Impact of Internal Malrotation of the Femur Followed by Derotational Osteotomy as Demonstrated by 3D Gait Analysis: A Case Report.

CASE: An 18-year-old man with 48° of internal malrotation of the femur after nailing underwent derotational osteotomy with gait dynamics and electromyography data collected preoperatively and postoperatively. Hip abduction and internal foot progression angles were significantly deviated from normal preoperatively compared with the contralateral side. At 10 months postoperatively, the hip was abducted and externally rotated throughout the entire gait cycle. His Trendelenburg gait had resolved, and he reported no residual functional concerns. Before corrective osteotomy, walking velocity was significantly slower with shorter stride lengths. CONCLUSION: Significant internal malrotation of the femur impairs hip abduction and foot progression angles as well as gluteus medius activation during ambulation. Derotational osteotomy considerably corrected these values.

Use of Lesser Trochanter Profile as a Rotational Alignment Guide in Intramedullary Nailing for Femoral Shaft Fracture.

BACKGROUND: Malrotation after nailing of femoral shaft fractures occurs in about 25% of cases. It can cause substantial functional problems. The lesser trochanter (LT) profile has been used to assess rotational alignment. However, the extent to which the LT profile is symmetrical between limbs, whether the LT profile varies as a function of age or sex, and the efficacy of the LT profile technique remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a significant side-to-side length difference in the LT profile (LTD) according to age and sex. METHODS: We attempted to determine the amount of medial prominence of the lesser trochanter relative to the medial cortex of the femoral shaft (the LT profile) using 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images of normal femora obtained bilaterally (366 subjects) in anatomic positions. We also compared the left and right sides to determine the amount of natural asymmetry by age and sex. In addition, we compared the side-to-side difference in the LT version with the LTD to determine whether the LTD represented the difference in femoral rotation. RESULTS: The LTD was <4 mm (meaning an LT version difference of <10°) in 83% of the subjects, but was ≥4 mm (an LT version difference of ≥10°) in 17%. Subset analysis demonstrated that the differences were greatest in women >70 years of age. The largest LTD (both sexes) was observed in individuals over 70 years of age (2.62 ± 1.37 mm, compared with <55 years: 1.55 ± 1.36 mm and 55 to 70 years: 2.27 ± 1.70 mm). There was no significant difference between sexes in the under-70 age groups. However, the LTD was significantly greater in women over 70 years than in men over 70 years (3.10 ± 1.42 versus 2.41 ± 1.30 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Since the LTD demonstrated side-to-side symmetry within 4 mm, or 10° of rotation, in 83% of all subjects, we consider the LT profile to be useful as a guide to assess rotational reduction clinically. However, surgeons should recognize that, in 17% of cases, using this technique could result in malrotation of ≥10°. The rate of malrotation may be even higher in women over 70, for whom supplemental techniques to ensure correct rotation may be appropriate.

Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) classification.

AIMS: A comprehensive classification for coronal lower limb alignment with predictive capabilities for knee balance would be beneficial in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This paper describes the Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) classification and examines its utility in preoperative soft tissue balance prediction, comparing kinematic alignment (KA) to mechanical alignment (MA). METHODS: A radiological analysis of 500 healthy and 500 osteoarthritic (OA) knees was used to assess the applicability of the CPAK classification. CPAK comprises nine phenotypes based on the arithmetic HKA (aHKA) that estimates constitutional limb alignment and joint line obliquity (JLO). Intraoperative balance was compared within each phenotype in a cohort of 138 computer-assisted TKAs randomized to KA or MA. Primary outcomes included descriptive analyses of healthy and OA groups per CPAK type, and comparison of balance at 10° of flexion within each type. Secondary outcomes assessed balance at 45° and 90° and bone recuts required to achieve final knee balance within each CPAK type. RESULTS: There was similar frequency distribution between healthy and arthritic groups across all CPAK types. The most common categories were Type II (39.2% healthy vs 32.2% OA), Type I (26.4% healthy vs 19.4% OA) and Type V (15.4% healthy vs 14.6% OA). CPAK Types VII, VIII, and IX were rare in both populations. Across all CPAK types, a greater proportion of KA TKAs achieved optimal balance compared to MA. This effect was largest, and statistically significant, in CPAK Types I (100% KA vs 15% MA; p < 0.001), Type II (78% KA vs 46% MA; p = 0.018). and Type IV (89% KA vs 0% MA; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CPAK is a pragmatic, comprehensive classification for coronal knee alignment, based on constitutional alignment and JLO, that can be used in healthy and arthritic knees. CPAK identifies which knee phenotypes may benefit most from KA when optimization of soft tissue balance is prioritized. Further, it will allow for consistency of reporting in future studies. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):329-337.

