Patterns of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Mature Milk Are Associated with Certain Gut Microbiota in Infants.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complexes that play a crucial role in shaping the early-life gut microbiota. This study intends to explore whether HMO patterns are associated with the gut microbiota of infants. We included 96 Chinese breastfeeding mother-infant dyads. Breast milk and infant faecal samples were collected and tested. With milk 2'-fucosyllactose, difucosyllactose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose-I as biomarkers, we divided the mothers into secretor and non-secretor groups. HMO patterns were extracted using principal component analysis. The majority (70.7%) of mothers were categorised as secretor and five different HMO patterns were identified. After adjustment, the infants of secretor mothers exhibited a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium bifidum (ß = -0.245, 95%CI: -0.465~-0.025). An HMO pattern characterised by high levels of 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-fucopentaose-III, and lacto-N-neodifucohexaose-II was positively associated with the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium breve (p = 0.014), while the pattern characterised by lacto-N-neotetraose, 6'-sialyllactose, and sialyllacto-N-tetraose-b was negatively associated with Bifidobacterium breve (p = 0.027). The pattern characterised by high levels of monofucosyl-lacto-N-hexaose-III and monofucosyl-lacto-N-neohexaose was positively associated with Bifidobacterium dentium (p = 0.025) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (p < 0.001), respectively. This study suggests that HMO patterns from mature breast milk were associated with certain gut microbiota of breastfed infants.

Evidence from mendelian randomization identifies several causal relationships between primary membranous nephropathy and gut microbiota.

BACKGROUND: Research has showcased a correlation between disruptions in gut microbiota and primary membranous nephropathy (pMN), giving rise to the concept of the 'gut-kidney axis'. However, the precise relationship between gut microbiota and pMN remains elusive. Hence, this study endeavors to investigate whether a causal relationship exists between gut microbiota and pMN utilizing Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS: The primary method employed for MR analysis is the inverse variance weighting method, supplemented by MR-Egger and the weighted median method, to infer causality. This approach was validated within the pMN cohort across two distinct populations. RESULTS: At the species level, the abundance of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Alistipes indistinctus was negatively correlated with the risk of pMN. Conversely, pMN was positively associated with Bacilli abundance at the class level, Lachnospiraceae abundance at the family level, and Dialister abundance at the genus level. Specifically, at the species level, pMN was positively correlated with the abundance of Ruminococcus lactaris, Dialister invisus, and Coprococcus_sp_ART55_1. CONCLUSION: These findings lay the groundwork for future research exploring the interplay between pMN and the gut microbiota, with substantial implications for the prevention and treatment of pMN and its associated complications.

Bifidobacterium bifidum supplementation improves ischemic stroke outcomes in elderly patients: A retrospective study.

This retrospective study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Bifidobacterium bifidum supplementation on elderly ischemic stroke patients. We retrospectively analyzed electronic medical records from 153 elderly ischemic stroke patients. Patients were stratified into 2 groups: those receiving B bifidum supplementation (Intervention group, n = 73) and those receiving standard treatment without any additional supplementation (Control group, n = 80). Outcomes were assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Inflammatory markers, immunological indicators, neurotrophic factor, and gut-brain axis (GBA)-related markers were also evaluated at baseline and during 4-week follow-up. Compared to the control group, the intervention group exhibited significant improvements in the NIHSS, MoCA, SDS and SAS scores (P < .001). Enhanced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and reduced levels of NPY were observed in the intervention group. Additionally, inflammatory markers, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ß, and TNF-α, were significantly reduced in the intervention group, as well as significant increases in immunoglobulin levels (Ig A, Ig G, and Ig M) (P < .001). Besides, lower incidences of diarrhea and constipation were observed in the intervention group (P < .001), while the incidence of abdominal pain was no significant changed. B bifidum supplementation offers promising therapeutic benefits in improving neurological, cognitive, and psychological outcomes in elderly ischemic stroke patients, which may be achieved by regulating the GBA, reducing inflammation and promoting immune function. These findings highlight the importance of integrating gut health strategies in stroke management.

