Congenital, Inherited Bilateral Amastia in a Quarter Horse Mare.

Congential amastia, a medical condition in which mammary tissue fails to develop, was detected in a 3-year-old Quarter Horse mare. The dam of the mare was also afflicted with amastia, suggesting that the condition was due to an inherited genetic mutation as noted in other species. In addition, on presentation the mare had a purulent vaginal discharge secondary to a pyometra.

Precision technologies for predictive diagnosis and study of the allometric growth of broiler chickens with breast myopathies.

1. An experiment was carried out to validate techniques as predictive diagnostic tools for breast myopathies and to study the allometric growth of distinct parts of the body and meat quality of broilers.2. Infrared thermography was performed at 35 d of age. The surface temperatures of breasts of 300 birds were recorded, followed by ultrasound imaging.3. The birds were slaughtered and the cuts were made to weigh the body parts. Then, the breasts were evaluated as for the presence and severity of myopathies, from which nine treatments were established represented by the associated degrees of the myopathies white striping and wooden breast and breasts classified as normal.4. There was no difference in surface temperatures and echogenicity values between normal breasts and breasts affected by myopathies. At 35 d of age few fillets classified as normal were found.5. The breast showed late growth in relation to the body, regardless of characteristic lesions of myopathies. The most severe score of wooden breast affected meat quality variables.

Mycoplasma bovis subverts autophagy to promote intracellular replication in bovine mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro.

Mycoplasma species are the smallest prokaryotes capable of self-replication. To investigate Mycoplasma induced autophagy in mammalian cells, Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) and bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) were used in an in vitro infection model. Initially, intracellular M. bovis was enclosed within a membrane-like structure in bMEC, as viewed with transmission electron microscopy. In infected bMEC, increased LC3II was verified by Western blotting, RT-PCR and laser confocal microscopy, confirming autophagy at 1, 3 and 6 h post-infection (hpi), with a peak at 6 hpi. However, the M. bovis-induced autophagy flux was subsequently blocked. P62 degradation in infected bMEC was inhibited at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hpi, based on Western blotting and RT-PCR. Beclin1 expression decreased at 12 and 24 hpi. Furthermore, autophagosome maturation was subverted by M. bovis. Autophagosome acidification was inhibited by M. bovis infection, based on detection of mCherry-GFP-LC3 labeled autophagosomes; the decreases in protein levels of Lamp-2a indicate that the lysosomes were impaired by infection. In contrast, activation of autophagy (with rapamycin or HBSS) overcame the M. bovis-induced blockade in phagosome maturation by increasing delivery of M. bovis to the lysosome, with a concurrent decrease in intracellular M. bovis replication. In conclusion, although M. bovis infection induced autophagy in bMEC, the autophagy flux was subsequently impaired by inhibiting autophagosome maturation. Therefore, we conclude that M. bovis subverted autophagy to promote its intracellular replication in bMEC. These findings are the impetus for future studies to further characterize interactions between M. bovis and mammalian host cells.

LsrR, the effector of AI-2 quorum sensing, is vital for the H2O2 stress response in mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli (MPEC) is an important causative agent of mastitis in dairy cows that results in reduced milk quality and production, and is responsible for severe economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. Oxidative stress, as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, is a stress factor that is common in most bacterial habitats. The presence of ROS can damage cellular sites, including iron-sulfur clusters, cysteine and methionine protein residues, and DNA, and may cause bacterial cell death. Previous studies have reported that Autoinducer 2 (AI-2) can regulate E. coli antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity by mediating the intracellular receptor protein LsrR. This study explored the regulatory mechanism of LsrR on the H2O2 stress response in MPEC, showing that the transcript levels of lsrR significantly decreased under H2O2 stress conditions. The survival cell count of lsrR mutant XW10/pSTV28 was increased about 3080-fold when compared with that of the wild-type WT/pSTV28 in the presence of H2O2 and overexpression of lsrR (XW10/pUClsrR) resulted in a decrease in bacterial survival rates under these conditions. The ß-galactosidase reporter assays showed that mutation of lsrR led to a remarkable increase in expression of the promoters of ahpCF, katG and oxyR, while lsrR-overexpressing significantly reduced the expression of ahpCF and katG. The electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that LsrR could directly bind to the promoter regions of ahpCF and katG. These results revealed the important role played by LsrR in the oxidative stress response of MPEC.