Effectiveness of Using Photographs of the Change in Standing Posture on Postoperative Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Quality of Life.

Dissatisfaction is still an important problem in a small but important group of patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of showing patients the change in their standing posture, before and after total knee replacement, using standing photographs (anterior, posterior, and lateral view), on improving self-reported quality of life and satisfaction. Full-length lower extremity radiographs and standing photographs were obtained prior to total knee replacement and 6 months after surgery in the study group. In the control group, radiographs and photographs were not obtained. The hip-knee-ankle angle and mechanical axis deviation were compared between the two limbs and two groups. The changes in the following outcome measures were evaluated from baseline to 6 months after surgery: Short Form-36 Survey, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Oxford Knee Score, and Knee Society score. Postoperative measures were also compared before and after showing patients their standing photographs, and between two groups. The study and control groups included 71 and 44 patients, respectively, with unilateral or bilateral knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence Grade 3 or 4), with a mean age of 66 years. All patients had a varus malalignment, with significant improvement in postoperative limb alignment (p < 0.001). All self-reported outcome measures improved after surgery (p < 0.05), with the exception of mental health in the Short Form-36. Self-reported scores further improved after patients seeing their standing photographs (p < 0.05), with the exception of mental health and social role functioning. There were also significantly improved scores in the study group than control group after showing photographs (p < 0.05). Showing patients the pre-to-postoperative change in their standing posture might be an easy-to-administer method to improve patient satisfaction with the outcome of total knee replacement and self-reported quality of life. The Level of Evidence for this study is four.

Correlation between goniometric and photogrammetric assessment of shank-forefoot alignment in athletes.

BACKGROUND: The shank-forefoot alignment (SFA) measurement has been previously developed to enhance the applicability of foot alignment measurement in sports preseason assessment because it is reliable and less time consuming. The use of SFA measurements in the clinical context, usually done with photogrammetry, may be simplified by using the universal goniometer and no longer requiring the image processing step that takes additional time and equipment. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the correlation between the goniometric and photogrammetric assessment of shank-forefoot alignment in athletes. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty volleyball athletes were recruited during a preseason assessment. METHODS: SFA measurements were assessed with a universal goniometer and photogrammetry. For both assessments the participants were positioned in prone with the rearfoot facing up and the ankle actively maintained in 90° of dorsiflexion. The examiner did not have access to the SFA outcome values from both measurements. A second examiner did the bi-dimensional analysis with SIMI MOTION (photogrammetric measure) and read the goniometer measures during the other SFA assessment. Data normality was tested using Shapiro-Wilk test and Pearson was used to determine the correlation between both measurements. RESULTS: A reliability study determined the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3,3) for intra-rater reliability of 0.93 for photogrammetry and of 0.81 for goniometry assessment. The correlation (p < 0.001) between these two measurements was 0.71, which indicates a moderate relationship. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes a reliable and practical measurement procedure for shank-forefoot alignment using the universal goniometer that can be easily applied in clinical context.

Can accuracy of component alignment be improved with Oxford UKA Microplasty® instrumentation?

BACKGROUND: One factor in the long-term survivorship of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is the accuracy of implantation. In addition to implant designs, the instrumentation has also evolved in the last three decades to improve the reproducibility of implant placement. There have been limited studies comparing mobile bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with contemporary instrumentation and fixed bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with conventional instrumentation. This study aims to determine whether the Microplasty instrumentation in Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty allows the surgeon to implant the components more precisely and accurately. METHODS: A total of 150 patients (194 knees) were included between April 2013 and June 2019. Coronal and sagittal alignment of the tibial and femoral components was measured on postoperative radiographs. Component axial rotational alignment was measured on postoperative computer tomography. The knee rotation angle was the difference between the femoral and tibial axial rotation. A rotational mismatch was defined as a knee rotation angle of > 10°. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t test and Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in each analysis. RESULTS: Between April 2013 to June 2019, 112 patients (150 knees) received Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, one patient (2 knees) had Journey unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, and 37 patients (42 knees) received Zimmer unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. All femoral components in the Oxford group were implanted within the reference range, compared with 36.6% in the fixed bearing group (p < 0.001). 88.3% of Oxford knees had tibial component falling within the reference range, whereas 56.1% of knees in the fixed bearing group fell within the reference range (p < 0.001). 97.5% of Oxford knees had tibial slope that fell within reference range, whereas 53.7% fell within range for fixed bearing group (p < 0.001). Femorotibial rotational mismatch of more than 10° was noted in 13.8% in Oxford group and 20.5% in fixed bearing group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Microplasty instrumentation for Oxford mobile bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is more accurate and precise compared to conventional fixed bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in sagittal, coronal, and axial alignment. Prospective studies with long-term follow-up are warranted to investigate the clinical implications.

