A Novel Apilic Antivenom to Treat Massive, Africanized Honeybee Attacks: A Preclinical Study from the Lethality to Some Biochemical and Pharmacological Activities Neutralization.

Massive, Africanized honeybee attacks have increased in Brazil over the years. Humans and animals present local and systemic effects after envenomation, and there is no specific treatment for this potentially lethal event. This study evaluated the ability of a new Apilic antivenom, which is composed of F(ab')2 fraction of specific immunoglobulins in heterologous and hyperimmune equine serum, to neutralize A. mellifera venom and melittin, in vitro and in vivo, in mice. Animal experiments were performed in according with local ethics committee license (UFRJ protocol no. DFBCICB072-04/16). Venom dose-dependent lethality was diminished with 0.25-0.5 µL of intravenous Apilic antivenom/µg honeybee venom. In vivo injection of 0.1-1 µg/g bee venom induced myotoxicity, hemoconcentration, paw edema, and increase of vascular permeability which were antagonized by Apilic antivenom. Cytotoxicity, assessed in renal LLC-PK1 cells and challenged with 10 µg/mL honeybee venom or melittin, was neutralized by preincubation with Apilic antivenom, as well the hemolytic activity. Apilic antivenom inhibited phospholipase and hyaluronidase enzymatic activities. In flow cytometry experiments, Apilic antivenom neutralized reduction of cell viability due to necrosis by honeybee venom or melittin. These results showed that this antivenom is effective inhibitor of honeybee venom actions. Thus, this next generation of Apilic antivenom emerges as a new promising immunobiological product for the treatment of massive, Africanized honeybee attacks.

Pontos de atendimentos para terapia antivenenos, no estado do TOCANTINS, por região de saúde e municípios / Service points for poison therapy in the state of TOCANTINS, by health region and municipalities

Apresenta os 32 municípios com Pontos de Atendimentos para a terapia antiveneno, descritos por região de saúde e município no Estado do Tocantins para ações da vigilância de acidentes por animais peçonhentos.

It presents the 32 municipalities with Service Points for antivenom therapy, described by health region and municipality in the State of Tocantins for actions of surveillance of accidents by venomous animals.

Presenta los 32 municipios con Puntos de Servicio para la terapia antiveneno, descritos por región sanitaria y municipio en el Estado de Tocantins para acciones de seguimiento de accidentes por animales venenosos.

Il présente aux 32 communes des points de service pour la thérapie antivenimeuse, décrits par région sanitaire et commune de l'Etat de Tocantins pour des actions de surveillance des accidents par animaux venimeux.

Niños con mordeduras de animales hospitalizados en un centro de referencia de Uruguay / Children with animal bites hospitalized in a reference center of Uruguay

Resumen: Introducción: Las mordeduras de animales constituyen un problema sanitario. Pueden producir lesiones de diversa gravedad con riesgo de secuelas estéticas, funcionales y complicaciones infecciosas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas, los tratamientos y las complicaciones de las lesiones por mordeduras de animales en niños hospitalizados en un centro de referencia de Uruguay. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los niños hospitalizados por mordeduras de animales entre 2014 y 2017. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se registraron el animal involucrado, el tipo de lesiones, los tratamientos, las complicaciones y si el caso se notificó al Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Se hospitalizaron 106 niños (media de edad: 4.5 años). El animal involucrado más común fue el perro (80.2%), seguido de roedores (8.5%), arácnidos (4.7%) y otros (6.5%). Las lesiones fueron en su mayoría únicas (61.3%) y superficiales (80.2%), y la hospitalización se hizo en cuidados moderados en el 91.5% de los casos. Los tratamientos se centraron en higiene (96.2%), sutura (70.8%) y profilaxis antibiótica (81.1%). Se presentaron complicaciones en el 77.4% de los casos. En tres fue posible el aislamiento del agente etiológico más frecuente: Streptococcus pyogenes. El 20.7% de los casos se notificaron al Ministerio de Salud. No se registró letalidad. Conclusiones: Del total de los niños hospitalizados, los más afectados fueron varones menores de 5 años. Predominaron las lesiones en la cabeza y los miembros, mayoritariamente leves y superficiales. En el 77.4% de los casos hubo complicaciones, principalmente infecciosas y estético-funcionales.

