues of this hairpin in all other potexviruses. In addition, remarkable structural homology was discovered between the BaMV hairpin and a stem-loop in the 5'untranslated region of satellite RNAs responsible for attenuation of BaMV in co-infected plants. The role of this homology in the helper-satellite interaction is discussed.