Actualización en enfermedad con cuerpos de Lewy / Update in Lewy body disease

La enfermedad con cuerpos de Lewy incluye 2 entidades que podrían ser consideradas variantes clínicas de una misma patología: la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy y la demencia en enfermedad de Parkinson. Con la finalidad de describir correctamente lo que sucede en la evolución de la enfermedad se divide el cuadro en etapa prodrómica y de demencia propiamente dicha. La primera está clínicamente representada por aquel período en el cual, si bien el paciente exhibe algunos signos y síntomas propios de la enfermedad, no reúne criterios de demencia. A pesar de ser difícil de definir y por carecerse todavía de contundentes datos clínicos y biomarcadores, se caracteriza principalmente por deterioro leve selectivo en función atencional ­ visuoespacial, trastorno del sueño REM y disautonomía‒. La segunda etapa está claramente caracterizada en los criterios de consenso del año 2005. Recientemente hemos publicado la validación de un instrumento llamado ALBA Screening Instrument, que permite diagnosticar con alta sensibilidad y especificidad la enfermedad aun en etapas tempranas y diferenciarla de otras patologías semejantes. La tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) para transportador de dopamina es el procedimiento de referencia (gold standard) del diagnóstico. El tratamiento sintomático con anticolinesterásicos y neurolépticos atípicos favorece una buena evolución de la enfermedad y es fundamental tener en cuenta evitar medicamentos que pueden dañar gravemente a los pacientes como los anticolinérgicos y antipsicóticos típicos. Los avances en el diagnóstico y la difusión del impacto de esta enfermedad en la población contribuirán a generar mayores esfuerzos de investigación para hallar un tratamiento eficaz, preventivo o curativo o de ambas características. (AU)

Lewy body disease includes 2 entities that could be considered clinical variants of the same pathology: Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease Dementia. Two stages of the disease are described in this review, a prodromal stage and one of explicit dementia. The first one is clinically represented by that period in which, the patient exhibits some typical features of the disease, but not dementia criteria. Despite being difficult to define the prodromal stage and that strong clinical data and biomarkers are still lacking, there is evidence to characterize it mainly by mild selective impairment in attention and visuo-spatial function, REM sleep disorder and dysautonomia. The second stage is clearly characterized in the known consensus criteria of 2005. We have recently published the validation of an instrument called ALBA Screening Instrument which showed a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of the disease even in the early stages. It´s useful to differentiate the disease from other similar pathologies. Positron Emission Tomography for dopamine transporter is the gold standard of diagnosis in life. Symptomatic treatment with anticholinesterases and atypical neuroleptics help patients in their evolution of the disease. Anticholinergics and typical antipsychotics are agents to avoid in the treatmen of the disease because can severely damage patients. Future advances in the diagnosis and dissemination of the knowledge of the disease will contribute to generate greater research efforts to find an effective preventive and / or curative treatment. (AU)

Potential drug-drug interaction in Mexican patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to observe potential drug-drug interactions in the medication of Mexican schizophrenic patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective and cross-sectional study that was carried out in a psychiatric clinic. Only the prescriptions of patients with schizophrenia whose diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV instrument were included in this study. The Drug Interactions Checker software ( http://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.html ) was used in this study to analyse potential drug-drug interactions. RESULTS: In total, 86 of 126 patients were at risk of potential drug-drug interactions. Haloperidol and biperiden was the most common drug pair of 232 pairs evaluated. In our study, 13.8% of drug-drug interaction showed a major level of severity, whereas in 83.2%, the interaction was moderate. Finally, central nervous system (CNS) depression and anticholinergic effect were the main possible effects of drug-drug interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed a high number of patients with schizophrenia receiving two or more drugs. The potential drug-drug interactions observed in the Mexican population are consistent with the concomitant use of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants prescribed in schizophrenia that could cause central nervous system (CNS) depression and anticholinergic effect. Drug-drug interaction must be considered when the patient with schizophrenia is medicated.

Adicción a biperideno y síndrome anticolinérgico: a propósito de un caso / Biperiden addiction and anticholinergic syndrome: a case report

Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 46 años de edad, con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, en tratamiento desde los 26 años, con trifluoperazina y decanoato de flufenazina y uso concomitante de biperideno por los efectos adversos, que desarrolló dependencia al biperideno llegando a tomar, en la última semana antes de su hospitalización 14 mg diarios. El día de su ingreso tomó 20 mg, desarrollando un cuadro compatible con síndrome anticolinérgico, que se complicó con hiponatremia severa, acidosis metabólica con alcalosis respiratoria, leucocitosis, fiebre y elevación de la creatinfosfoquinasa, por lo que la impresión diagnóstica inicial fue de síndrome neuroléptico maligno. Su evolución fue favorable, saliendo de alta a la semana.

We report the case of a 46-year-old man diagnosed with schizophrenia, treated with trifluoperazine and fluphenazine decanoate since he was 26 years old, with concomitant use of biperiden for adverse effects. He developed dependence to biperiden, taking in the last week, prior to his hospitalization, 14 mg daily. The day of his admission he took 20 mg, developing an anticholinergic syndrome, complicated with severe hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis, leukocytosis, fever and creatine phosphokinase elevation, due to this he was initially focused as a neuroleptic malignant syndrome. He had a favorable outcome; being discharged one week later.

Demência reversível e quedas associadas ao biperideno / Reversible dementia and falls associated with biperiden

As drogas anticolinérgicas podem causar efeitos adversos, mais freqüentemente nos pacientes idosos. Relatamos um caso de demência reversível e quedas, associadas ao uso de biperideno. A paciente, com 82 anos, foi admitida em lar geriátrico devido a quedas freqüentes no domicílio, acentuado déficit cognitivo, tremores de extremidades ao movimento e perda de autonomia. Na verdade, era portadora de tremor essencial, que foi confundido com doenca de Parkinson e tratado com biperideno; posteriormente, desenvolveu déficit cognitivo que foi erroneamente diagnosticado como demência do tipo Alzheimer. Após submeter-se à avaliacão especializada, foi suspensa a droga anticolinérgica e houve reversão completa do quadro demencial; o tremor essencial foi controlado com uso de propranolol. Ao avaliar um paciente com déficit cognitivo, o clínico deve descartar possíveis causas de demência reversível, em especial, o grupo das iatrogênicas.