Abstract: Background: Animal bites are a health problem that can produce lesions of varying severity, with the risk of aesthetic and functional sequelae and infectious complications. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical, epidemiological, treatment and complications of lesions caused by animal bites in children hospitalized in a reference center in Uruguay. Method: Descriptive, retrospective study. All children hospitalized for animal bites between 2014 and 2017 were included. Medical records were reviewed and data, such as the animal involved, injuries, treatments, complications, and if the case was notified to the Ministry of Health, were recorded. Results: A total of 106 children were hospitalized, with a mean age 4.5 years. The animals involved were dogs (80.2%), rodents (8.5%), arachnids (4.7%), and others (6.5%). The majority of the lesions were superficial (80.2%), and 91.5% of the cases were hospitalized in moderate care. The treatments were hygiene (96.2%), suture (70.8%), and antibiotic prophylaxis (81.1%). There were complications in 77.4% of the cases. In three cases, the isolation of the most frequent etiological agent was possible: Streptococcus pyogenes. Notification to the Ministry of Health occurred in 20.7% of the cases. No lethality was recorded. Conclusions: A total of 106 children were hospitalized due to animal bites. The most affected were males under 5 years old. Most of them were bitten at home or nearby. Dogs and rodents were the most involved animals. There were predominantly head and limb lesions, mostly mild and superficial. Complications occurred in 77.4% of cases, mainly infectious and aesthetic-functional.

[Niños con mordeduras de animales hospitalizados en un centro de referencia de Uruguay]. / Children with animal bites hospitalized in a reference center of Uruguay.

Background: Animal bites are a health problem that can produce lesions of varying severity, with the risk of aesthetic and functional sequelae and infectious complications. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical, epidemiological, treatment and complications of lesions caused by animal bites in children hospitalized in a reference center in Uruguay. Method: Descriptive, retrospective study. All children hospitalized for animal bites between 2014 and 2017 were included. Medical records were reviewed and data, such as the animal involved, injuries, treatments, complications, and if the case was notified to the Ministry of Health, were recorded. Results: A total of 106 children were hospitalized, with a mean age 4.5 years. The animals involved were dogs (80.2%), rodents (8.5%), arachnids (4.7%), and others (6.5%). The majority of the lesions were superficial (80.2%), and 91.5% of the cases were hospitalized in moderate care. The treatments were hygiene (96.2%), suture (70.8%), and antibiotic prophylaxis (81.1%). There were complications in 77.4% of the cases. In three cases, the isolation of the most frequent etiological agent was possible: Streptococcus pyogenes. Notification to the Ministry of Health occurred in 20.7% of the cases. No lethality was recorded. Conclusions: A total of 106 children were hospitalized due to animal bites. The most affected were males under 5 years old. Most of them were bitten at home or nearby. Dogs and rodents were the most involved animals. There were predominantly head and limb lesions, mostly mild and superficial. Complications occurred in 77.4% of cases, mainly infectious and aesthetic-functional.

Introducción: Las mordeduras de animales constituyen un problema sanitario. Pueden producir lesiones de diversa gravedad con riesgo de secuelas estéticas, funcionales y complicaciones infecciosas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas, los tratamientos y las complicaciones de las lesiones por mordeduras de animales en niños hospitalizados en un centro de referencia de Uruguay. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los niños hospitalizados por mordeduras de animales entre 2014 y 2017. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se registraron el animal involucrado, el tipo de lesiones, los tratamientos, las complicaciones y si el caso se notificó al Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Se hospitalizaron 106 niños (media de edad: 4.5 años). El animal involucrado más común fue el perro (80.2%), seguido de roedores (8.5%), arácnidos (4.7%) y otros (6.5%). Las lesiones fueron en su mayoría únicas (61.3%) y superficiales (80.2%), y la hospitalización se hizo en cuidados moderados en el 91.5% de los casos. Los tratamientos se centraron en higiene (96.2%), sutura (70.8%) y profilaxis antibiótica (81.1%). Se presentaron complicaciones en el 77.4% de los casos. En tres fue posible el aislamiento del agente etiológico más frecuente: Streptococcus pyogenes. El 20.7% de los casos se notificaron al Ministerio de Salud. No se registró letalidad. Conclusiones: Del total de los niños hospitalizados, los más afectados fueron varones menores de 5 años. Predominaron las lesiones en la cabeza y los miembros, mayoritariamente leves y superficiales. En el 77.4% de los casos hubo complicaciones, principalmente infecciosas y estético-funcionales.

