ABSTRACT
Blood pressure monitoring has come a long way from the initial observations made by Reverend Hales in the 18th century. There are none that deny the importance of monitoring perioperative blood pressure; however, the limited ability of the current prevalent technology (oscillometric blood pressure monitoring) to offer continuous blood pressure measurements leaves room for improvement. Invasive monitoring is able to detect beat-to-beat blood pressure measurement, but the risks inherent to the procedure make it unsuitable for routine use except when this risk is outweighed by the benefits. This review focuses on the discoveries which have led up to the current blood pressure monitoring technologies, and especially the creation of those offering non-invasive but continuous blood pressure monitoring capabilities, including their methods of measurement and limitations.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure Determination , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory , Blood Pressure Monitors , Blood Pressure , Blood Pressure Determination/history , Blood Pressure Determination/methods , Blood Pressure Determination/standards , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/history , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/methods , Blood Pressure Monitors/classification , Blood Pressure Monitors/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Monitoring, Intraoperative/methods , Oscillometry/history , Oscillometry/methods , Reproducibility of ResultsSubject(s)
Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Masked Hypertension , White Coat Hypertension , Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage , Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacokinetics , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/history , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/methods , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/psychology , Blood Pressure Monitors/history , Disease Management , Drug Chronotherapy , Drug Monitoring/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Masked Hypertension/diagnosis , Masked Hypertension/drug therapy , Masked Hypertension/history , Masked Hypertension/psychology , White Coat Hypertension/diagnosis , White Coat Hypertension/drug therapy , White Coat Hypertension/history , White Coat Hypertension/psychologyABSTRACT
Hypertension is a key risk factor for developing cardiovascular and renal diseases and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Iterative measurement of the clinical blood pressure is the method proposed by international and national organizations to establish the diagnosis of hypertension. However, current data suggest that neither in-hospital nor self home blood pressure measurement is sensitive and specific enough for one to recommend them as the sole diagnostic test. More accurate diagnosis of hypertension would allow a significant cost saving by reducing both cardiovascular and renal complication burden, and costs induced by erroneously diagnosing normal subjects as hypertensives. Therefore, 24h ABPM is increasingly becoming the gold standard for diagnosing hypertension.