Fecal non-aureus Staphylococci are a potential cause of bovine intramammary infection.

The presence of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in bovine rectal feces has recently been described. Similar to other mastitis causing pathogens, shedding of NAS in the environment could result in intramammary infection. The objective of this study was to investigate whether NAS strains present in feces can cause intramammary infection, likely via teat apex colonization. During a cross-sectional study in 5 dairy herds, samples were collected from the habitats quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces from 25%, 10%, and 25% of the lactating cows, respectively, with a cow serving as the source of one type of sample only. Samples from clinical mastitis cases were continuously collected during the 1-year study period as well. The 6 most prevalent NAS species, Staphylococcus (S.) chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis, were further subtyped by random amplification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), when the same NAS species was present in the same herd in the three habitats. For S. chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, and S. haemolyticus, the same RAPD type was found in rectal feces, teat apices, and quarter milk, indicating that fecal NAS can infect the mammary gland. For S. hominis and S. equorum, we were unable to confirm the presence of the same RAPD types in the three habitats.

Differences in virulence between the two more prevalent Staphylococcus aureus clonal complexes in rabbitries (CC121 and CC96) using an experimental model of mammary gland infection.

Staphylococcal mastitis is a major health problem in humans and livestock that leads to economic loss running in millions. This process is currently one of the main reasons for culling adult rabbit does. Surprisingly, the two most prevalent S. aureus lineages isolated from non-differentiable natural clinical mastitis in rabbits (ST121 and ST96) generate different immune responses. This study aimed to genetically compare both types of strains to search for possible dissimilarities to explain differences in immune response, and to check whether they showed similar virulence in in vitro tests as in experimental intramammary in vivo infection. The main differences were observed in the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) and the immune-evasion-cluster (IEC) genes. While isolate ST121 harboured all six egc cluster members (seg, sei, selm, seln, selo, selu), isolate ST96 lacked the egc cluster. Strain ST96 carried a phage integrase Sa3 (Sa3int), compatible with a phage integrated into the hlb gene (ß-haemolysin-converting bacteriophages) with IEC type F, while isolate ST121 lacked IEC genes and the hlb gene was intact. Moreover, the in vitro tests confirmed a different virulence capacity between strains as ST121 showed greater cytotoxicity for erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages than strain ST96. Differences were also found 7 days after experimental intramammary infection with 100 colony-forming units. The animals inoculated with strain ST121 developed more severe gross and histological mastitis, higher counts of macrophages in tissue and of all the cell populations in peripheral blood, and a significantly larger total number of bacteria than those infected by strain ST96.

Classification, bacteriological findings, and analysis of sex hormone receptors and cytokine expression in mammary lesions of abattoir sows.

Mammary lesions in sows can prevent suckling piglets from consuming colostrum that provides fundamental nutrients and protective immunity. Although mammary gross lesions are frequently found in sows at farms or slaughterhouses, with the exception of mastitis, they have received little research attention. In this study, we investigated mammary lesions observed in South Korean sows between 2015 and 2016. Mammary tissue samples of 82 sows showing gross lesions during meat inspection were histologically classified and immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to assess the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-α, ER-ß, and progesterone receptor (PR) for mammary hyperplastic lesions as well as that of cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, CD79a, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8 for mastitis. Furthermore, 20 swab samples were cultured, and the isolated bacteria were identified using polymerase chain reactions for 16S ribosomal RNA genes. The lesions were classified as hyperplasia, mastitis, or hyperplasia with mastitis. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that there was neither expression of ER-α nor of ER-ß, but all examined hyperplastic samples expressed PR. In addition, there was a significant correlation between CD3 and IL-1ß expressions, as well as between IL-1ß and IL-6 expressions. Regarding the identity of the isolated bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. were most frequently detected. The results of this study have revealed the incidence and characteristics of porcine mammary lesions.

A retrospective study of surgical affections of mammary glands in cattle and buffaloes and their management in the field.

