Principais alterações em exames bioquímicos de cães domésticos na cidade de Formiga/MG de 2017 a 2021 / Main alterations in biochemical tests of domestic dogs in the city of Formiga/MG from 2017 to 2021

O uso de exames laboratoriais na clínica de pequenos animais é um importante recurso, principalmente quando se trata de exames bioquímicos que avaliam funções renais e hepáticas. Esses exames podem auxiliar não somente na descoberta de doenças e no direcionamento do seu tratamento, como também no estadiamento de patologias já diagnosticadas. Com base no exposto foi realizado um estudo transversale retrospectivo avaliando os valores absolutos e a frequência de exames bioquímicos realizados num laboratório de análises clínicas veterinárias de Formiga/MG. Foram avaliados os valores de Nitrogênio Ureico, Creatinina, AST, ALT, ALP, Gama GT, Glicose e Proteínas Totais e Frações. Foi visto que a maioria dos resultados se encontravam dentro dos valores de referência e que algumas enzimas precisam ser relacionadas com outras para resultados mais precisos.(AU)

The use of laboratory tests in small animal clinics is an important resource, especially when it comes to biochemical tests that assess kidney and liver functions. These exams can help not only in the discovery of diseases and in directing their treatment, but also in the staging of already diagnosed pathologies. Based on the above, a cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out, evaluating the absolute values and the frequency of biochemical tests performed in a clinical veterinary analysis laboratory in Formiga/MG. Ureic Nitrogen, Creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, GT Gamma, Glucose and Total Proteins and Fractions were evaluated. It was seen that most results were within reference values and that some enzymes need to be related with others for more accurate results.(AU)

Lipid profile and metabolic parameters of tilapia in the finishing phase in earth ponds or using biofloc technology

Tilapia is a species with great growth potential. Its production comes from a semi-intensive system, such as earthen ponds (EP). Recently, biofloc technology (BFT) appears as an option to intensify fish production. The objective of this work was to compare the organosomatic indices, biochemical parameters, and chemical composition of tilapia reared in EP and BFT. Fish were grown for 150 days, with an initial weight of ≅ 2 g and a final weight of ≅ 780 g. Thereafter, tissues and organs were collected to determine organosomatic indices and analyze biochemical parameters, fatty acid, and proximate composition. The carcass yield was higher for tilapia reared in EP than BFT. The production system did not affect the fish fillet yield. The other organosomatic parameters were higher for tilapia reared in BFT. Tilapia reared in EP showed higher content of crude protein and lipids in the fillet. In both production systems, there was no difference in the body lipid profile. Fish in BFT showed a higher concentration of glucose and ammonia in the muscle and amino acids in the liver. Fish reared in EP showed a higher concentration of lactate in the liver compared to those in BFT. In conclusion, the production system alters the metabolism of fish. The biofloc has a considerable amount of fatty acids, which can be considered in the formulation of diets for tilapia in this system.(AU)

Biochemical energy and hematological profile of sheep supplemented with soy molasses / Perfil bioquímico energético e hematológico de ovinos suplementados com melaço de soja

Soy molasses is a by-product of the soy industry, with low commercial cost and rich in carbohydrates and proteins. Despite the great variety of by-products and being potentially beneÞ cial, it is not fully understood how the interaction between the nutrients in this product and the physiological changes in sheep occurs. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation levels with soy molasses on the energy metabolites and hematological parameters of sheep. The treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% of inclusion of soy molasses in dry matter basis for a basal diet of corn silage, which met the nutritional needs of the sheep in maintenance, distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The energy metabolites evaluated were: cholesterol, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and fructosamine. The hematological parameters were: red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrits, and platelets, in addition to leukocytes, rods, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Supplementation with soy molasses did not signiÞ cantly alter (P> 0.05) the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, and fructosamine. There was no signiÞ cant difference in the blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet concentrations in sheep receiving soy molasses supplementation (P> 0.05), which may indicate that the level of inclusion was sufÞ cient to meet the nutritional needs of the animals, without damage. Leukocyte, rod, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte concentrations did not change (P> 0.05) with the inclusion of soy molasses in the sheep's diet, indicating the absence of intoxication, diseases, and infections. It can be concluded that supplementation with soy molasses does not alter the energy metabolites and hematological parameters of sheep in maintenance.(AU)