Predicting the mechanical hip-knee-ankle angle accurately from standard knee radiographs: a cross-validation experiment in 100 patients.

Background and purpose - Being able to predict the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKAA) from standard knee radiographs allows studies on malalignment in cohorts lacking full-limb radiography. We aimed to develop an automated image analysis pipeline to measure the femoro-tibial angle (FTA) from standard knee radiographs and test various FTA definitions to predict the HKAA. Patients and methods - We included 110 pairs of standard knee and full-limb radiographs. Automatic search algorithms found anatomic landmarks on standard knee radiographs. Based on these landmarks, the FTA was automatically calculated according to 9 different definitions (6 described in the literature and 3 newly developed). Pearson and intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC]) were determined between the FTA and HKAA as measured on full-limb radiographs. Subsequently, the top 4 FTA definitions were used to predict the HKAA in a 5-fold cross-validation setting. Results - Across all pairs of images, the Pearson correlations between FTA and HKAA ranged between 0.83 and 0.90. The ICC values from 0.83 to 0.90. In the cross-validation experiments to predict the HKAA, these values decreased only minimally. The mean absolute error for the best method to predict the HKAA from standard knee radiographs was 1.8° (SD 1.3). Interpretation - We showed that the HKAA can be automatically predicted from standard knee radiographs with fair accuracy and high correlation compared with the true HKAA. Therefore, this method enables research of the relationship between malalignment and knee pathology in large (epidemiological) studies lacking full-limb radiography.

Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Fibula: Controlling Ankle Valgus in a Heterogenous Condition.

BACKGROUND: Congenital pseudarthrosis of the fibula (CPF) is a rare disorder characterized by a deficiency in the continuity of the fibula and can lead to progressive ankle valgus malalignment. An existing classification system for CPF is imperfect and may contribute to heterogeneity in reporting and discrepancy of outcomes in the literature. METHODS: Fifteen patients with CPF treated at our institution between 1995 and 2017 were retrospectively identified. Only patients with dysplasia leading to spontaneous fracture or pseudarthrosis were included in this series. The median age at presentation was 2.5 years (range: 3 mo to 13.4 y). The median duration of follow-up from the initial presentation was 11.8 years (range: 2.0 to 24 y). Chart review and serial radiographs were analyzed to assess natural history and outcomes following surgery. RESULTS: The coexistence of tibial dysplasia in CPF is very common. Patients were classified into 3 groups based on the degree of tibial involvement-group 1: no evidence of tibial dysplasia, group 2: mild tibial dysplasia, and group 3: significant tibial dysplasia. Age at presentation and age at which fibular fracture occurred were progressively younger with a greater degree of tibial involvement (P<0.05). In the absence of surgical intervention, group 1 patients did not undergo progressive ankle valgus (defined as the valgus change in tibiotalar angle by ≥4 degrees), whereas all patients in groups 2 and 3 did (P<0.001). Fibular osteosynthesis was performed in 6 patients, with union seen only in group 1 patients. Ten patients underwent distal tibiofibular fusion, with no cases of nonunion seen. Distal tibiofibular fusion with or without medial distal tibial hemiepiphysiodesis halted the progression of ankle valgus in 8 of the 10 patients. Further progression of ankle valgus occurred only in patients who did not undergo concurrent medial distal tibial hemiepiphysiodesis and with considerable wedging of the distal tibial epiphysis at the time of fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Tibial dysplasia and CPF are intimately related. Grouping patients on this basis may help guide natural history and treatment and may explain discrepancies in findings in the literature. Fibular osteosynthesis, distal tibiofibular fusion, and medial distal tibial hemiepiphysiodesis may all have an important role in the treatment of CPF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