Antiaging Effects of Human Fecal Transplants with Different Combinations of Bifidobacterium bifidum LTBB21J1 and Lactobacillus casei LTL1361 in d-Galactose-Induced Mice.

The feces of healthy middle-aged and old people were first transplanted into d-galactose-induced aging mice to construct humanized aging mice with gut microbiota (FMTC) to confirm the antiaging effect of probiotics produced from centenarians. The mouse model was then treated with centenarian-derived Bifidobacterium bifidum (FMTL), Lactobacillus casei (FMTB), and their mixtures (FMTM), and young mice were used as the control. Compared with the FMTC group, the results demonstrated that the probiotics and their combinations alleviated neuronal damage, increased antioxidant capacity, decreased inflammation, and enhanced cognitive and memory functions in aging mice. In the gut microbiota, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, and Akkermansia increased and that of Desulfovibrio and Colidextribacter decreased in the FMTM group compared with that in the FMTC group. The three probiotic groups displayed significant changes in 15 metabolites compared with the FMTC group, with 4 metabolites showing increased expression and 11 metabolites showing decreased expression. The groups were graded as Control > FMTM > FMTB > FMTL > FMTC using a newly developed comprehensive quantitative scoring system that thoroughly analyzed the various indicators of this study. The beneficial antiaging effects of probiotics derived from centenarians were quantitatively described using a novel perspective in this study; it is confirmed that both probiotics and their combinations exert antiaging effects, with the probiotic complex group exhibiting a larger effect.

Probiotics induce intestinal IgA secretion in weanling mice potentially through promoting intestinal APRIL expression and modulating the gut microbiota composition.

Intestinal infections are strongly associated with infant mortality, and intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) is important to protect infants from intestinal infections after weaning. This study aims to screen probiotics that can promote the production of intestinal IgA after weaning and further explore their potential mechanisms of action. In this study, probiotics promoting intestinal IgA production were screened in weanling mouse models. The results showed that oral administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) FL228.1 and Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) FL276.1 significantly enhanced IgA levels in the small intestine and upregulated the expression of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and its upstream regulatory factor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Furthermore, B. bifidum FL228.1 upregulated the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, while B. bifidum FL276.1 increased the relative abundance of Marvinbryantia and decreased Mucispirillum, further elevating intestinal IgA levels. In summary, B. bifidum FL228.1 and B. bifidum FL276.1 can induce IgA production in the intestinal tract of weanling mice by promoting intestinal APRIL expression and mediating changes in the gut microbiota, thus playing a significant role in enhancing local intestinal immunity in infants.

Formulation, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Mesalamine and Bifidobacterium bifidum Loaded Hydrogel Beads in Capsule System for Colon Targeted Delivery.

Mesalamine is a first-line drug for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, its premature release associated with marketed formulations leads to adverse effects like gastric trouble, vomiting, and diarrhoea. To minimize these side effects, colon-targeted drug delivery is essential. Besides conventional pharmacotherapy, bifidogenic probiotics with anti-inflammatory activity has been reported to elicit a significant impact on the remission of ulcerative colitis. Bifidogenic probiotics being acid-labile necessitate developing a gastro-resistant formulation for enhancing the delivery of viable cells to the colon. The present study was aimed at developing a fixed-dose unit dosage form of mucoadhesive hydrogel beads loaded with mesalamine and Bifidobacterium bifidum further encapsulated in Eudragit® capsules for the targeted drug delivery at colonic pH. The hydrogel beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation, with the effect of single and dual-crosslinking approaches on various formulation characteristics studied. Standard size 00 Eudragit® gastro-resistant capsules were prepared and the dried beads were filled inside the capsule shells. The formulation was then evaluated for various parameters, including physicochemical characterization, in vitro biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity. No interaction was observed between the drug and the polymers, as confirmed through FTIR, XRD, and DSC analysis. The mean particle size of the beads was ~ 457-485 µm. The optimized formulation showed a drug entrapment efficiency of 95.4 ± 2.58%. The Eudragit® capsule shells disintegrated in approximately 13 min at pH 7.4. The mucoadhesive hydrogel beads sustained the drug release above 18 h, with 50% of the drug released by the end of 12 h. The optimized formulation demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) gastro-resistance, biocompatibility, sustained drug release, cell viability, and anti-inflammatory activity.