O melaço de soja é um subproduto da indústria da soja, com baixo custo comercial e rico em carboidratos e proteínas. Apesar da grande variedade de subprodutos e de serem potencialmente benéÞ cos, ainda não está totalmente elucidado como ocorre a interação entre os nutrientes deste produto e as mudanças Þ siológicas em ovinos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de níveis de suplementação com melaço de soja sob os metabólitos energéticos e parâmetros hematológicos de ovinos. Os tratamentos consistiram em 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12% de inclusão de melaço de soja na base da matéria seca para uma dieta basal de silagem de milho, que atendia as necessidades nutricionais das ovelhas em mantença, distribuídas em delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5. Foram avaliados os metabolitos energéticos: colesterol, triglicérides, lipoproteínas de muito baixa densidade (VLDL) e frutosamina. Já os parâmetros hematológicos foram: hemácias, hemoglobinas, hematócritos e plaquetas, além de leucócitos, bastonetes, neutróÞ los, eosinóÞ los, monócitos e linfócitos. A suplementação com melaço de soja não alterou signiÞ cativamente (P>0,05) as concentrações séricas de colesterol, triglicérides, VLDL e frutosamina. Não houve diferença signiÞ cativa nas concentrações de hemácias, hemoglobinas, hematócritos e plaquetas das ovelhas com suplementação de melaço de soja (P>0,05), podendo ser indício que o nível de inclusão foi suÞ ciente para atender as necessidades nutricionais dos animais, sem causar balanço energético positivo. As concentrações de leucócitos, bastonetes, neutróÞ los, eosinóÞ los, monócitos e linfócitos não alteraram (P>0,05) com a inclusão de melaço de soja na dieta das ovelhas, não indicando a presença de intoxicação, doenças e infecções. Conclui-se que a suplementação com melaço de soja não altera os metabólitos energéticos e parâmetros hematológicos de ovinos em mantença.(AU)

Biochemical changes during heat stress in productive animals with an emphasis on the antioxidant defense system

The problem of free radical pathologies in high temperatures in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is extremely important scientific and practical. In the process of hyperthermia, the structure of cell membranes, the permeability of membranes, and membrane transport systems change, which cause the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and the accumulation of toxic products of a radical nature. This plays an important role in the development of many pathological conditions. The review article describes the problem of the influence of heat stress (HS) on a living organism and the problem of hyperthermia in animal husbandry. Emphasis is placed on the role of the body's antioxidant system in a state of HS and the use of antioxidant drugs as additives into feed for farm animals, aimed at mitigating the course and harmful effects in HS. On the one hand, our goal was to describe in an accessible form the main complex biochemical disorders in the body under HS conditions, which lead to a deterioration in the welfare and loss of productivity of animals. On the other hand, we tried to show the special role of the antioxidant defense system in preventing the development of oxidative stress in its classical representation. Also, we substantiated the choice in favor of using natural and synthetic antioxidants as one of the strategies for the prevention of HS in modern animal husbandry.

Effect of Dietary Growth Promoter Supplementations on the Serum Biochemistry and Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broiler Chicken

Bone mineralization is considered an essential source of minerals for metabolic needs that provide strength and hardness to the bone tissues and in birds its development can be enhanced by the use of dietary supplements. The present study was executed to evaluate the influence of prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on the morphometric aspects of tibia bone in broilers. One-hundred and sixty-one-day-old broiler chick were divided randomly into four groups (n=40) with 4 replicates (n=10 in each replicate). Group-I fed with only corn based basal diet and served as controlled group. Group-II with antibiotic supplement (Zinc bacitracin 0.04%), Group-III with probiotic supplement (lactobacillus 0.1%) & Group-IV with prebiotic supplement (mannan oligosaccharide 0.1%). On the 35th day, two birds were selected randomly from each replicate and slaughtered to record the morphometric parameters of both right and left tibia bones from each bird. The findings showed that the length, weight, thickness of lateral and medial wall, tibiotarsal index of bone and bone ash percentage of supplemented groups have had significant (p<0.05) difference when compared to that of the controlled group. The weight/length index in birds supplemented with prebiotic and probiotic was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the antibiotic supplemented and control group. Medullary canal diameter of all the supplemented groups was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control group. No significant (p>0.05) difference of robusticity index and diaphysis diameter was observed among various groups. A significant (p<0.05) low level of Alkaline Phosphatase while higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus was recorded in the supplemented groups compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, the use of prebiotic and probiotic as growth promoter can exhibit some underline mechanisms in the form of enhancement of bone quality, density and characteristics in broiler chicks as compared to common antibiotics.(AU)