Rabies vaccine initiation and adherence among animal-bite patients in Haiti, 2015.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 59,000 people die from rabies worldwide annually. Haiti is one of the last remaining countries in the Western Hemisphere with endemic canine rabies. Canine-mediated rabies deaths are preventable with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): wound treatment, immunoglobulin, and vaccination. In countries where PEP is available, variability in healthcare seeking behaviors and lack of adherence to recommended treatment guidelines could also contribute to these deaths. Yet, few studies have addressed these issues. METHODS: We examined animal-bite reporting and assessed adherence to treatment guidelines at nine healthcare facilities in Haiti. We analyzed individual-level, de-identified patient data (demographic characteristics, geographic location, healthcare facility type, vaccine administration, and bite injury information) using descriptive analyses and logistic regression to examine factors associated with receiving PEP. FINDINGS: During the 6 month study period, we found 2.5 times more animal-bite case-patients than reported by the national surveillance system (690 versus 274). Of the 690 animal-bite patients identified, 498 (72%) sought care at six PEP providing facilities. Of the case-patients that sought care, 110 (22%) received at least one rabies vaccine. Of the 110 patients, 60 (55%) received all five doses. Delays were observed for three events: when patients presented to a facility after an animal-bite (3.0 days, range: 0-34 days), when patients received their fourth dose (16.1 days, range: 13-52 days), and when patients received their fifth dose (29 days, range: 26-52). When comparing vaccination status and patient characteristics, we found a significant association for bite location (p < .001), severity rank score (p < .001), geographic location (p < .001), and healthcare facility type (p = .002) with vaccination. CONCLUSION: High levels of underreporting identified here are of concern since vaccine distribution may, in part, be based on the number of animal-bite cases reported. Given that the Haitian government provides PEP to the population for free and we found animal-bite victims are seeking care in a timely manner─ reducing rabies deaths is an achievable goal.

Massive attack of honeybee on macaws (Ara ararauna and Ara chloropterus) in Brazil - A case report.

Three adult birds of the species Ara chloropterus and five of the species Ara ararauna from a conservation breeding facility suffered a massive attack by honeybees. The A. chloropterus birds presented swollen puncture lesions with stingers (mainly in the facial regions without feathers), swelling of the eyelids and subcutaneous tissue, and respiratory distress, and they were treated with intramuscular injections of 1.67 mg/kg of promethazine and 10 mg/kg of hydrocortisone followed by removal of the stingers. Complete remission of the clinical signs occurred 48 hours after start of treatment. The five A. ararauna birds died before they arrived at the veterinary hospital, and the necropsies found stingers in the areas of the face without feathers and the subcutaneous tissue, which were associated with erythema, bruising, and swelling. Food content from the crop was found in the oral cavity and the tracheal lumen, and marked congestion was observed in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, brain, and cerebellum. Among the histopathological findings, significant swelling of the myocytes in the endocardium and vascular dilation with erythroid repletion were observed, and there were multifocal areas of centrilobular necrosis associated with severe congestion and hemorrhaging in the hepatic tissue. Severe acute tubular necrosis and hydropic-vacuolar degeneration were observed in the kidneys. The clinical signs and pathological findings suggest envenomation due to a massive bee attack, the first such report for Psittacidae.