A novel infant microbiome formula (SIM03) improved eczema severity and quality of life in preschool children.

Altered gut microbiome composition has been reported in children with eczema and interventions that restore beneficial bacteria in the gut may improve eczema. This open-label pilot study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a novel infant microbiome formula (SIM03) in young children with eczema. Pre-school Chinese children aged 1-5 years old with eczema received SIM03 twice daily for three months. The novelty of SIM03 consists of both the use of a patented microencapsulation technology to protect the viability of unique Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium breve strains identified through big data analysis of large metagenomic datasets of young Chinese children. Paired stool samples at baseline and following SIM03 were analyzed by metagenomics sequencing. Generalized estimating equation was used to analyze changes in eczema severity, skin biophysical parameters, quality of life and stool microbiome. Twenty children aged 3.0 ± 1.6 years (10 with severe eczema) were recruited. Treatment compliance was ≥ 98%. SCORing Atopic Dermatitis score decreased significantly at two months (P = 0.008) and three months (P < 0.001), while quality of life improved significantly at 1, 2, and 3 months. The relative abundance of B. breve and microbial pathways on acetate and acetyl-CoA synthesis were enriched in stool samples at one month (P = 0.0014). Children who demonstrated increased B. bifidum after SIM03 showed improvement in sleep loss (P = 0.045). Relative abundance of B. breve correlated inversely with eczema extent (P = 0.023) and intensity (P = 0.019) only among patients with increased B. breve at Month 3. No serious adverse event was observed. In conclusion, SIM03 is well tolerated. This patented microbiome formula improves disease severity and quality of life in young eczematous children by enhancing the delivery of B. bifidum and B. breve in the gut. SIM03 is a potential treatment option for childhood eczema.

Gut microbiota-derived indole compounds attenuate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by improving fat metabolism and inflammation.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and its prevalence has increased worldwide in recent years. Additionally, there is a close relationship between MASLD and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. However, the mechanisms of MASLD and its metabolites are still unclear. We demonstrated decreased indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the feces of patients with hepatic steatosis compared to healthy controls. Here, IPA and IAA administration ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation in an animal model of WD-induced MASLD by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway through a reduction in endotoxin levels and inactivation of macrophages. Bifidobacterium bifidum metabolizes tryptophan to produce IAA, and B. bifidum effectively prevents hepatic steatosis and inflammation through the production of IAA. Our study demonstrates that IPA and IAA derived from the gut microbiota have novel preventive or therapeutic potential for MASLD treatment.

Prophylactic treatment with Bacteroides uniformis and Bifidobacterium bifidum counteracts hepatic NK cell immune tolerance in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by high fat diet.

Hepatic immunity is one of the driving forces for the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and targeting gut microbiota is believed to affect the hepatic immune constitution. Here, we aimed to investigate the hepatic immunological state in NASH, with a specific emphasis on natural killer (NK) cells. In addition, we aimed to identify the contributing species that target hepatic immunity to provide new directions and support the feasibility of immunotherapy for NASH. A possible NASH population was determined by combination of long-term severe fatty liver, metabolic disorders and increased serum CK18 to detect serum immune factors and gut microbiota. NASH was induced in mice fed a high-fat diet to verify the prophylactic effect of the functional species on the immunopathology and development of NASH. Hepatic immunologic state was examined, and the effector functions of NK cells were detected. Hepatic transcriptome, proteomic, and fecal metagenome were performed. We observed a statistical increase in serum IL-10 (p < 0.001) and non-statistical decrease in interferon-γ and IL-6 in NASH population, hinting at the possibility of immune tolerance. Fecal Bacteroides uniformis and Bifidobacterium bifidum were abundant in healthy population but depleted in NASH patients. In NASH mice, hepatic CD8+T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells were increased (p < 0.01), and NK cells were inhibited, which were identified with decreased granzyme B (p < 0.05). Bacteroides uniformis and Bifidobacterium bifidum improved hepatic pathological and metabolic cues, increased hepatic NK cells and reduced macrophages (p < 0.05). Bacteroides uniformis also restored hepatic NK cell function, which was identified as increased CD107a (p < 0.05). Transcriptional and translational profiling revealed that the functional species might restore the function of hepatic NK cells through multiple pathways, such as reduction of inhibitory molecules in NK cells. Bacteroides uniformis and Bifidobacterium bifidum are novel prophylactics for NASH that restore the impaired function of hepatic NK cells.