Biochemical and proteomic analyses of venom from a new pit viper, Protobothrops kelomohy

Background: A new pit viper, Protobothrops kelomohy, has been recently discovered in northern and northwestern Thailand. Envenoming by the other Protobothrops species across several Asian countries has been a serious health problem since their venom is highly hematotoxic. However, the management of P. kelomohy bites is required as no specific antivenom is available. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical properties and proteomes of P. kelomohy venom (PKV), including the cross-neutralization to its lethality with antivenoms available in Thailand. Methods: PKV was evaluated for its neutralizing capacity (ER50), lethality (LD50), procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects with three monovalent antivenoms (TAAV, DSAV, and CRAV) and one polyvalent (HPAV) hematotoxic antivenom. The enzymatic activities were examined in comparison with venoms of Trimeresurus albolabris (TAV), Daboia siamensis (DSV), Calloselasma rhodostoma (CRV). Molecular mass was separated on SDS-PAGE, then the specific proteins were determined by western blotting. The venom protein classification was analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results: Intravenous LD50 of PKV was 0.67 µg/g. ER50 of HPAV, DSAV and TAAV neutralize PKV at 1.02, 0.36 and 0.12 mg/mL, respectively. PKV exhibited procoagulant effect with a minimal coagulation dose of 12.5 ± 0.016 µg/mL and hemorrhagic effect with a minimal hemorrhagic dose of 1.20 ± 0.71 µg/mouse. HPAV was significantly effective in neutralizing procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects of PKV than those of TAAV, DSAV and CRAV. All enzymatic activities among four venoms exhibited significant differences. PKV proteome revealed eleven classes of putative snake venom proteins, predominantly metalloproteinase (40.85%), serine protease (29.93%), and phospholipase A2 (15.49%). Conclusions: Enzymatic activities of PKV are similarly related to other viperid venoms in this study by quantitatively hematotoxic properties. Three major venom toxins were responsible for coagulopathy in PKV envenomation. The antivenom HPAV was considered effective in neutralizing the lethality, procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects of PKV.(AU)

Evaluation of olive leaf extract as a growth promoter on the performance, blood biochemical parameters, and caecal microflora of broiler chickens

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of an alcoholic liquid olive leaf extract (OLE) obtained from fresh leaves on the growth performance, carcass weight, caecal microflora, and some plasma variables, such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly divided into five treatments with five replicate pens (15 birds each) per treatment. The birds were fed either a basal diet with no supplement (control), with 75 (OLE75), 150 (OLE150), 300 (OLE300), and 600 (OLE600) mg kg−1 oleuropein, provided by 0.66, 1.33, 2.65, and 5.32 g kg−1 of the OLE. The dietary supplementation of OLE linearly increased daily body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and carcass weight and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Although the OLE600 broilers had the highest daily FI among the treatments, there were significant increases in their BWG and improvements in FCR compared with the control, OLE75, and OLE150 birds. The carcass weights of OLE150, OLE300, and OLE600 birds were higher than those of the control group. The OLE600 diet increased the dressing percentage compared with the OLE75, OLE150, and OLE300 diets. The abdominal fat weight and the plasma HDL concentration of the control broilers were lower than those of all OLE birds. All doses of OLE supplementation decreased the caecal E. coli content. A growth-promoting effect is obtained from the dietary supplementation of 600 mg kg−1 oleuropein due to its beneficial effect on growth performance and caecal microflora populations of broilers.(AU)