Heridas por mordedura animal en la región maxilofacial: revisión de literatura y presentación de casos / Animal bite wounds in the maxillofacial region: a review of the literature and case reports

Las heridas por mordida en la región maxilofacial son relativamentecomunes y se consideran de tratamiento complejo; son contaminadas con una flora oral bacteriana única y, en ocasiones, tienen resultados estéticos devastadores. Las heridas pueden ser ocasionadas por animales domésticos, salvajes y humanos. El clínico debe tener una comprensión multidisciplinaria del manejo de las mismas, incluyendo el abordaje médico, quirúrgico, viral, bacteriológico y la secuencia propia del tratamiento. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura, así como casos clínicos para el tratamiento integral de este tipo de trauma.

Bite wounds in the maxillofacial region are relatively common and are regarded as diffi cult to treat given the associated contamination with what is a unique polymicrobial inoculum. The aesthetic consequences can occasionally prove devastating. The wounds can be caused by both domestic and wild animals, as well as by humans. Clinicians need to have a multidisciplinary understanding of how to manage such wounds, including surgical, medical, virological, and bacteriological aspects, and the proper sequence of treatment. We present a review of the literature and a number of clinical cases for the comprehensive management of this type of trauma.

Neolignans from Aristolochia elegans as antagonists of the neurotropic effect of scorpion venom.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The high frequency of poisoning by sting or bite from venomous animals has begun to be a serious public health problem in Mexico where scorpion sting is the most common. Because of this, there is the need to seek active substances in plant species with an antagonistic effect against neurotropic activity of scorpion venom. The aim of this work was to demonstrate which of the compounds contained in the n-hexane extract from Aristolochia elegans roots display activity against scorpion venom. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Antagonist activity displayed by extract, fractions and isolated compounds obtained from Aristolochia elegans was guided by the inhibition of smooth muscle contraction induced by scorpion venom (Centruroides limpidus limpidus) in a model of isolated guinea pig ileum. The neolignans obtained from this extract were isolated and analyzed by chromatographic methods including HPLC. The chemical characterization of these compounds was performed by the analysis of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra. RESULTS: The bio-guided chromatographic fractionation allowed us to isolate 4 known neolignans: Eupomatenoid-7 (1), licarin A (2), licarin B (3), eupomatenoid-1 (4) and other new neolignan which was characterized as 2-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-[(E)-α-propen-γ-al]-7-methoxy-benzo [b] furan (5). This compound was named as eleganal. Compounds 1 and 2 were purified from the most active fraction AeF3 (EC50 of 149.9µg/mL, Emax of 65.66%). A doses-response analysis of eupomatenoid-7(1) and licarin A(2) allowed us to establish EC50 values (65.96µg/mL and 51.96µg/mL) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The antagonistic effect against Centuroides limpidus limpidus scorpion venom displayed by the n-hexane extract from Aristolochia elegans roots is due to the presence of neolignans 1-2 contained in the fraction AeF3. Chemical analysis of fraction AeF2 allowed the isolation of a new compound which was identified as 2-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-[(E)-α-propen-γ-al]-7-methoxy-benzo[b]furan (5), denominated as eleganal.

Coadjuvant treatment with surgery and pirfenidone in severe facial trauma due to dog bite.

BACKGROUND: This case report assesses the effectiveness of surgery plus pirfenidone (PFD) as a concomitant therapy in the management of facial trauma after severe dog bite. METHODS: A 16-month-old female patient who suffered a severe attack by a big-sized dog (Rottweiler) in the midface area was managed with surgery/PFD combination and followed up for 20 months to evaluate the efficacy to control, prevent, and improve injury sequels. RESULTS: Surgery/PFD combination offered a good complementary therapy downregulating inflammatory activity, improving blood supply, and activating cytokine modulation and collagen synthesis/biosynthesis (scar control). No side effects were reported in this case report. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery/PFD management for severe facial dog bites represents a safe and effective therapeutic option to protect and improve a patient's quality of life, minimizing long-time sequels.