Protocol of efficacy of bifidobacteria intake on gastrointestinal symptoms in symptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in abdominis: An open-label, randomized controlled trial (Binary STAR study).

BACKGROUND: This randomized, parallel-group study aims to investigate the effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1) on the symptoms of diarrhea or constipation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This study will examine 100 patients with T2DM who suffering from symptoms of diarrhea or constipation. Eligible patients will be randomly assigned 1:1 to two groups (group A, BBG9-1 group; group B, control group), after the baseline examination. Patients assigned to group A will receive probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration along with their current treatment for 12 weeks, and patients assigned to group B will continue the current treatment for 12 weeks without probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration. Subsequently, examinations similar to the baseline examinations will be performed. The primary endpoint will be a change in the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) total score from baseline to week 12. Secondary endpoints will include the following: change and percent change in parameters such as GSRS subdomain scores, fecal properties/Bristol stool form scale, defecation frequency, biomarkers, gut microbiota, and macronutrients and factors that affect GSRS total score or constipation/diarrhea subdomain scores from baseline to week 12. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will clarify the utility of probiotic BBG9-1 in the treatment of diarrhea or constipation in patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCTs051220127.

Simulated digestions of free oligosaccharides and mucin-type O-glycans reveal a potential role for Clostridium perfringens.

The development of a stable human gut microbiota occurs within the first year of life. Many open questions remain about how microfloral species are influenced by the composition of milk, in particular its content of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The objective is to investigate the effect of the human HMO glycome on bacterial symbiosis and competition, based on the glycoside hydrolase (GH) enzyme activities known to be present in microbial species. We extracted from UniProt a list of all bacterial species catalysing glycoside hydrolase activities (EC 3.2.1.-), cross-referencing with the BRENDA database, and obtained a set of taxonomic lineages and CAZy family data. A set of 13 documented enzyme activities was selected and modelled within an enzyme simulator according to a method described previously in the context of biosynthesis. A diverse population of experimentally observed HMOs was fed to the simulator, and the enzymes matching specific bacterial species were recorded, based on their appearance of individual enzymes in the UniProt dataset. Pairs of bacterial species were identified that possessed complementary enzyme profiles enabling the digestion of the HMO glycome, from which potential symbioses could be inferred. Conversely, bacterial species having similar GH enzyme profiles were considered likely to be in competition for the same set of dietary HMOs within the gut of the newborn. We generated a set of putative biodegradative networks from the simulator output, which provides a visualisation of the ability of organisms to digest HMO and mucin-type O-glycans. B. bifidum, B. longum and C. perfringens species were predicted to have the most diverse GH activity and therefore to excel in their ability to digest these substrates. The expected cooperative role of Bifidobacteriales contrasts with the surprising capacities of the pathogen. These findings indicate that potential pathogens may associate in human gut based on their shared glycoside hydrolase digestive apparatus, and which, in the event of colonisation, might result in dysbiosis. The methods described can readily be adapted to other enzyme categories and species as well as being easily fine-tuneable if new degrading enzymes are identified and require inclusion in the model.

GH136-encoding gene (perB) is involved in gut colonization and persistence by Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010.

