Utilization and safety of off-label prothrombin complex concentrate (four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate) in a surgical population.

The aim of this study is to evaluate and describe the utilization and safety of 4F-PCC in a nonanticoagulated, surgical patient population at an academic, tertiary care center. This retrospective, single-center chart review evaluated nonanticoagulated adult patients at least 18 years of age who had at least one dose of 4F-PCC administered between 1 January 2017 and 30 September 2022 for a surgical or peri-procedural indication. Hemostatic efficacy following 4F-PCC administration was the primary outcome, assessed by subsequent blood product administration and hemoglobin and hematocrit reduction. Secondary outcomes included an assessment of thrombotic events within 30 days post-4F-PCC administration, in-hospital mortality, and the length of hospital stay. A total of 71 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 61 patients receiving 4F-PCC for cardiac surgery and 10 patients for other intraoperative or peri-procedural indications. The mean total 4F-PCC dose was 25.0 U/kg. For the primary outcome of hemostatic efficacy, 81% of patients had excellent hemostasis; however, blood product administration was reported in 95.8% of patients post-4F-PCC. Thromboembolic events occurred in 10 (14.1%) patients and 21.1% of patients expired prior to discharge in the total cohort. Off-label 4F-PCC use in nonanticoagulated patients is reported despite a lack of robust guidance for use. Following 4F-PCC administration, hemostatic efficacy based on hemoglobin and hematocrit changes was observed; however, blood product use was frequent, and 4F-PCC administration was not without risks, including thromboembolic complications such deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and stroke. Further studies are needed to validate the off-label administration of 4F-PCC in nonanticoagulated patients.

Effect of low- versus high-dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in factor Xa inhibitor-associated bleeding: A qualitative systematic review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to evaluate current literature on the treatment of factor Xa inhibitor-associated bleeds with 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC), with a focus on the effect of low versus high dosing of 4F-PCC on hemostatic efficacy and safety outcomes. SUMMARY: A search of PubMed and EBSCOhost was performed to identify studies evaluating patients with a factor Xa inhibitor-bleed treated with 4F-PCC at either low or high doses. Studies of patients receiving alternative reversal agents such as fresh frozen plasma and andexanet alfa or where no comparator group was evaluated were excluded from the analysis. To assess the effect of these 4F-PCC dosing strategies, the primary outcome of interest was hemostatic efficacy. Four studies meeting inclusion criteria were included in this review. In each of the included studies, similar rates of hemostatic efficacy, hospital mortality, and venous thromboembolism were observed in the low- and high-dose cohorts. CONCLUSION: These results suggest low- and high-dose 4F-PCC may confer similar clinical effectiveness and safety; however, these findings should be evaluated and confirmed with future prospective studies.

Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus andexanet alfa for the reversal of traumatic brain injuries.

BACKGROUND: Andexanet alfa was approved in 2018 for reversal of direct oral anticoagulants but due to issues of cost and access, four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) continues to be used for this indication. The objective of this study is to evaluate outcomes of reversal with these agents in patients with isolated traumatic brain injuries (TBI). METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 35 trauma centres from 2014 to 2021. Patients were included with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)>2 for head and having received andexanet alfa or 4F-PCC within 24 hours of admission. Patients were excluded if P2Y12 inhibitor use or AIS>2 outside of head. Primary outcome includes rate of mortality/hospice at hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes include a composite of serious hospital complications. A subgroup analysis of severe TBI patients (AIS head 4 or 5) was completed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to account for differences in comorbidities and TBI severity. RESULTS: 4F-PCC was given to 265 patients with another 59 receiving andexanet alfa. Patients in the andexanet alfa group were more likely to have an AIS head score of 5 (47.5% vs 26.1%; p<0.005). After adjusting for severity of TBI and comorbidities with regard to tomortality/hospice, there were 15 (25.4%) patients in the andexanet alfa group and 49 (18.5%) in the 4F-PCC group (OR 1.34; 95% CI 0.67 to 2.71). This remained consistent when looking at severe patients with TBI with 12 (28.6%) andexanet alfa patients and 37 (28.7%) 4F-PCC patients (OR 0.93 (95% CI 0.40 to 2.16)). Severe hospital complications were also similar between groups with 5 (8.5%) andexanet alfa patients as compared with 21 (7.9%) 4F-PCC patients (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.36 to 2.88). CONCLUSION: There was no firm conclusion on the treatment effect in mortality/hospice or serious complications among isolated TBI patients reversed with 4F-PCC as compared with andexanet alfa.

Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus andexanet alfa for direct oral anticoagulant reversal.

BACKGROUND: Optimal reversal agent for direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)-associated major bleeding has not been described. Before the approval of andexanet alfa (AA) in 2018, 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) was recommended by major guidelines. Currently, AA is recommended as the first-line agent by most guidelines. With a paucity of literature comparing the 2 agents, there is clinical value in assessing hemostatic efficacy and safety of the 2 agents. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate hemostatic efficacy and safety of AA and 4F-PCC in all DOAC-associated major bleedings. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective chart review was performed of adult subjects who were admitted for a DOAC-associated major bleeding and received 4F-PCC from February 2018 to May 2019 or AA from May 2019 to September 2021. Some of the exclusion criteria included not receiving a DOAC, receiving multiple reversal agents during the same hospitalization, receiving reversal for any nonmajor bleeding indication, and not receiving the full dose of a reversal agent. The primary outcome was hemostatic efficacy 24 hours after the end of the reversal agent administration. Secondary outcomes included time to administration, hospital mortality, length of stay, need for surgery, and need for additional blood product. Safety outcome was incidence of thrombotic events. RESULTS: There were 99 subjects included in the 4F-PCC group and 84 subjects in the AA group. Hemostatic efficacy was achieved in 69 subjects (69.7%) in the 4F-PCC group and 63 subjects (75%) in the AA group (P = 0.927). In-hospital mortality was seen in 20 subjects (20.2%) in the 4F-PCC group and 10 subjects (11.9%) in the AA group. Thrombotic events were seen in 7 subjects (7.1%) in the 4F-PCC group and 6 subjects (7.1%) in the AA group. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in hemostatic efficacy, in-hospital mortality, and number of thrombotic events between 4F-PCC and AA.

Retrospective Comparison of Recombinant Activated Factor VII Versus 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Cardiac Surgical Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidences of postoperative thrombotic complications, transfusion of blood products, and chest tube output in congenital cardiac surgical patients who received either recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) or 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC). DESIGN: We performed a retrospective study. SETTING: Patients who underwent surgery at a tertiary academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were obtained from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium databases, as well as from manual chart review. Adjusted p values were obtained from multivariate regression using age (days), surgeon (number), cardiopulmonary bypass time (minutes), and need for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (yes/no). A total of 55 patients were included in the 4F-PCC group, and 89 in the rFVIIa group. The median dose of rFVIIa was 77 mcg/kg (46-88), and the median dose of 4F-PCC was 31 IU/kg (24-43). The incidences of thrombotic complications were 8% in the 4F-PCC group and 30% in the rFVIIa group (adjusted p = 0.023). No difference was reported between the groups regarding chest tube output on days 1 and 2 or transfusion of blood products. Using a sensitivity analysis with propensity matching, the incidence of thrombosis was 10% in the 4F-PCC group (n = 38), and 31% in the rFVIIa group (n = 39) (p = 0.036). No difference was reported in terms of bleeding or transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study suggested that the administration of rFVIIa was associated with a higher risk of thrombotic complications when compared to 4F-PCC, without benefits in terms of bleeding and transfusions.

Coagulation management during liver transplantation: monitoring and decision making for hemostatic interventions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Rebalanced hemostasis describes the precarious balance of procoagulant and antithrombotic proteins in patients with severe liver failure. This review is aimed to discuss currently available coagulation monitoring tests and pertinent decision-making process for plasma coagulation factor replacements during liver transplantation (LT). RECENT FINDINGS: Contemporary viscoelastic coagulation monitoring systems have demonstrated advantages over conventional coagulation tests in assessing the patient's coagulation status and tailoring hemostatic interventions. There is increasing interest in the use of prothrombin complex and fibrinogen concentrates, but it remains to be proven if purified factor concentrates are more efficacious and safer than allogeneic hemostatic components. Furthermore, the decision to use antifibrinolytic therapy necessitates careful considerations given the risks of venous thromboembolism in severe liver failure. SUMMARY: Perioperative hemostatic management and thromboprophylaxis for LT patients is likely to be more precise and patient-specific through a better understanding and monitoring of rebalanced coagulation. Further research is needed to refine the application of these tools and develop more standardized protocols for coagulation management in LT.