Soroterapia antiveneno: tratamento das reações adversas / Antivenom serum therapy: treatment of adverse reactions

Soroterapia antiveneno consiste na utilização de soro para neutralizar venenos inoculados após acidente por animal peçonhento. Dados epidemiológicos de 2010 do Hospital João XXIII revelaram que 20% dos atendimentos no Serviço de Toxicologia no hospital foram de- correntes de acidentes com animais peçonhentos. O soro deve ser administrado o mais pre- cocemente possível sendo que a dose administrada em adultos e crianças é igual, uma vez que a função do soro é neutralizar a maior quantidade de veneno circulante, independente do peso do paciente. A aplicação deve ser feita entre 20 e 60 minutos, sob estrita vigilãncia médica e da enfermagem, em sala de emergência. Complicações da soroterapia incluem reações anafilßticas, anafilactoides e a doença do soro. As medicações utilizadas no trata- mento das reações adversas incluem epinefrina, anti-histamínicos (antagonistas H 1 c H2) e corticosteroides. Teste de sensibilidade ao soro e pré-medicação são contraindicados...

Serotherapy antivenom is the use of serum to neutralize poisons inoculated atter an accident by venomous animal. Epidemiological data from the João XXIII Hospital in 2010 revealed that 20% of attendances at the Service of Toxicology ai lhe hospital were due to accidents ioith venomous animals. The serum should be administered as early as possible and lhe dose administered is equal to adults and children, since lhe function of the serum to neutralize the greater amount of venom currenl, independent of patient weight. The application must be made between 20 and 60 minutes under strict medica! supervision anel nursing in lhe emergency room. Complications of antivenom therapy include anaphylactic reactions, anaphylactoid anel serum sickness. Medications used to treat adverse reactions incluede epinephrine. antihistamines (H1and H2 antagonists) and corticosteroids. Sensitioity test to serum and premedication are contraindicated...

[Clinical, epidemiological and treatment aspects of 10 cases of saltwater stingray envenomation]. / Aspectos clinicos, epidemiológicos y de tratamiento de 10 casos de envenenamiento por raya marina.

INTRODUCTION: Stingrays are cartilaginous elasmobranches fishes that can cause severe and potentially fatal injuries in humans. OBJECTIVE: A descriptive and prospective survey was conducted to analyze epidemiological, clinical and treatment aspects of injuries caused by marine stingrays in Adicora, Paraguaná peninsula, Falcon State, a northwestern, semiarid region of Venezuela. METHODS: Between December 2006 and April 2007, patients with saltwater stingray injuries, attended in the ambulatory emergency service of Adicora, were clinically examined and interrogated. Treatment consisted on the application of a topical antiseptic solution (povidone-iodine), intravenous administration of an anti-inflammatory analgesic, antibiotic therapy per os and tetanus immunization. RESULTS: Ten cases of injures caused by the marine stingray Dasyatis guttata (Dasyatidae) were recorded. 6 (60%) of the envenomation cases occurred in males and 4 (40%) in females, being 8 (80%) adults between 20 and 64 years-old and 2 (2%) above that age. Most of the accidents occurred at December and April holidays (90%) and during the late part of the day (80%) when bathing or swimming at or near the beach (70%). The time between ambulatory medical assistance and the accident varied from 5 to 7 minutes, with a mean time of 5.6 +/- 0.84. Injuries were located at lower limbs in all patients with circular lesions of diameters ranging from 1 to 1.53 cm (X: 1.41 +/- 0.22); bleeding was observed in 70% of the cases while 20% showed cellulitis and cutaneous necrosis. Other clinical manifestations were intense local and irradiated pain [Visual analog scale (VAS) = X: 9.5 +/- 0.71)] and erythema (100%). Systemic symptoms included dyspnea (50%) (VAS = X: 5.4 +/- 1.52) and tachycardia (10%). All patients had a satisfactory post-treatment evolution after 20 to 30 minutes (X = 23.1 +/- 3.41) with pain and dyspnea VAS mean values significantly lower (X = 0.55 +/- 0.44; t = 35.5, p = 0.0001; X = 0.1 +/- 0.22; t = 5.57, p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. Injuries caused by the marine stingray D. guttata are a public health problem, appear to have seasonal pattern, and can produce clinical manifestations of significant severity.

