Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and handof Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.(AU)

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.(AU)

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and handof Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.

Secuelas morfo-funcionales en mujeres operadas de cáncer de mama en las regiones de la Araucanía y del Bío-Bío, Chile / Morphofunctional consequences in women operated for breast cancer of the region of Araucanía and Bío-Bío, Chile

El tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama puede dejar secuelas tardías tales como escápula alada, pérdida de movilidad articular del hombro, sobrepeso, etc. Basado en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las secuelas morfofuncionales en mujeres operadas de cáncer de mama de las regiones de la Araucanía y del Bío-Bío, Chile, explorando también si el procedimiento quirúrgico conllevaría a la presencia de escápula alada. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional y de corte transversal en treinta mujeres operadas de cáncer de mama, de edades comprendidas entre 28 y 76 años (55,67±11,60). Un profesional entrenado evaluó peso, estatura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice de cintura cadera (ICC), rangos articulares de hombro (ROM, Range of Movement) y fuerza prensil, aplicándose además la prueba de Hoppenfeld para identificar escápula alada. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en el ROM a la abducción de hombro (p<0,05), correlación significativa positiva de leve (r=0,370) a moderada (r=0,514) entre el ROM del lado afectado tanto para la flexión como la abducción con la fuerza prensil. Destacan, un IMC de 28,91±5,31 kg/m2, un ICC de 0,86±0,06 cm y la presencia de escápula alada en el 36,7 % de las participantes. No se encontró asociación entre el abordaje quirúrgico y la presencia de escápula alada. Hubo secuelas morfo-funcionales en las mujeres en estudio, destacándose las alteraciones en el rango de movimiento del miembro superior, sobrepeso, riesgo cardiovascular y la presencia de escápula alada, sin asociarse al tipo de abordaje quirúrgico.

Surgical treatment of breast cancer can leave late sequelae such as winged scapula, loss of joint mobility of the shoulder, overweight, etc. Based on the above, the objective of the present study was to describe the morpho-functional sequelae in women operated on for breast cancer from the regions of Araucanía and Del BíoBío, Chile, also exploring whether the surgical procedure would lead to the presence of scapula winged. For this, a quantitative, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in thirty women operated on for breast cancer, aged between 28 and 76 years (55.67 ± 11.60). A trained professional evaluated weight, height, body mass index (BMI), hip waist index (ICC), shoulder joint ranges(ROM, Range of Movement) and prehensile strength, and applied the Hoppenfeld test to identify the winged scapula. The results showed significant differences in the ROM to shoulder abduction (p <0.05), positive significant correlation of mild (r = 0.370) to moderate (r = 0.514) between the ROM of the affected side for both flexion and abduction with prehensile force. Highlights, a BMI of 28.91 ± 5.31 kg / m2, an ICC of 0.86 ± 0.06 cm and the presence of winged scapula in 36.7 % of the participants. No association was found between the surgical approach and the presence of the winged scapula. There were morphofunctional sequelae in the women under study, highlighting the alterations in the range of movement of the upper limb, overweight, cardiovascular risk and the presence of the winged scapula, without being associated with the type of surgical approach.

Anátomo-radiografia dos ossos longos do membro torácico do Tamandua tetradactyla / Anatomo-radiography of long-bones in thoracic limb ofTamandua tetradactyla

Objetivou-se descrever os acidentes anatômicos dos ossos longos do membro torácico de Tamandua tetradactyla por meio de análises macroscópicas e radiográficas. Foram utilizados 34 espécimes, que foram a óbito por atropelamento. A avaliação do úmero demonstrou as mesmas estruturas presentes nos animais domésticos, além de outras sem prévia descrição. Já no antebraço, rádio e ulna se apresentaram completamente separados, e apesar de, como o úmero, serem identificados alguns dos mesmos acidentes anatômicos descritos em outras espécies, também notamos particularidades. Todas as estruturas descritas na análise macroscópica foram identificadas à radiografia, quando realizada em pelo menos duas projeções ortogonais. As estruturas anátomo-radiográficas dos ossos longos do T. tetradactyla demonstraram grande variação anatômica em comparação a outros mamíferos, o que torna a referida espécie muito singular. Assim o conhecimento de suas particularidades é fundamental para abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas mais seguras.(AU)