Efficacy and Safety of Early Administration of 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Patients With Trauma at Risk of Massive Transfusion: The PROCOAG Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Optimal transfusion strategies in traumatic hemorrhage are unknown. Reports suggest a beneficial effect of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) on blood product consumption. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of 4F-PCC administration in patients at risk of massive transfusion. Design, Setting, and Participants: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled superiority trial in 12 French designated level I trauma centers from December 29, 2017, to August 31, 2021, involving consecutive patients with trauma at risk of massive transfusion. Follow-up was completed on August 31, 2021. Interventions: Intravenous administration of 1 mL/kg of 4F-PCC (25 IU of factor IX/kg) vs 1 mL/kg of saline solution (placebo). Patients, investigators, and data analysts were blinded to treatment assignment. All patients received early ratio-based transfusion (packed red blood cells:fresh frozen plasma ratio of 1:1 to 2:1) and were treated according to European traumatic hemorrhage guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was 24-hour all blood product consumption (efficacy); arterial or venous thromboembolic events were a secondary outcome (safety). Results: Of 4313 patients with the highest trauma level activation, 350 were eligible for emergency inclusion, 327 were randomized, and 324 were analyzed (164 in the 4F-PCC group and 160 in the placebo group). The median (IQR) age of participants was 39 (27-56) years, Injury Severity Score was 36 (26-50 [major trauma]), and admission blood lactate level was 4.6 (2.8-7.4) mmol/L; prehospital arterial systolic blood pressure was less than 90 mm Hg in 179 of 324 patients (59%), 233 patients (73%) were men, and 226 (69%) required expedient hemorrhage control. There was no statistically or clinically significant between-group difference in median (IQR) total 24-hour blood product consumption (12 [5-19] U in the 4F-PCC group vs 11 [6-19] U in the placebo group; absolute difference, 0.2 U [95% CI, -2.99 to 3.33]; P = .72). In the 4F-PCC group, 56 patients (35%) presented with at least 1 thromboembolic event vs 37 patients (24%) in the placebo group (absolute difference, 11% [95% CI, 1%-21%]; relative risk, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.04-2.10]; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with trauma at risk of massive transfusion, there was no significant reduction of 24-hour blood product consumption after administration of 4F-PCC, but thromboembolic events were more common. These findings do not support systematic use of 4F-PCC in patients at risk of massive transfusion. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03218722.

Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate use for on-label versus off-label indications: a retrospective cohort study.

This study aimed to characterize the utilization of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) at a tertiary academic medical center and evaluate the incidence of thromboembolic events (TEs) and mortality when used in an on-label versus off-label context. All medical records for consecutive patients having received 4F-PCC over 61-months were retrospectively evaluated. On-label indications for 4F-PCC were defined per FDA guidance, with the remaining indications considered off-label. Three hundred sixty-nine 4F-PCC doses were administered to 355 patients, with 46.6% of administrations classified as off-label. On-label and off-label groups demonstrated similar rates of TEs (16.2% vs. 14%). On-label patients receiving repeated administrations of 4F-PCC or with a post-administration INR ≤ 1.5 had a significantly higher incidence of TE. Off-label patients with a prior history of TE were more likely to develop a TE following 4F-PCC administration. Off-label patients also had a significantly higher 30-day mortality relative to on-label patients (29.1% versus 18.3%). In conclusion, in a large cohort of patients, observed rates of off-label 4F-PCC use were high. Underlying prothrombotic risk factors were predictive of TEs in off-label patients. Moreover, patients receiving off-label 4F-PCC demonstrated higher transfusion rates. Overall, our study findings suggest that the utilization of 4F-PCC in an off-label context may convey a significant risk to patients with uncertain clinical benefits.

The impact of the approval of prothrombin complex concentrates for vitamin K antagonist-related intracerebral hemorrhage: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the impact of the approval of prothrombin complex concentrates on the treatment of vitamin K antagonist-related intracerebral hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied all patients with vitamin K antagonist-related intracerebral hemorrhage treated with prothrombin complex concentrate at our institutes between January 2010 and June 2021. Before approval, prothrombin complex concentrate was administered as either 500 or 1000 IU at the physician's discretion (previous dose group). After approval, we adopted the manufacturer's recommended regimen (recommended dose group). The primary outcome was post-administration international normalized ratio. Secondary outcomes were the amount of prothrombin complex concentrate administered and proportion of post-administration international normalized ratio <1.5, hematoma expansion, thrombotic events within 30 days, modified Rankin scale 0-3 at discharge, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Thirty-two and 19 patients in the previous and recommended dose groups, respectively, were included. The post-administration international normalized ratio significantly differed between groups. The prothrombin complex concentrate dose and proportion of patients achieving post-administration international normalized ratio <1.5 were significantly higher in the recommended dose group than in the previous dose group (1500 IU vs. 500 IU, p<0.001 and 100% vs. 68%, p = 0.008). The proportions of hematoma expansion, thromboembolic events, modified Rankin scale 0-3, and mortality did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: After prothrombin complex concentrate approval, prothrombin time-international normalized ratio correction was more effective with a significant increase in the prothrombin complex concentrates dose for vitamin K antagonist-associated intracerebral hemorrhage; however, there was no apparent difference in clinical outcomes.