[Study on the venoms of the principal venomous snakes from French Guiana and the neutralization]. / Etude des venins des principaux serpents venimeux de Guyane française et de leur neutralisation.

We studied some biochemical, toxic and immunological characteristics of the venoms of Bothrops atrox, Bothrops brazili and Lachesis muta, Viperidae responsible for most of the bites of venomous snakes in French Guiana. Chromatographic (HPLC) and electrophoretical profiles (SDS-PAGE), lethal, hemorrhagic, defibrinogenating, coagulant, thrombin like, proteolytic, fibrino(geno)lytic and phospholipase activities were studied. In addition, the neutralization of some toxic activities conferred by four antivenins was compared. The chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles were different for the three venoms, showing differences between Bothrops and L. muta venoms. In general, bothropic venoms showed the highest toxic and enzymatic activities, while the venom of L. muta showed the lowest lethal, hemorrhagic and coagulant activities. The enzymes of bothropic venoms responsible for gelatinolytic activity were around 50-90 kDa. All the venoms were able to hydrolyze a and beta chains of the fibrinogen, showing different patterns of degradation. Although all the antivenoms tested were effective to various degrees in neutralizing the venom of B. brazili and B. atrox, neutralization of L. muta venom was significantly better achieved using the antivenom including this venom in its immunogenic mixture. For the neutralization of L. muta venom, homologous or polyvalent antivenoms that include the "bushmaster" venom in their immunogenic mixture should be preferred.

Intravenous ascorbic acid as a treatment for severe jellyfish stings.

We report a case of jellyfish envenomation in a 39 year old male. He was stung extensively on both lower limbs by an unidentified jellyfish. This occurred in shallow waters of a beach in the vicinity of Labuan Island, Malaysia. The patient received ambulatory treatment with parenteral and oral ascorbate with remarkable recovery.

Intravenous ascorbic acid as a treatment for severe jellyfish stings

We report a case of jellyfish envenomation in a 39 year old male. He was stung extensively on both lower limbs by an unidentified jellyfish. This occurred in shallow waters of a beach in the vicinity of Labuan Island, Malaysia. The patient received ambulatory treatment with parenteral and oral ascorbate with remarkable recovery

Envenomation by the Mexican beaded lizard: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Envenomations by venomous lizards are rare. A single report of envenomation by a Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) has been published. Further, anaphylaxis secondary to lizard envenomation has only been reported with the Gila monster. We report an envenomation that resulted in both systemic toxicity and anaphylaxis. CASE REPORT: A 40-year-old male was bitten on his hand by a captive Mexican beaded lizard. The patient experienced severe local pain, dizziness, vomiting, and diaphoresis. Upon arrival to the hospital, he was lethargic, vomiting, and in severe pain with marked swelling of his hand, lips, and tongue. His blood pressure was 110/63 mm/Hg with a pulse of 60 beats/minute. The patient's oxygen saturation decreased to 55%, and he required oxygen, although cyanosis was not observed. He was treated with normal saline, diphenhydramine, methylprednisolone, famotidine, ondansetron, morphine, and hydromorphone. The patient was admitted to intensive care where he continued to complain of severe pain requiring morphine. Local X-ray revealed only soft tissue swelling. Remarkable initial laboratory values included WBC 18,500 k/mm3 with 80% segs. Over the next eight hours, the patient's symptoms gradually improved. He had persistent local swelling at the bite site along with erythematous streaking up the forearm. He had an uneventful hospital course until his eventual discharge the following day. CONCLUSION: Significant envenomations by members of the Helodermatidae family are rare. Systemic toxicity usually resolves within one to two days with supportive care. Prior envenomations may predispose patients to anaphylactic reactions.