The objective was to describe the anatomical accidents of the long bones of the thoracic limb of Tamandua tetradactyla by means of macroscopic and radiographic analyzes. We used 34 specimens, which were deaths by running over. Evaluation of the humerus demonstrated the same structures present in domestic animals, besides others without previous description. In the forearm, radius and ulna were completely separated, and although, like the humerus, some of the same anatomical accidents described in other species were identified, we also noticed particularities. All the structures described in the macroscopic analysis were identified on radiography, when performed in at least two orthogonal projections. The anatomic-radiographic structures of the long bones of T. tetradactyla showed great anatomical variation compared to other mammals, which makes the species very unique. Thus knowledge of their particularities is fundamental for safer clinical-surgical approaches.(AU)

Anátomo-radiografia dos ossos longos do membro torácico do Tamandua tetradactyla / Anatomo-radiography of long-bones in thoracic limb ofTamandua tetradactyla

Objetivou-se descrever os acidentes anatômicos dos ossos longos do membro torácico de Tamandua tetradactyla por meio de análises macroscópicas e radiográficas. Foram utilizados 34 espécimes, que foram a óbito por atropelamento. A avaliação do úmero demonstrou as mesmas estruturas presentes nos animais domésticos, além de outras sem prévia descrição. Já no antebraço, rádio e ulna se apresentaram completamente separados, e apesar de, como o úmero, serem identificados alguns dos mesmos acidentes anatômicos descritos em outras espécies, também notamos particularidades. Todas as estruturas descritas na análise macroscópica foram identificadas à radiografia, quando realizada em pelo menos duas projeções ortogonais. As estruturas anátomo-radiográficas dos ossos longos do T. tetradactyla demonstraram grande variação anatômica em comparação a outros mamíferos, o que torna a referida espécie muito singular. Assim o conhecimento de suas particularidades é fundamental para abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas mais seguras.

The objective was to describe the anatomical accidents of the long bones of the thoracic limb of Tamandua tetradactyla by means of macroscopic and radiographic analyzes. We used 34 specimens, which were deaths by running over. Evaluation of the humerus demonstrated the same structures present in domestic animals, besides others without previous description. In the forearm, radius and ulna were completely separated, and although, like the humerus, some of the same anatomical accidents described in other species were identified, we also noticed particularities. All the structures described in the macroscopic analysis were identified on radiography, when performed in at least two orthogonal projections. The anatomic-radiographic structures of the long bones of T. tetradactyla showed great anatomical variation compared to other mammals, which makes the species very unique. Thus knowledge of their particularities is fundamental for safer clinical-surgical approaches.

Melanoma digital em um cão / Digital melanoma in a dog

We described a case of melanoma located in the right phalanx in a dog. A defined bitch,11 years old, was referred to the Medical Clinic of the UFCG Veterinary Hospital witha history of increased volume at the distal end of the right thoracic limb. After theclinical evaluation and surgical correction, the material was sent to the Laboratory ofAnimal Pathology (LPA), Veterinary Hospital (HV), Federal University of CampinaGrande (UFCG) PB. Macroscopically, the mass was nodular, skin-coated, measuring10 x 7.0 x 6.5 cm and ulcerated central area 5 cm in diameter. When cutting, it exhibiteda blackish, multilobular and firm surface. Microscopically, a thickly cellular, infiltrativeand non-encapsulated tumor mass was observed in the epidermis. This paper reports acase of digital melanoma, diagnosed by histopathological examination.(AU)

Fechamento epifisário do úmero, rádio e ulna da paca (Agouti paca) / Epiphyseal closure of the pacas humerus, radius and ulna (Agouti paca)

Background: After the capybara, the Agouti paca is the largest rodent in the neotropical region, with a body weight that usually varies from 5 to 10 kg, but may reach up to 14 kg. Pacas reach sexual maturity at around 10 months of age. Recently, this species has been increasingly being subject of studies on tissue morphology, placentation, and experimental surgery. The time at which epiphyseal plates close varies according to each bone; some can close during intrauterine life, while some can persist for many years. The aim of this research was to examine, through radiography, the long bones of the thoracic limbs (humerus, radius, and ulna) of the paca, and correlate their epiphyseal closure times with the animals age. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals born in captivity were radiographically evaluated monthly from birth until 22 months of age. The animals were kept in stalls made of masonry, with an area of approximately 15 m2 . Each stall had one burrow with three internal interconnected sub-sections. Each stall housed one male and two or three females with microchip implants applied dorsally in the cervical region. The animals were fed rodent chow (1.0% of body weight per day) and fruits of the season (10% of body weight per day), which were offered daily in the afternoon. The animals were radiographed at the Division of Radiology of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Craniocaudal and mediolateral views of the humerus, radius, and ulna were performed. Sedation was performed using meperidine (2.5 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) in a single intramuscular injection. For anesthesia, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) were administered in leg muscles 10 minutes after sedation. The anesthesia used proved to be efficient for transportation, handling, and positioning of the animals for radiographic exams.[...](AU)