Andexanet alfa after 4-factor PCC administration for intracranial hemorrhage: a case series.

The ongoing controversy regarding optimal reversal agent for factor Xa-inhibitors is mainly due to lack of comparative data of andexanet alfa (AA) to 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC), institutional formulary restrictions, and navigation of clinical scenarios involving patients clinically worsen despite initial reversal efforts. The combination use of 4F-PCC and AA has not been evaluated in clinical trials and the outcomes of such patients with FXA-inhibitor associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) are unknown. A total of five patients, including four outside hospital transfers, received 4F-PCC prior to AA for FXa-inhibitor associated ICH (n = 3 apixaban, n = 2 rivaroxaban; n = 4 ICH, n = 1 TBI). The doses of 4F-PCC ranged from 25 to 60 units/kg and were administered within a range of 1.5-4.2 h prior to AA. One patient required surgical intervention with craniotomy and three patients underwent external ventricular drain placement. Two of the five patients developed an ischemic or thromboembolic complication within one week from 4F-PCC and AA administration. This case series discusses multiple unique patient cases in which 4F-PCC and AA were both administered for FXa-inhibitor associated ICH. The results highlight the potentially increased thrombotic risk associated with combination use. Ongoing post-marketing data collection of real patient case scenarios are essential to the establishment of consensus guidelines on how to prioritize initial reversal efforts and manage these patients during the course of their bleed.

Efficacy and safety of activated prothrombin complex concentrate for the reversal of vitamin K antagonist major bleeding.

Data on the use of activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) for the management of warfarin associated major bleeding is sparse. The objective of the study was to assess the achievement of effective clinical hemostasis using aPCC in patients presenting with major bleeding while on warfarin. We also assessed the safety of the drug. This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching center in the USA where patients with major bleeding while receiving warfarin, and received aPCC were included. Efficacy of aPCC in achieving effective hemostasis was assessed according to the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Scientific and Standardization Subcommittee criteria. Efficacy was also assessed by achieving INR < 1.5 after treatment. The primary safety endpoint was the occurrence of any thromboembolic complications. A total of 67 patients were included in the study. The most common site for bleeding was intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 37, 55.2%), followed by gastrointestinal bleed (n = 26, 38.8%). Clinical hemostasis was achieved in 46 (68.7%) patients and of the 21 (31.3%) patients who did not achieve clinical hemostasis, 16 died. Thirty nine (58.2%) patients achieved INR < 1.5. Five (7.5%) patients developed thromboembolic complications. This study suggests that the use of aPCCs is effective in achieving effective hemostasis in patients on warfarin presenting with major bleeding.

Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Use in Intracranial Hemorrhage Patients With Cirrhosis Not on Prior Anticoagulation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) have a 30-day mortality rate up to 52%, and the risk of mortality is increased in patients with disease-induced coagulopathy such as cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether 4F-PCC administration mitigates hematoma expansion in ICH patients with cirrhosis not currently receiving anticoagulation therapy compared to standard of care therapies. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective study comparing adult patients with ICH and history of cirrhosis who received 4F-PCC versus standard of care therapies. The primary outcome was rate of ICH expansion within 24 hours after admission. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were included with 21 who received 4FPCC vs 37 who received standard of care therapies. The 4F-PCC group had a significantly higher number of patients with Child Pugh Class C cirrhosis (85.7% vs. 48.6%, P = 0.006), higher baseline INR (1.7 vs. 1.4, P = 0.001) and more patients with a spontaneous cause of hemorrhage (61.9% vs. 29.7%, P = 0.01). Stable follow-up head CT was achieved in 68.4% of patients who received 4F-PCC versus 72.7% of patients treated with standard of care therapies (P = 0.11). Patients who received 4F-PCC had a significantly greater change in INR within 24 hours (-0.2 vs. 0, P = 0.02) and higher rate of mortality (61.9% vs. 18.9%, P = 0.001). Baseline INR > 2 and surgical evacuation for ICH were associated with decreased odds of stable follow-up head CT in the multivariate logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of 4F-PCC did not significantly improve the rate of stable head CT at 24 hours in patients with ICH and cirrhosis. Randomized clinical trials with larger patient populations are warranted to fully determine the role of 4F-PCC in this unique population.