Effects of dietary xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant function, and immunological function of nursery piglets

This study investigated the effects of dietary xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant function, and immunological function of nursery piglets. In total, three groups including 72 nursery piglets were designed and fed one of three diets: a control basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 0.2% ZnO, or basal diet supplemented with 0.04% XOS, for 28 days. Compared with the control group, the XOS group significantly increased the final body weight and average daily weight gain. No significant differences were found about these parameters between the control and ZnO groups. Compared with the control group, the ZnO group showed no changes in the serum content of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), albumin:globulin (ALB:GLB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), or in the serum activity of amylase and alkaline phosphatase. However, in the XOS group, serum glucose content increased and blood urea nitrogen and triglyceride content decreased significantly. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with XOS significantly increased the serum activity of total antioxygenic capacity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase and decreased the serum activity of malondialdehyde. At the same time, serum IgG content in XOS group was significantly higher than that in control group. From the current study, supplementation of 0.04% XOS in the diet could improve the antioxidant and immune function of piglets, promotes nitrogen deposition, and accelerates lipid and glucose metabolism, thereby improving piglet growth performance.(AU)

Effect of sex and seasons of the year on hematologic and serum biochemical variables of captive brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) / Efeito do sexo e estações do ano sobre as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímico-séricas de veados-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) criados em cativeiro

The Brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) is the most common free-living and captive deer in South America, especially in Brazil, and has great ecological and scientific significance. However, data on hematological and biochemical parameters in brown brocket deer are scarce. The goal of this study was to establish reference ranges for hematological and biochemical parameters of Mazama gouazoubira, comparing differences during the seasons of the year and between sex. Blood samples from ten adult healthy brown brocket deer (6 female and 4 male) were collected during daytime, monthly, during 12 months. The animals were maintained in individual stable, protected from noise and fed ad libitum with commercial ration and green fodder. For blood collection, animals were submitted to physical restrain for no longer than 2 minutes. The following parameters were determined: red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), total protein (TP), albumin, cholesterol, total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, triglycerides, creatinine and urea. Values were compared according to season and sex. RBC count, WBC count and MCV suggested seasonal influence. Haemoglobin concentration, PCV and MCV were influenced by sex. Serum concentration of total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium were influenced by season. Serum magnesium was also influenced by sex. The blood parameters herein reported may be useful as reference values for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in captive brown-brocket deer. (AU)

O veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) é o cervídeo de vida livre mais comum na América do Sul, especialmente no Brasil, e tem grande importância ecológica e científica. No entanto, dados sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos nesta espécie animal são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer valores de referência hematológica e bioquímica do Mazama gouazoubira, comparando diferenças entre as estações do ano e entre sexo. Amostras sanguíneas de dez veados-catingueiros (6 fêmeas e 4 machos), todos adultos hígidos, foram mensalmente colhidas pela manhã, durante 12 meses, e prontamente analisadas. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individual, protegidos de barulho e alimentados ad libitum com ração comercial e forragem verde. Para obtenção das amostras, os animais foram submetidos à contenção física por, no máximo, 2 minutos. Os seguintes parâmetros foram determinados: Contagem total de hemáceas, concentração de hemoglobina, volume globular (VG), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), contagem total de leucócitos, contagem de plaquetas, atividade das enzimas alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) e concentrações séricas de fosfatase alcalina (FA), creatino quinase (CK), proteína total (PT), albumina, colesterol, cálcio total, cálcio iônico, sódio, potássio, magnésio, triglicérides, creatinina e uréia. Os valores foram comparados de acordo com o sexo e sazonalidade. A contagem total de hemáceas, de leucócitos e VCM sugeriu influência das estações do ano sobre estes parâmetros. A concentração de hemoglobina, VG e VCM foram influenciados pelo sexo. Concentrações séricas de cálcio total, cálcio iônico, sódio, potássio e magnésio também foram influenciados pelas estações do ano. O teor sérico de magnésio sofreu influência, ainda, do sexo. Os parâmetros sanguíneos obtidos e aqui reportados podem ser úteis como valores de referência nesta espécie para fins diagnóstico e prognóstico. (AU)