Melanoma digital em um cão / Digital melanoma in a dog

We described a case of melanoma located in the right phalanx in a dog. A defined bitch,11 years old, was referred to the Medical Clinic of the UFCG Veterinary Hospital witha history of increased volume at the distal end of the right thoracic limb. After theclinical evaluation and surgical correction, the material was sent to the Laboratory ofAnimal Pathology (LPA), Veterinary Hospital (HV), Federal University of CampinaGrande (UFCG) – PB. Macroscopically, the mass was nodular, skin-coated, measuring10 x 7.0 x 6.5 cm and ulcerated central area 5 cm in diameter. When cutting, it exhibiteda blackish, multilobular and firm surface. Microscopically, a thickly cellular, infiltrativeand non-encapsulated tumor mass was observed in the epidermis. This paper reports acase of digital melanoma, diagnosed by histopathological examination.

Fechamento epifisário do úmero, rádio e ulna da paca (Agouti paca) / Epiphyseal closure of the paca’s humerus, radius and ulna (Agouti paca)

Background: After the capybara, the Agouti paca is the largest rodent in the neotropical region, with a body weight that usually varies from 5 to 10 kg, but may reach up to 14 kg. Pacas reach sexual maturity at around 10 months of age. Recently, this species has been increasingly being subject of studies on tissue morphology, placentation, and experimental surgery. The time at which epiphyseal plates close varies according to each bone; some can close during intrauterine life, while some can persist for many years. The aim of this research was to examine, through radiography, the long bones of the thoracic limbs (humerus, radius, and ulna) of the paca, and correlate their epiphyseal closure times with the animal’s age. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals born in captivity were radiographically evaluated monthly from birth until 22 months of age. The animals were kept in stalls made of masonry, with an area of approximately 15 m2 . Each stall had one burrow with three internal interconnected sub-sections. Each stall housed one male and two or three females with microchip implants applied dorsally in the cervical region. The animals were fed rodent chow (1.0% of body weight per day) and fruits of the season (10% of body weight per day), which were offered daily in the afternoon. The animals were radiographed at the Division of Radiology of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Craniocaudal and mediolateral views of the humerus, radius, and ulna were performed. Sedation was performed using meperidine (2.5 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) in a single intramuscular injection. For anesthesia, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) were administered in leg muscles 10 minutes after sedation. The anesthesia used proved to be efficient for transportation, handling, and positioning of the animals for radiographic exams.[...]

Epidemiology of pediatric bone fractures across age groups: Analysis of a pediatric population at an outpatient clinic in the Southwest region of Puerto Rico.

BACKGROUND: Background: Gender disparities in pediatric fracture events has been well-documented however, less is known about racial disparities. The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of pediatric bone fractures in a Hispanic population. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patient's records from a Pediatric Orthopeadic outpatient clinic in the Southwest region of Puerto Rico during a 1-year span (August 2014 ­ August 2015). Differences in sex, BMI, health insurance coverage, parental educational level and employment status, mechanism of fracture, fracture site, and seasonality were investigated among three age classes (pre-school children, school children and adolescents). RESULTS: The sample consited of 243 subjects (0-21 y/o) sustaining a fracture of any extremity within the study period. Boys were at a higher risk of having a fracture event and as age increased, the male/female ratio also increased. The mean BMI was 18.0 kg/m2, with the highest in the school children age group (20.3 kg/m2). Slighlty more than half of the subjects (55.7%) benefitted from public health insurance coverage. The typical father was a laborer with a high school diploma, while the mother had a high school diploma but was unemployed There was a tendency for the children to suffer a bone fracture while at school (49.4%), followed by fractures at home (34.6%). In both the pre-school and school children groups, the upper extremity was more frequently involved (66.7% and 63.9%, respectively) in fracture events. Finally, there was very little variation in the seasonality of fracture events. CONCLUSION: This study provided valuable epidemiological information about pediatric bone fractures within a Hispanic population. It may contribute to the development and implementation of educational and preventive strategies appropriate to age and sex-differences.