Acidentes humanos com macacos em relação a tratamentos profiláticos para a raiva, no Município de São Paulo, Brasil / Human accidents with monkeys in relation to prophylactic treatment for rabies, in the Municipal district of Säo Paulo, Brazil

Apesar do Município de São Paulo apresentar a raiva sob controle epidemiológico ( último caso de raiva em humanos foi registrado em 1981) e de 95,4 por cento de sua populaçäo residir na área urbana, se registram casos de acidentes humanos envolvendo animais silvestres e dentre estes, os macacos estäo envolvidos no maior número de casos. No período de 1996 a 1999 foram atendidas 69.967 pessoas vítimas de acidentes com animais, das quais 267 acidentes com macacos. Neste trabalho se estuda a incidência mensal e anual da ocorrência destes acidentes, bem como os tratamentos antirábicos realizados

[Human accidents with monkeys in relation to prophylactic treatment for rabies, in the Municipal district of São Paulo, Brazil]. / Acidentes humanos com macacos em relação a tratamentos profiláticos para a raiva, no Município de São Paulo, Brasil.

Although the Municipal District of S o Paulo has rabies under epidemic control (last case of rabies in humans was registered in 1981) and 95.4% of its population resides within the urban area, there are reports of human accidents involving wild animals and of these, monkeys are involved in the largest number of cases. In the period from 1996 to 1999, 69,967 victims of accidents with animals were attended, of which 267 were accidents with monkeys. In this work the monthly and annual incidence of the occurrence of such accidents was studied, as well as the antirabies treatment provided.

Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad.

BACKGROUND: Ethnomedicines are used by hunters for themselves and their hunting dogs in Trinidad. Plants are used for snakebites, scorpion stings, for injuries and mange of dogs and to facilitate hunting success. RESULTS: Plants used include Piper hispidum, Pithecelobium unguis-cati, Bauhinia excisa, Bauhinia cumanensis, Cecropia peltata, Aframomum melegueta, Aristolochia rugosa, Aristolochia trilobata, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Nicotiana tabacum, Vernonia scorpioides, Petiveria alliacea, Renealmia alpinia, Justicia secunda, Phyllanthus urinaria,Phyllanthus niruri,Momordica charantia, Xiphidium caeruleum, Ottonia ovata, Lepianthes peltata, Capsicum frutescens, Costus scaber, Dendropanax arboreus, Siparuma guianensis, Syngonium podophyllum, Monstera dubia, Solanum species, Eclipta prostrata, Spiranthes acaulis, Croton gossypifolius, Barleria lupulina, Cola nitida, Acrocomia ierensis (tentative ID). CONCLUSION: Plant use is based on odour, and plant morphological characteristics and is embedded in a complex cultural context based on indigenous Amerindian beliefs. It is suggested that the medicinal plants exerted a physiological action on the hunter or his dog. Some of the plants mentioned contain chemicals that may explain the ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary use. For instance some of the plants influence the immune system or are effective against internal and external parasites. Plant baths may contribute to the health and well being of the hunting dogs.

Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad

BACKGROUND: Ethnomedicines are used by hunters for themselves and their hunting dogs in Trinidad. Plants are used for snakebites, scorpion stings, for injuries and mange of dogs and to facilitate hunting success. RESULTS: Plants used include Piper hispidum, Pithecelobium unguis-cati, Bauhinia excisa, Bauhinia cumanensis, Cecropia peltata, Aframomum melegueta, Aristolochia rugosa, Aristolochia trilobata, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Nicotiana tabacum, Vernonia scorpioides, Petiveria alliacea, Renealmia alpinia, Justicia secunda, Phyllanthus urinaria,Phyllanthus niruri,Momordica charantia, Xiphidium caeruleum, Ottonia ovata, Lepianthes peltata, Capsicum frutescens, Costus scaber, Dendropanax arboreus, Siparuma guianensis, Syngonium podophyllum, Monstera dubia, Solanum species, Eclipta prostrata, Spiranthes acaulis, Croton gossypifolius, Barleria lupulina, Cola nitida, Acrocomia ierensis (tentative ID). CONCLUSION: Plant use is based on odour, and plant morphological characteristics and is embedded in a complex cultural context based on indigenous Amerindian beliefs. It is suggested that the medicinal plants exerted a physiological action on the hunter or his dog. Some of the plants mentioned contain chemicals that may explain the ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary use. For instance some of the plants influence the immune system or are effective against internal and external parasites. Plant baths may contribute to the health and well being of the hunting dogs.