Bifidobacteria are commensal microorganisms that typically inhabit the mammalian gut, including that of humans. As they may be vertically transmitted, they commonly colonize the human intestine from the very first day following birth and may persist until adulthood and old age, although generally at a reduced relative abundance and prevalence compared to infancy. The ability of bifidobacteria to persist in the human intestinal environment has been attributed to genes involved in adhesion to epithelial cells and the encoding of complex carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Recently, a putative mucin-degrading glycosyl hydrolase belonging to the GH136 family and encoded by the perB gene has been implicated in gut persistence of certain bifidobacterial strains. In the current study, to better characterize the function of this gene, a comparative genomic analysis was performed, revealing the presence of perB homologues in just eight bifidobacterial species known to colonize the human gut, including Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum strains, or in non-human primates. Mucin-mediated growth and adhesion to human intestinal cells, in addition to a rodent model colonization assay, were performed using B. bifidum PRL2010 as a perB prototype and its isogenic perB-insertion mutant. These results demonstrate that perB inactivation reduces the ability of B. bifidum PRL2010 to grow on and adhere to mucin, as well as to persist in the rodent gut niche. These results corroborate the notion that the perB gene is one of the genetic determinants involved in the persistence of B. bifidum PRL2010 in the human gut.

Characterization of a novel recombinant D-mannose isomerase from Bifidobacterium bifidum and its catalytic mechanism.

Due to the increasing demand for health-conscious and environmentally friendly products, D-mannose has gained significant attention as a natural, low-calorie sweetener. The use of D-mannose isomerases (D-MIases) for D-mannose production has emerged as a prominent area of research, offering superior advantages compared with conventional methods such as plant extraction and chemical synthesis. In this study, a gene encoding D-MIase was cloned from Bifidobacterium and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The heterologously expressed enzyme, Bifi-mannose, formed a trimer with a molecular weight of 146.3 kDa and a melting temperature (Tm) of 63.39 ± 1.3 °C. Bifi-mannose exhibited optimal catalytic activity at pH 7.5 and 55 °C, and retained more than 80% of its activity after a 3-hour incubation at 55 °C, demonstrating excellent thermal stability. The Km, Vmax, and kcat/Km values of Bifi-mannose for D-fructose isomerization were determined as 538.7 ± 62.5 mM, 11.7 ± 0.9 µmol·mg1·s1, and 1.02 ± 0.3 mM1·s1, respectively. Notably, under optimized conditions, catalytic yields of 29.4, 87.1, and 148.5 mg·mL1 were achieved when using 100, 300, and 500 mg·mL1 of D-fructose as substrates, resulting in a high conversion rate (29%). Furthermore, kinetic parameters and molecular docking studies revealed that His387 residue primarily participates in the opening of the pyranose ring, while His253 acts as a basic catalyst in the isomerization process.

Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 fractions ameliorate palmitic acid-induced hepatocyte ferroptosis by inhibiting SREBP1-CYP2E1 pathway.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is strongly associated with disturbances in the intestinal microbiota. Herein, the biological effects and mechanism of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 fractions in regulating hepatocyte ferroptosis during MAFLD progression were investigated. To establish an in vitro model of MAFLD, LO2 cells were subjected to palmitic acid (PA). The mRNA and protein expressions were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. LO2 cell proliferation was examined using 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, whereas its apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using 2', 7,-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Additionally, the levels of Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were detected using corresponding kits. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to analyze the interaction between sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) promoter. Our results revealed that Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 fractions effectively ameliorated PA-induced hepatocyte injury, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis. However, these beneficial effects of BGN4 fractions on PA-induced hepatocyte were dramatically reversed by SREBP1 overexpression, suggesting that BGN4 attenuated MAFLD by acting on SREBP1. Moreover, we observed that BGN4 fractions inhibited CYP2E1 transcription by suppressing SREBP1 nuclear translocation. In addition, CYP2E1 overexpression eliminated the inhibitory effect of BGN4 fractions on PA-induced hepatocyte oxidative stress and ferroptosis. These findings collectively indicated that BGN4 fractions reduced CYP2E1 expression by inhibiting SREBP1 nuclear translocation, thereby suppressing hepatocyte oxidative stress and ferroptosis during the development of MAFLD.

A novel pathway of levodopa metabolism by commensal Bifidobacteria.

The gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's disease is levodopa (L-DOPA), which is taken orally and absorbed intestinally. L-DOPA must reach the brain intact to exert its clinical effect; peripheral metabolism by host and microbial enzymes is a clinical management issue. The gut microbiota is altered in PD, with one consistent and unexplained observation being an increase in Bifidobacterium abundance among patients. Recently, certain Bifidobacterium species were shown to have the ability to metabolize L-tyrosine, an L-DOPA structural analog. Using both clinical cohort data and in vitro experimentation, we investigated the potential for commensal Bifidobacteria to metabolize this drug. In PD patients, Bifidobacterium abundance was positively correlated with L-DOPA dose and negatively with serum tyrosine concentration. In vitro experiments revealed that certain species, including B. bifidum, B. breve, and B. longum, were able to metabolize this drug via deamination followed by reduction to the compound 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid (DHPLA) using existing tyrosine-metabolising genes. DHPLA appears to be a waste product generated during regeneration of NAD +. This metabolism occurs at low levels in rich medium, but is significantly upregulated in nutrient-limited minimal medium. Discovery of this novel metabolism of L-DOPA to DHPLA by a common commensal may help inform medication management in PD.

The Role of Bifidobacterium bifidum novaBBF7, Bifidobacterium longum novaBLG2 and Lactobacillus paracasei TJB8 to Improve Mechanisms Linked to Neuronal Cells Protection against Oxidative Condition in a Gut-Brain Axis Model.

Despite the identification of several innovative targets for avoiding cognitive decline, there has yet to be a widely accepted approach that deals with minimising the deterioration of cognitive function. In this light, recent studies suggest that regulating the gut-brain axis with probiotics is a potential therapeutic strategy to support brain health. For this reason, in vitro models were used to examine the efficacy of different probiotic combinations to enhance intestinal homeostasis and positively affect the brain. Therefore, the new formulation has been evaluated for its capacity to modify intestinal barrier functions in a 3D in vitro model without any adverse effects and directly impact the mechanisms underlying cognitive function in a gut-brain axis model. According to our findings, B. bifidum novaBBF7 10 mg/mL, B. longum novaBLG2 5 mg/mL and L. paracasei TJB8 10 mg/mL may successfully modify the intestinal barrier and improve SCFA production. Successively, the probiotics studied caused no harm at the neuronal level, as demonstrated by iNOS, mitochondrial potential, and cell viability tests, confirming their safety features and enhancing antioxidant mechanisms and antineuroinflammation activity. Additionally, the damage caused by oxidative stress was also healed, and critical pathways that result in cognitive impairment were changed by synergetic action, supporting the hypothesis that brain ageing and neurodegeneration are slowed down. All these findings demonstrate the ability of probiotics to affect cognitive processes and their ability to sustain the mechanisms underlying cognitive function by acting on intestinal function.

Effectiveness of a probiotic combination on the neurodevelopment of the very premature infant.

Probiotics have shown a benefit in reducing necrotising enterocolitis in the premature infant, however the study of their effect on premature neonates' neurodevelopment is limited. The aim of our study was to elucidate whether the effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCDO 2203 combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDO 1748 could positively impact the neurodevelopment of the preterm neonates. Quasi-experimental comparative study with a combined treatment of probiotics in premature infants < 32 weeks and < 1500 g birth weight, cared for at a level III neonatal unit. The probiotic combination was administered orally to neonates surviving beyond 7 days of life, until 34 weeks postmenstrual age or discharge. Globally, neurodevelopment was evaluated at 24 months corrected age. A total of 233 neonates were recruited, 109 in the probiotic group and 124 in the non-probiotic group. In those neonates receiving probiotics, there was a significant reduction in neurodevelopment impairment at 2 years of age RR 0.30 [0.16-0.58], and a reduction in the degree of impairment (normal-mild vs moderate-severe, RR 0.22 [0.07-0.73]). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in late-onset sepsis (RR 0.45 [0.21-0.99]). The prophylactic use of this probiotic combination contributed to improving neurodevelopmental outcome and reduced sepsis in neonates born at < 32 weeks and < 1500 g.Per style, a structured abstract is not allowed so we have changed the structured abstract to an unstructured abstract. Please check and confirm.Accepted.

Bifidobacterium bifidum E3 Combined with Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis E4 Improves LPS-Induced Intestinal Injury by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways In Vivo.