Osteology of Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the early late triassic ischigualasto formation of Northwestern Argentina.

Proterochampsids are crocodile-like, probably semi-aquatic, quadrupedal archosauriforms characterized by an elongated and dorsoventrally low skull. The group is endemic from the Middle-Late Triassic of South America. The most recently erected proterochampsid species is "Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis", based on a single, fairly complete skeleton from the early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. We describe here in detail the non-braincase cranial and postcranial anatomy of this species and revisit its taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analysis recovered 'Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis' as part of a trichotomy together with Gualosuchus reigi and Chanaresuchus bonapartei. Accordingly, "Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis" can be potentially more closely related to Gualosuchus reigi, or even Rhadinosuchus gracilis, than to Chanaresuchus bonapartei. In addition, after discussing previously claimed synapomorphies of Chanaresuchus, we could not find unambiguous support for the monophyly of the genus. As a result, we propose here the erection of the new genus Pseudochampsa for 'Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis', which results in the new combination Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis. The information provided here about the anatomy and taxonomy of Pseudochampsa ischiguaslastensis will be useful for future quantitative analyses focused on the biogeography and macroevolutionary history of proterochampsids.

Morphological analysis of the flippers in the Franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, applying X-ray technique.

Pectoral flippers of cetaceans function to provide stability and maneuverability during locomotion. Directional asymmetry (DA) is a common feature among odontocete cetaceans, as well as sexual dimorphism (SD). For the first time DA, allometry, physical maturity, and SD of the flipper skeleton--by X-ray technique--of Pontoporia blainvillei were analyzed. The number of carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, and morphometric characters from the humerus, radius, ulna, and digit two were studied in franciscana dolphins from Buenos Aires, Argentina. The number of visible epiphyses and their degree of fusion at the proximal and distal ends of the humerus, radius, and ulna were also analyzed. The flipper skeleton was symmetrical, showing a negative allometric trend, with similar growth patterns in both sexes with the exception of the width of the radius (P ≤ 0.01). SD was found on the number of phalanges of digit two (P ≤ 0.01), ulna and digit two lengths. Females showed a higher relative ulna length and shorter relative digit two length, and the opposite occurred in males (P ≤ 0.01). Epiphyseal fusion pattern proved to be a tool to determine dolphin's age; franciscana dolphins with a mature flipper were, at least, four years old. This study indicates that the flippers of franciscana dolphins are symmetrical; both sexes show a negative allometric trend; SD is observed in radius, ulna, and digit two; and flipper skeleton allows determine the age class of the dolphins.

Postnatal ontogeny of limb proportions and functional indices in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae).

Burrow construction in the subterranean Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) primarily occurs by scratch-digging. In this study, we compared the limbs of an ontogenetic series of C. talarum to identify variation in bony elements related to fossorial habits using a morphometrical and biomechanical approach. Diameters and functional lengths of long bones were measured and 10 functional indices were constructed. We found that limb proportions of C. talarum undergo significant changes throughout postnatal ontogeny, and no significant differences between sexes were observed. Five of six forelimb indices and two of four hindlimb indices showed differences between ages. According to discriminant analysis, the indices that contributed most to discrimination among age groups were robustness of the humerus and ulna, relative epicondylar width, crural and brachial indices, and index of fossorial ability (IFA). Particularly, pups could be differentiated from juveniles and adults by more robust humeri and ulnae, wider epicondyles, longer middle limb elements, and a proportionally shorter olecranon. Greater robustness indicated a possible compensation for lower bone stiffness while wider epicondyles may be associated to improved effective forces in those muscles that originate onto them, compensating the lower muscular development. The gradual increase in the IFA suggested a gradual enhancement in the scratch-digging performance due to an improvement in the mechanical advantage of forearm extensors. Middle limb indices were higher in pups than in juveniles-adults, reflecting relatively more gracile limbs in their middle segments, which is in accordance with their incipient fossorial ability. In sum, our results show that in C. talarum some scratch-digging adaptations are already present during early postnatal ontogeny, which suggests that they are prenatally shaped, and other traits develop progressively. The role of early digging behavior as a factor influencing on morphology development is discussed.