Clinical and radiological outcomes of high tibial osteotomy with combined fixator-assisted nailing and subtubercle tibial osteotomy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and radiological results of our high tibial osteotomy technique combining fixator-assisted nailing and subtubercle tibial osteotomy in varus malalignment. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of a consecutive series of 32 knees in 32 patients ('2 follow-up loss' 12 males and 18 females; mean age at the time of operation: 50.6±7.8 (36-62) years) operated on between 2014 and 2016. Radiographic and clinical measurements were assessed pre- and postoperatively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired t and Wilcoxon rank tests were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 36.1±8.15 (31-53) months, the mean duration of the hospital stay was 3.6±0.1 (2-6) days, and the mean Kellgren-Lawrence score was 2.4±0.6 (2-4). Time to bony union was an average of 16.17 (12-29) weeks. Compared to the preoperative mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, femorotibial angle and mechanical axis deviation measurements, all the postoperative values showed significant changes (p<0.01). However, there was no statistical difference between the preoperative and postoperative tibial slopes (p>0.05), and the postoperative Caton-Deschamps index did not show a meaningful change (p>0.05). The postoperative visual analog scale, Knee Society Score, and Modified Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Scoring System measures showed significant improvement compared to the preoperative values (p<0.01). The postoperative walking distance increased to 1137.50±845.1 meters, from 359.4±306.2 meters (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This percutaneous technique is minimally invasive, corrects the alignment in two planes, and does not affect patellar height. We believe that this technique could be a promising alternative to other knee preserving surgeries in correcting varus malalignment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Therapeutic Study.

Does surgical approach affect sagittal plane alignment and pilon fracture outcomes?

PURPOSE: Sagittal plane alignment beyond articular reduction and its effect on clinical outcomes has not been emphasized. Surgical approach may influence a surgeon's ability to correct the sagittal plane alignment. The purpose of our study was to evaluate how surgical approach impacts anterior distal tibial angle (ADTA) and lateral talar station (LTS). Our hypothesis was that the anterolateral (AL) approach would improve the sagittal plane parameters due to the primary plate placement. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent operative management for pilon fractures at 2 ACS Level 1 Academic Trauma Centers. Clinical data points including demographics, comorbidities, AO/OTA classification, surgical approach, and complications were recorded. Quality of reduction was measured using the ADTA, lateral distal tibia angle (LDTA), and lateral talar station (LTS) from radiographs. RESULTS: 580 pilon fractures met inclusion criteria. When compared to the AL approach, the modified anteromedial (AM) approach had decreased rates of local wound care, and unplanned reoperations. The AM approach had increased rates of superficial infection, deep infection, non-union, and amputations. There was no difference in ADTA, LDTA, or LTS between the AM and AL approach (P = 0.49, P = 0.41, P = 0.85). There was a difference in LTS with tobacco users (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The sagittal plane alignment does not appear to be affected by the surgical approach. Therefore, the surgical approach to pilon fractures should be based on the fracture pattern and the patient's soft tissue envelope. This study shows that the AM is a relatively safe and effective approach to complex fractures and the surgeon should consider the specific fracture pattern and patient soft tissue envelope when choosing the specific approach.

Unilateral anterior knee pain is associated with increased patellar lateral position after stressed lateral translation.

PURPOSE: To objectively compare side-to-side patellar position and mobility in patients with idiopathic unilateral anterior knee pain (AKP) using a stress-testing device concomitantly with magnetic resonance imaging. It is hypothesized that the painful knees present greater patellar mobility than the contralateral non-painful knees. METHODS: From a total sample of 359 patients, 23 patients with idiopathic unilateral AKP (30.9 years, 23.4 kg/m2, 43% males) were included within the present study. Both knees of all the patients were examined by conventional imaging, including the measurement of trochlear sulcus angle, Caton-Deschamps index, tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove distance, patellar tilt angle and patellar subluxation (both at rest and upon quadriceps contraction). Additionally, the same patients underwent stress testing (Porto Patella Testing Device); these measurements were taken with the patella at rest, after lateral patellar translation and after lateral patellar tilt. Clinical and functional outcomes were obtained using physical examination and the Kujala and Lysholm scores. RESULTS: Painful knees showed statistically significant higher patellar lateral position after stressed lateral translation than non-painful knees (p = 0.028), 9.8 ± 3.6 mm and 7.1 ± 6.3 mm, respectively. The adjusted multivariate logistic model identified the patellar position after lateral displacement to be significantly associated with AKP (OR = 1.165) and the model (AUC = 0.807, p < 0.001) showed reasonable sensitivity (67%) and specificity (73%). CONCLUSION: Patients with idiopathic unilateral AKP with morphologically equivalent knees showed statistically significant increased patellar lateral position after stressed lateral displacement in their painful knee. The greater lateral patellar mobility quantified by the PPTD testing brings more objectivity to the diagnosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Uniplanar Osteotomy for Multiplanar Femoral Deformity Correction.