Changes in the functions of the intestinal barrier occur in parallel with the development of sepsis. The protection by Bifidobacterium strains (BB, BL, BB12, and BLBB) was evaluated in mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results revealed an increase in the ratio of ileal villus length to crypt depth in the BLBB group compared with that in the LPS group, as were the number of IgA+ plasma, CD4+/CD8+ T, and dendritic cells. The levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and d-lactic acid in the serum were lessened in the BLBB group after LPS injection compared with that in the LPS group. In addition, the BLBB group exhibited an increased expression level of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1), mucin (MUC2) mRNA, reduced NFκB/MAPK signaling pathways, and decreased expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α). The BLBB group enriched the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Clostridia_Ucg-014, and Alistipes, resulting in an increase in strains producing short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the BLBB group leads to higher levels of deoxycholic acid and biosynthesized linoleate. This study suggested that the BLBB group could enhance the capacity of the intestinal barrier and intestinal mucosal immunity, reduce intestinal inflammation, and improve the composition of gut microbiota. Bifidobacterium bifidum E3 combined with Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis E4 may thus serve as a probiotic against the intestinal injury caused by LPS.

GH20 and GH84 ß-N-acetylglucosaminidases with different linkage specificities underpin mucin O-glycan breakdown capability of Bifidobacterium bifidum.

Intestinal mucous layers mediate symbiosis and dysbiosis of host-microbe interactions. These interactions are influenced by the mucin O-glycan degrading ability of several gut microbes. The identities and prevalence of many glycoside hydrolases (GHs) involved in microbial mucin O-glycan breakdown have been previously reported; however, the exact mechanisms and extent to which these GHs are dedicated to mucin O-glycan degradation pathways warrant further research. Here, using Bifidobacterium bifidum as a model mucinolytic bacterium, we revealed that two ß-N-acetylglucosaminidases belonging to the GH20 (BbhI) and GH84 (BbhIV) families play important roles in mucin O-glycan degradation. Using substrate specificity analysis of natural oligosaccharides and O-glycomic analysis of porcine gastric mucin (PGM) incubated with purified enzymes or B. bifidum carrying bbhI and/or bbhIV mutations, we showed that BbhI and BbhIV are highly specific for ß-(1→3)- and ß-(1→6)-GlcNAc linkages of mucin core structures, respectively. Interestingly, we found that efficient hydrolysis of the ß-(1→3)-linkage by BbhI of the mucin core 4 structure [GlcNAcß1-3(GlcNAcß1-6)GalNAcα-O-Thr] required prior removal of the ß-(1→6)-GlcNAc linkage by BbhIV. Consistent with this, inactivation of bbhIV markedly decreased the ability of B. bifidum to release GlcNAc from PGM. When combined with a bbhI mutation, we observed that the growth of the strain on PGM was reduced. Finally, phylogenetic analysis suggests that GH84 members may have gained diversified functions through microbe-microbe and host-microbe horizontal gene transfer events. Taken together, these data strongly suggest the involvement of GH84 family members in host glycan breakdown.

Enhanced Immunogenic Cell Death and Antigen Presentation via Engineered Bifidobacterium bifidum to Boost Chemo-immunotherapy.

The immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells has aroused great interest in the field of immunotherapy, mainly due to the production of plentiful tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and damage-associated molecule patterns. However, doxorubicin (DOX)-induced tumor-specific T-cell-mediated immune response is usually very weak because of antigen presentation deficiency and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITME). Herein, the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bi) was covalently modified with DOX-loaded CaP/SiO2 nanoparticles (DNPs@Bi) for tumor therapy. On one hand, the pH-responsive release of DOX could induce chemotherapy and ICD in the ITME. On the other hand, tumor-targeting Bi is able to significantly enhance the presentation of TAAs from B16F10 cells to DCs via Cx43-dependent gap junctions. Due to the combination of enhanced ICD and TAAs presentation, the maturation of DCs and the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the ITME were stimulated. As a result, in vivo antitumor experiments demonstrated that DNPs@Bi prolonged the survival rate and significantly inhibited the tumor progression and metastasis. This strategy of bacterial-driven hypoxia-targeting delivery systems offers a promising approach to tumor chemo-immunotherapy.