Effect of sex and seasons of the year on hematologic and serum biochemical variables of captive brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) / Efeito do sexo e estações do ano sobre as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímico-séricas de veados-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) criados em cativeiro

The Brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) is the most common free-living and captive deer in South America, especially in Brazil, and has great ecological and scientific significance. However, data on hematological and biochemical parameters in brown brocket deer are scarce. The goal of this study was to establish reference ranges for hematological and biochemical parameters of Mazama gouazoubira, comparing differences during the seasons of the year and between sex. Blood samples from ten adult healthy brown brocket deer (6 female and 4 male) were collected during daytime, monthly, during 12 months. The animals were maintained in individual stable, protected from noise and fed ad libitum with commercial ration and green fodder. For blood collection, animals were submitted to physical restrain for no longer than 2 minutes. The following parameters were determined: red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), total protein (TP), albumin, cholesterol, total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, triglycerides, creatinine and urea. Values were compared according to season and sex. RBC count, WBC count and MCV suggested seasonal influence. Haemoglobin concentration, PCV and MCV were influenced by sex. Serum concentration of total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium were influenced by season. Serum magnesium was also influenced by sex. The blood parameters herein reported may be useful as reference values for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in captive brown-brocket deer.

O veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) é o cervídeo de vida livre mais comum na América do Sul, especialmente no Brasil, e tem grande importância ecológica e científica. No entanto, dados sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos nesta espécie animal são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer valores de referência hematológica e bioquímica do Mazama gouazoubira, comparando diferenças entre as estações do ano e entre sexo. Amostras sanguíneas de dez veados-catingueiros (6 fêmeas e 4 machos), todos adultos hígidos, foram mensalmente colhidas pela manhã, durante 12 meses, e prontamente analisadas. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individual, protegidos de barulho e alimentados ad libitum com ração comercial e forragem verde. Para obtenção das amostras, os animais foram submetidos à contenção física por, no máximo, 2 minutos. Os seguintes parâmetros foram determinados: Contagem total de hemáceas, concentração de hemoglobina, volume globular (VG), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), contagem total de leucócitos, contagem de plaquetas, atividade das enzimas alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) e concentrações séricas de fosfatase alcalina (FA), creatino quinase (CK), proteína total (PT), albumina, colesterol, cálcio total, cálcio iônico, sódio, potássio, magnésio, triglicérides, creatinina e uréia. Os valores foram comparados de acordo com o sexo e sazonalidade. A contagem total de hemáceas, de leucócitos e VCM sugeriu influência das estações do ano sobre estes parâmetros. A concentração de hemoglobina, VG e VCM foram influenciados pelo sexo. Concentrações séricas de cálcio total, cálcio iônico, sódio, potássio e magnésio também foram influenciados pelas estações do ano. O teor sérico de magnésio sofreu influência, ainda, do sexo. Os parâmetros sanguíneos obtidos e aqui reportados podem ser úteis como valores de referência nesta espécie para fins diagnóstico e prognóstico.

Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition and reproductive cycle of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) in Southern Brazil.

The ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata, is found on sandy beaches from the United States to Southern Brazil. Because there is still little information about the metabolism and reproduction of O. quadrata on the southern coast of Brazil, the objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of seasonal variations on the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism of O. quadrata at Rondinha Beach, a beach with high anthropogenic activity, and to compare it with data from Siriú Beach, which has less human activity; and (ii) describe the effect of seasonal variations on the histological characteristics of male and female gonads, in order to assess the reproductive capacity of the crabs. The gonads of male crabs showed no significant variations in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and glycogen levels; however, histological analysis of the testes revealed that they are mature in the summer. In females, the GSI and glycogen values are higher in summer, concomitantly with the presence of mature oocytes. These results suggest that the reproductive peak of O. quadrata occurs in summer. The seasonal analysis of the biochemical parameters, as well as comparison with Siriú Beach, demonstrated that the ghost crabs of Rondinha Beach have a different pattern of metabolism than those of Siriú. This difference may be a consequence of differences in the environmental conditions as well as in the anthropogenic pressures, such as vehicle traffic and the increase in human population at the beach in summer.