Long-bone deformity may be significantly symptomatic. A uniplanar corrective osteotomy uses a single cut to correct coronal, sagittal, and axial plane deformity simultaneously. Careful preoperative planning is required in addition to a comprehensive understanding of the magnitude and plane of the true deformity of the bone. With precise operative technique and intraoperative assessment of correction, good results can be achieved.

Evaluation of the spine is critical in the workup of recurrent instability after total hip arthroplasty.

AIMS: While previously underappreciated, factors related to the spine contribute substantially to the risk of dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA). These factors must be taken into consideration during preoperative planning for revision THA due to recurrent instability. We developed a protocol to assess the functional position of the spine, the significance of these findings, and how to address different pathologies at the time of revision THA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospectively collected data on 111 patients undergoing revision THA for recurrent instability from January 2014 to January 2017 at two institutions were included (protocol group) and matched 1:1 to 111 revisions specifically performed for instability not using this protocol (control group). Mean follow-up was 2.8 years. Protocol patients underwent standardized preoperative imaging including supine and standing anteroposterior (AP) pelvis and lateral radiographs. Each case was scored according to the Hip-Spine Classification in Revision THA. RESULTS: Survival free of dislocation at two years was 97% in the protocol group (three dislocations, all within three months of surgery) versus 84% in the control group (18 patients). Furthermore, 77% of the inappropriately positioned acetabular components would have been unrecognized by supine AP pelvis imaging alone. CONCLUSION: Using the Hip-Spine Classification System in revision THA, we demonstrated a significant decrease in the risk of recurrent instability compared with a control group. Without the use of this algorithm, 77% of inappropriately positioned acetabular components would have been unrecognized and incorrect treatment may have been instituted. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:817-823.

Patient Evaluation and Indications for Osteotomy Around the Knee.

Osteotomy is recognized as a knee joint-preserving surgical procedure to treat frontal and/or sagittal plane malalignment with or without associated instability. This article outlines the preoperative clinical and imaging assessments of prospective patients undergoing osteotomy. In addition, indications and contraindications as well as surgical planning are presented.

Risk factor heterogeneity for medial and lateral compartment knee osteoarthritis: analysis of two prospective cohorts.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the etiologic heterogeneity between medial and lateral tibiofemoral radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA). METHODS: Knees without medial or lateral tibiofemoral ROA at baseline were followed for 60-month in Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) and for 48-month in Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). We examined the relation of previously reported risk factors to incident medial and lateral tibiofemoral ROA separately and determined the etiology heterogeneity with a ratio of rate ratios (RRs) (i.e., the RR for medial tibiofemoral ROA divided by the RR for lateral tibiofemoral ROA) using a duplication method for Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: Of 2,016 participants in MOST, 436 and 162 knees developed medial or lateral tibiofemoral ROA, respectively. Obesity and varus malalignment were 95% and 466% more strongly associated with incident medial tibiofemoral ROA than with lateral tibiofemoral ROA, respectively (ratios of RRs, 1.95 [95% confidence interval (CI):1.05-3.62] and 5.66 [95% CI:3.20-10.0]). In contrast, the associations of female sex and valgus malalignment with incident medial tibiofemoral ROA were weaker or in an opposite direction compared with lateral tibiofemoral Osteoarthritis (OA) (ratios of RRs, 0.40 [95% CI:0.26-0.63] and 0.20 [95% CI:0.12-0.34], respectively). Older age tended to show a weaker association with incident medial tibiofemoral ROA than with incident lateral tibiofemoral ROA. No heterogeneity was observed for the relation of race, knee injury, or contralateral knee ROA. These findings were closely replicated in OAI. CONCLUSION: Risk factor profiles for medial and lateral tibiofemoral ROA are different. These results can provide a framework for the development of targeted prevention and potential treatment strategies for specific knee OA subtypes.