VACTERL association in a cat.

We describe a female domestic cat with apparent VATER/VACTERL association, including vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia, radial agenesis, and cardiovascular and renal defects. If we consider the acronym VATER, this cat had a triad (VAR); however, if we consider the extended acronym VACTERL, she had a pentad (VACRL).

Descrição anátomo-radiográfica do esqueleto apendicular da cutia (Dasyprocta azarae, Lichtenstein, 1823) / Anatomoradiographic description of the apendicular skeleton of the agouti (Dasyprocta azarae, Lichtenstein, 1823)

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de melhor conhecer alguns aspectos anátomo-radiográficos do esqueleto apendicular de um grande roedor selvagem da fauna brasileira, a cutia. Foram utilizados nove animais, quatro fêmeas e quatro machos adultos, além de um filhote macho. Em todos os animais foram realizadas radiografias em decúbito lateral e ventral. A avaliação anatômica foi efetuada em três deles, que após morte natural tiveram seus esqueletos apendiculares dissecados e posteriormente preparados mediante maceração controlada, sendo as peças ósseas analisadas. Em todas as cutias estudadas foi observado que o úmero possui tubérculo maior evidente, fossa radial e do olécrano comunicantes e tuberosidade deltóide pouco desenvolvida. As tuberosidades do rádio são pouco nítidas e este osso não é fundido à ulna, a qual o acompanha em comprimento. A fileira proximal de carpos é formada pelos carpos intemediorradial, ulnar, acessório e falciforme e a distal pelos carpos I, II, III, e IV. Há cinco metacarpos e cinco dígitos no membro torácico, e cada um com falange proximal, média e distal, exceto o primeiro, o qual contém falange proximal e distal. A pelve é estreita, alongada e o acetábulo, arredondado e profundo; o fêmur apresenta trocânter maior bem desenvolvido. A tibia e a fibula não são fundidas, a fibula é bem delgada e equivale, em tamanho, à tíbia. No tarso, a fileira proximal é composta pelo talo, calcâneo, osso társico tibial medial e central; na fileira distal há o tarsometatarso I, e o II, III e IV ossos do tarso. No membro pélvico há três dígitos e os metatarsicos II, III e IV, com três falanges em cada, e um pequeno osso metatarsico V.

This research was developed with the purpose of better know some anatomoradiographic aspects of the appendicular skeleton of one of biggest wild brazilian rodents, the agouti. They were used nine animals, four adult females and four adult males, besides a young male. Radiographs were obtained in every animal in lateral and dorsal recumbency. The anatomic study was performed in three of them that after natural death had theirs skeletons dissected and then prepared by controlled maceration and the bones analyzed. In every agouti, the humerus possesses evident greater tubercle, radial and olecranus graves perforated and a non-developed deltoid tuberosity. The radio tuberosities are little evident and it is not fused to the ulna, which is proportional to it. The intermedioradial, ulnar, accessory and falciform form the proximal and the I, II, III and IV carpal bones the distal row of carpus. There are five metacarpi and five fingers in the forelimb and every one presents a proximal, median and distal phalanxes. The pelvis is narrow, lengthened and with a rounded and deep acetabulum. The femoral greater trochanter is makeable. The tibia and fibula are not fused and the later is similar in length to the former. The talus, calcaneus, medial tibial tarsal and central form the proximal row and the tarsometatarsal I, and the II, III and IV tarsal bones form the distal row of tarsus. There are three fingers in the hindlimb and the tarsometatarsal II, III and IV, with three phalanxes each, and a small tarsometatarsal V.

Osteology of Icadyptes salasi, a giant penguin from the Eocene of Peru.