Review of Prothrombin Complex Concentrates Use in Apixaban and Rivaroxaban Associated Intracranial Hemorrhages.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Summarize the studies evaluating the use of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates in the management of apixaban and rivaroxaban associated intracranial hemorrhages. METHODS: A PubMed literature search was conducted for articles published between 2013 and 2020 which contained the following terms in their title: (1) apixaban, rivaroxaban, or factor Xa inhibitor*, and (2) prothrombin complex concentrate*. RESULTS: Eighteen observational studies were included. When a ∼25 units/kg (range: 25-26.9 units/kg) non-activated 4 factor prothrombin complex concentrate dose was administered, the hemostatic effectiveness rates were ≥ 79% in 2/4 studies that utilized the Sarode et al criteria, in comparison to 4/5 studies that administered a 50 units/kg dose. The mortality rates were < 20% in 7/9 studies with hemostatic effectiveness rates ≥ 79%. Mortality rates were lower in the studies demonstrating higher hemostatic effectiveness rates and including patients with higher Glasgow coma scale scores and lower intracerebral hemorrhage volumes. Overall, the thromboembolic event rates were 0-18%, with 16/18 studies demonstrating rates ≤ 10%. The thromboembolic event rates were not dose or agent dependent. CONCLUSION: Rates of hemostatic effectiveness were influenced by the definition of hemostatic effectiveness, dose administered, and patient severity. Studies suggest that higher doses may result in higher hemostatic effectiveness rates without increasing the risk of experiencing a thromboembolic event. This review may be used by providers to modify or validate their reversal strategy approach until well designed studies are available.

Prothrombin complex concentrate in major bleeding associated with DOACs; an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is frequently used as a reversal agent for major bleeding in patients on factor Xa inhibitors. Piran et al. reviewed its safety and efficacy for the first time in 2018. However, more studies have been published on the matter since then. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of this use and update this review. METHODS: We systematically searched in Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from 1/1/2018 to 6/19/2020. A random effects model meta-analysis of proportions was used to study the efficacy of PCC on major bleeding control, mortality and thrombosis incidence. RESULTS: 33 studies (n = 2568 patients), with the majority of studies being uncontrolled retrospective cohort studies, were included; atrial fibrillation was the main factor Xa inhibitors indication and approximately 62% of patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage. We estimated the pooled proportion outcomes for hemostasis (80%, CI 0.75-0.84), mortality (15%, CI 0.11-0.19) and thromboembolic adverse events (3%, CI 0.02-0.05). High versus low dose PCC did not affect hemostasis or thrombosis. Patients with ICH had higher mortality rates (22%, CI 0.13-0.32). Heterogeneity was significant (Ι2 > 50% with p < 0.05) for all pooled proportional outcomes. The quality of evidence was low given that included studies were not randomized or controlled. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of the off label use of 4F PCC in major bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. Our data require further validation with future randomized clinical trials.

Four-factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Reversal of Factor Xa Inhibitors versus Warfarin in Life-threatening Bleeding.

INTRODUCTION: Factor Xa (fXa) inhibitor reversal for life-threatening bleeding is controversial due to a lack of high-quality evidence. The purpose of this study was to determine the hemostatic efficacy of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) for the reversal of fXa inhibitors compared to warfarin for life-threatening bleeding. METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study at two academic medical centers between January 1, 2014-December 31, 2019, which included patients who presented to the emergency department with a life-threatening bleed necessitating anticoagulation reversal with 4F-PCC. The primary endpoint was achievement of hemostatic efficacy after 4F-PCC administration. RESULTS: Of the 525 patients who had an order for 4F-PCC during the study period, 148 patients met the criteria for inclusion (n = 48 fXa inhibitor group; n = 100 warfarin group). Apixaban (52.1%) and rivaroxaban (45.8%) were the most commonly used fXa inhibitors. Effective hemostasis was similar between groups (79.2% fXa inhibitor group vs 85% warfarin group, p = 0.38). This was consistent across all types of bleeding. Thrombotic events were rare in both groups (2% vs 3%). CONCLUSION: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study demonstrated that using 4F-PCC for treatment of life-threatening bleeding produced effective hemostasis in patients on fXa inhibitors and warfarin.

Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in adjunct to whole blood in trauma-related hemorrhage: Does whole blood replace the need for factors?

BACKGROUND: The use of whole blood (WB) for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock and coagulopathy is increasing in civilian trauma patients. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4-PCC) in adjunct to component therapy showed improved outcomes in trauma patients. Our study aims to evaluate the outcomes of trauma patients who received 4-PCC and WB (4-PCC-WB) compared with WB alone. METHODS: We performed a 3-year (2015-2017) analysis of the American College of Surgeons-Trauma Quality Improvement Program database. All adult (age, ≥18 years) trauma patients who received WB were included. We excluded patients who were on preinjury anticoagulants. Patients were stratified into two groups, 4-PCC-WB versus WB alone, and matched in a 1:2 ratio using propensity score matching. Outcome measures were packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate transfused, in-hospital complications, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) among survivors, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 252 patients (4-PCC-WB, 84; WB alone, 168) were matched. The mean ± SD age was 47 ± 21 years, 63% were males, median Injury Severity Score was 30 (21-40), and 87% had blunt injuries. Patients who received 4-PCC-WB had decreased requirement for packed red blood cell (8 U vs. 10 U, p = 0.04) and fresh frozen plasma (6 U vs. 8 U, p = 0.01) transfusion, lower rates of acute kidney injury (p = 0.03), and ICU LOS (5 days vs. 8 days, p = 0.01) compared with WB alone. There was no difference in the platelet transfusion (p = 0.19), cryoprecipitate transfusion (p = 0.37), hospital LOS (p = 0.72), and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.72) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that the use of 4-PCC as an adjunct to WB is associated with a reduction in transfusion requirements and ICU LOS compared with WB alone in the resuscitation of trauma patients. Further studies are required to evaluate the role of PCC with WB in the resuscitation of trauma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, level III.

Bleeder With a Clot: Thrombosis Following Treatment of Bleeding in a Child With Severe Hemophilia B.

A 16-year-old boy with severe hemophilia B and minimal bleeding manifestations in his early childhood presented with gastrointestinal bleeding at 11 years of age. Following administration of prothrombin complex concentrate, he developed peripheral venous thrombosis and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, posing a management dilemma. His cerebral sinovenous thrombosis resolved spontaneously, proving watchful waiting to be a useful strategy. He developed spontaneous intracranial bleed at 14 years of age for which he was treated with factor IX concentrate and commenced on prophylaxis. We discuss the factors contributing to genotype-phenotype dissonance in severe hemophilia and considerations before commencing prophylaxis in such cases.

Treatment of adults with intracranial hemorrhage on apixaban or rivaroxaban with prothrombin complex concentrate products.

To analyze the efficacy and safety of activated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCC) and four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates (4F-PCC) to prevent hematoma expansion in patients taking apixaban or rivaroxaban with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). In this multicenter, retrospective study, sixty-seven ICH patients who received aPCC or 4F-PCC for known use of apixaban or rivaroxaban between February 2014 and September 2018 were included. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients who achieved excellent/good or poor hemostasis after administration of aPCC or 4F-PCC. Secondary outcomes included hospital mortality, thromboembolic events during admission, and transfusion requirements. Excellent/good hemostasis was achieved in 87% of aPCC patients, 89% of low-dose 4F-PCC [< 30 units per kilogram (kg)], and 89% of high-dose 4F-PCC (≥ 30 units per kg). There were no significant differences in excellent/good or poor hemostatic efficacy (p = 0.362). No differences were identified in transfusions 6 h prior (p = 0.087) or 12 h after (p = 0.178) the reversal agent. Mortality occurred in five patients, with no differences among the groups (p = 0.838). There were no inpatient thromboembolic events. Both aPCC and 4F-PCC appear safe and equally associated with hematoma stability in patients taking apixaban or rivaroxaban who present with ICH. Prospective studies are needed to identify a superior reversal agent when comparing andexanet alfa to hospital standard of care (4F-PCC or aPCC) and to further explore the optimal dosing strategy for patients with ICH associated with apixaban or rivaroxaban use.