[Extracapsular Proximal Femoral Fractures - Retrospective Evaluation of a Group of Patients with a Focus on Complications of Treatment]. / Extrakapsulární zlomeniny proximálního femuru ­ retrospektivní vyhodnocení souboru pacientu se zamerením na komplikace lécby.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the treatment and the complications in patients with extracapsular proximal femoral fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS The evaluation focused on a group of patients who underwent a surgery at the authors department in the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013. The inclusion criteria were a simple fall and a monotrauma. The injury-to-surgery interval, course of the surgery and hospital stay, occurrence of early and late complications were assessed. RESULTS In the respective period 286 patients underwent surgery, with the mean age of 79 years (36-101). A basicervical fracture was suffered by 20 patients, a pertrochanteric fracture by 228 patients and 38 patients sustained a subtrochanteric fracture. Osteosynthesis using the DHS was applied in 113 patients, in 110 patients PFNA osteosynthesis was performed and in 51 patients osteosynthesis using an Ender nail was conducted. Yet another type of plate osteosynthesis was opted for in 12 patients. The most frequent postoperative complication was delirium, which was reported in a total of 38 patients. Non-infectious early seroma and hematoma type collection was observed in 6 patients. An infection occurred in one patient. Apart from 8 patients who died during the primary hospital stay, the fracture healing was followed up in 252 patients (91% of 278). The length of healing was 15 weeks on average, delayed healing was reported in five patients. Primary malposition was seen in 9 patients (3%) and secondary malposition occurred in five patients (2%). There were five cases of non-union (2% of 278) in our group of patients. In the followed-up period, a total of 86 patients (30 % of 286) died within one year after the injury. In cases of death, the follow-up was 100% thanks to the data obtained from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic (UZIS). Death as a direct consequence of proximal femur fracture occurred in 66 patients (23% of 286). DISCUSSION The results of complications in our group (infection, delayed healing, malposition and non-union) are comparable to those identified by other authors, with the exception of one-year lethality, which is lower in the presented group. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of complications after proximal femur surgeries is affected by multiple factors. The most important are the choice of a suitable implant, technically correct execution of osteosynthesis and intensive postoperative treatment, including the continuity of care after hospital discharge. Key words:extracapsular proximal femoral fractures, complications.

The Nonsurgical Management of Orbital Dystopia Using Refractive Lenses and Prosthetic Shells.

Surgical rehabilitation of orbital dystopia can be challenging. The authors demonstrate the effective use of spectacle lenses to visually correct misalignments of the globe and the orbit. Presented is a retrospective review of 4 patients undergoing aesthetic rehabilitation through use of spectacle lenses and in a number patients a cosmetic shell.Two patients with neurofibromatosis presented with inferior dystopia of the globe and orbit. A base-down prismatic lens applied to the spectacles in conjunction with a prosthetic shell successfully visually corrected the facial asymmetry and improved patients' aesthetic appearance. One patient with a history of traumatic retinal detachment, who did not want any surgical intervention, a "plus" (hypermetropic) lens was used to magnify the perceived image of an enophthalmic and phthisical globe, to enhance appearance and improve symmetry. In the fourth patient, with Goldenhar syndrome, the appearance of a hypotropia and concurrent esotropia was successfully treated with a Fresnel prism and a prosthetic shell.This case series illustrates the successful role of various refractive lenses often in conjunction with prosthetic shells in patients with reduced vision and orbital dystopia to improve facial symmetry. This conservative treatment is especially useful when surgery is not a desired or not considered a suitable option for the patient.

Changes in Rearfoot Alignment in Chronic Plantar Heel Pain.

Plantar heel pain is a common disabling condition in adults. Biomechanical factors are important in the development of plantar heel pain. Quantitative changes in rearfoot alignment in patients with plantar heel pain have not been previously investigated. From April 2016 to March 2017, 100 patients with plantar heel pain and 100 healthy individuals were recruited. The foot posture index was used for the measurement of foot alignment. The generalized joint hypermobility condition was assessed using the Beighton scale. The transverse plane talocalcaneal angle, calcaneocuboid angle, talonavicular uncovering angle, calcaneal inclination angle (CIA), talar declination angle, talar-first metatarsal angle, and sagittal talocalcaneal angle were measured on standard weightbearing anteroposterior and lateral foot radiographs. The body mass index was recorded electronically. The distribution of sex, age, weight, body mass index, side, foot posture index score, and Beighton scale were comparable between groups (p > .05). The mean calcaneocuboid angle (p = .009), talonavicular uncovering angle (p = .000), CIA (p = .000), talar declination angle (p = .039), and talar-first metatarsal angle (p = .000) were significantly higher in the plantar heel pain group. In conclusion, our study has demonstrated a relationship between chronic plantar heel pain and the CIA.