We present the first detailed description of the giant Eocene penguin Icadyptes salasi. The species is characterized by a narrow skull with a hyper-elongate spear-like beak, a robust cervical column and a powerful flipper. The bony beak tip of Icadyptes is formed by fusion of several elements and is unique among penguins, differing markedly from previously described giant penguin beaks. Vascular canal patterning similar to that of boobies, frigatebirds and albatrosses suggests I. salasi may have had a thin, sheet-like rhamphotheca unlike the thick rugose rhamphotheca of modern penguins. Together, these features suggest a novel ecology for I. salasi, most likely involving the capture of larger prey items via spearing. As the first described giant penguin specimen to preserve a complete wing skeleton, the I. salasi holotype yields significant insight into the shape, proportions and orientation of the wing in giant penguins. In articulation, the forelimb of I. salasi is straighter, permitting less manus and antibrachium flexion, than previous depictions of giant penguin wings. Cross-sections of the humerus and ulna reveal a level of osteosclerosis equalling or surpassing that of extant penguins. Based on ontogenetic data from extant penguins and the morphology of the carpometacarpus of I. salasi, we infer the retention of a free alular phalanx in basal penguins. Previously, the status of this element in penguins was disputed. Differences in the proportions of the manual phalanges contribute to a more abruptly tapering wingtip in I. salasi compared with crown penguins. Fossils from Peru, including the I. salasi holotype specimen, document that penguins expanded to nearly the whole of their extant latitudinal range early in their evolutionary history and during one of the warmest intervals in the Cenozoic.

Desenvolvimento e validacao de versao brasileira do questionario de avaliacao funcional dos membros superiores DASH - disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand / Development and validation of Brazilian version of the questionnaire for assessing performance of senior members DASH - disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand

O questionario DASH e uma escala de avaliação funcional dos membros superiores, descrito na lingua inglesa em 1996. Tem hoje vinte e cinco versões ingluindo uma brasileira elaborada na Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM). (AL)

Sífilis congenita presentación de un caso clínico radiológico / Congenital syphilis radiological presentation of a clinical case

La sífilis congénita tiene origen en la infección materna y se debe a la transmisión que sufre el feto por vía transplacentaria durante el embarazo. En paises subdesarrollados se puede mencionar como factor de riesgo la ausencia de un diagnóstico precoz en los controles prenatales y la poca información sobre todo en las madres adolescentes hacia esta enfermedad, la misma que avanza hacia la muerte in útero del feto, o al nacimiento con múltiples alteraciones del recien nacido. Se presenta el caso de un neonato cuya madre infectada no recibio tratamiento y posterior al nacimiento el neonato presentó clínica significativa por lo que se le realizaron una serie de exámenes, dentro de los que destacan los radiológicos en huesos largos, donde se advierten alteraciones típicas de esta enfermedad.

Congenital syphilis originates by maternal infection and is due to the transplacental transmission which the fetus suffers during pregnancy. In underdeveloped countries, the absence of an early diagnostic test during prenatal care has to be mentioned as a risk factor as well as the poor information on this disease that exists among mothers, especially teenage mothers. Due to these facts the progression of the disease frequently leads to death in uterus of the fetus or to multiple birth defects when the baby is born.We present the case of a newborn baby whose infected mother was not treated, and who after birth presented important clinical signs due to which a series of tests were carried out among which the radiology of the long bones stands out where the typical alterations of the disease are seen.

Método strain index: aplicado para evaluar trabajos con riesgo de desarrollar trastornos dolorosos de extremidad superior distal / Strain index: applied to risk of upper limb muscle skeletal disorders evaluation

Considerando el aumento en la sintomatología musculo-esquelética de las extremidades superiores de trabajadores, donde se requieren posturas sostenidas, trabajo con esfuerzo y movimientos repetidos, fue establecido un programa para la detección y prevención de lesiones de extremidades superiores en una industria textil de Santiago, Chile. Se estudiaron clínicamente 256 trabajadores y mediante un método semicuantitativo (Strain index), fue evaluado el riesgo de sufrir lesiones músculo-esqueléticas en los puestos de trabajo. Se determinó que el 47 por ciento de los trabajadores estaba potencialmente en riesgo de desarrollar alguna lesión músculo-esquelética de la mano y muñeca. Los puestos de trabajo más inadecuados (Strain index > a 10 puntos) coincidieron con los trabajadores con el grado más alto de dolor durante la prueba. El 33 por ciento del grupo estudiado reveló tener una patología de mano y muñeca. Un 20 por ciento del grupo era sano, con la puntuación de Strain index < a 7 puntos, en sus respectivos puestos de trabajo. Además, se realizaron intervenciones de ergonomía en los puestos de trabajo; capacitación sobre autocuidado, detección temprana de síntomas, rotación de puestos de trabajo e implementación de una pausa activa, con lo cual finalmente hubo una significativa disminución de las lesiones de extremidad superior