The present retrospective study was conducted from 2003 to 2015 in Egypt to document common surgical affections of the udder and teat in cattle and buffaloes, and determine medical and surgical treatment options that are feasible in a field setting. We diagnosed 19 different surgical affections and classified them into 4 groups according to their location. Teat orifice affections (12.41%) included imperforate teat, contracted teat orifice, enlarged teat orifice, and black spot. Teat cistern affections (23.76%) included teat fistula, dilated teat cistern, teat polypi, and webbed teat. Teat surface affections (50.35%) included sore teat, supernumerary teat, sloughed teat, teat papilloma and fibropapilloma, teat wounds, and teat viral lesions. Udder affections (13.48%) included hypermastia, udder wounds, and suppurative and gangrenous mastitis. In cattle, the number of surgical affections located on the teat surface (20 ± 5.4) was significantly higher compared with other locations as well as compared with buffaloes (P<0.05). No treatment was indicated in 24% of recorded cases. Medical and surgical treatment was indicated in 73.75% of affected animals. Favorable results were achieved with the recommended treatments when applied in the field.

[Inappropriate lactation syndrome in a Holstein heifer]. / Lactatio sine graviditate bei einer Holstein-Färse.

The present case describes an unusual lactation of a 15-month-old,unbred Holstein-Friesian heifer, which had four swollen, ampouleshaped udder quarters with milk secretion. Examination of the heifer using rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasonography revealed enlargement of the right ovary and partial replacement of original tissue by multiple cysts of variable size. Treatment of the assumed follicularcystic ovary disease was unsuccessful. At slaughter 8 months later, the ovaries were examined pathologically and a granulosa cell tumor on the right ovary was diagnosed. Udder development and lactation in cattle is regulated normally hormonally. Follicular and cystic changes and granulosa cell tumors may also display hormonal activity. Therefore, we assume one or both of these could have been the cause of the unusual lactation in this case. We thus advise careful examination of the inner reproductive tract when facing the symptom of unusual lactation in unbred heifers.

In vitro antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from bovine intramammary infections that persisted or not following extended therapies with cephapirin, pirlimycin or ceftiofur.

Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections (IMIs) have low cure rates using standard antibiotic treatment and increasing the duration of treatment usually improves therapeutic success. Chronic IMIs are thought to be caused by bacteria presenting a specific virulence phenotype that includes the capacity to produce greater amounts of biofilm. In this study, antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production by S. aureus isolates recovered from IMIs that were cured or not following an extended therapy with cephapirin, pirlimycin or ceftiofur for 5, 8 and 8 days, respectively, were compared. An isolate was confirmed as from a persistent case (not cured) if the same S. aureus strain was isolated before and after treatment as revealed by the same VNTR profile (variable number of tandem repeats detected by multiplex PCR). The antibiotic minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for these isolates as well as the capacity of the isolates to produce biofilm. Isolates from persistent cases after extended therapy with cephapirin or ceftiofur had higher MICs for these drugs compared to isolates from non-persistent cases (p < 0.05) even though the antibiotic susceptibility breakpoints were not exceeded. Isolates of the ceftiofur study significantly increased their biofilm production in presence of a sub-MIC of ceftiofur (p < 0.05), whereas isolates from the pirlimycin group produced significantly less biofilm in presence of a sub-MIC of pirlimycin (p < 0.001). Relative antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates as well as biofilm production may play a role in the failure of extended therapies. On the other hand, some antibiotics may counteract biofilm formation and improve cure rates.

A genome-wide association study reveals candidate genes for the supernumerary nipple phenotype in sheep (Ovis aries).

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been widely applied in livestock to identify genes associated with traits of economic interest. Here, we conducted the first GWAS of the supernumerary nipple phenotype in Wadi sheep, a native Chinese sheep breed, based on Ovine Infinium HD SNP BeadChip genotypes in a total of 144 ewes (75 cases with four teats, including two normal and two supernumerary teats, and 69 control cases with two teats). We detected 63 significant SNPs at the chromosome-wise threshold. Additionally, one candidate region (chr1: 170.723-170.734 Mb) was identified by haplotype-based association tests, with one SNP (rs413490006) surrounding functional genes BBX and CD47 on chromosome 1 being commonly identified as significant by the two mentioned analyses. Moreover, Gene Ontology enrichment for the significant SNPs identified by the GWAS analysis was functionally clustered into the categories of receptor activity and synaptic membrane. In addition, pathway mapping revealed four promising pathways (Wnt, oxytocin, MAPK and axon guidance) involved in the development of the supernumerary nipple phenotype. Our results provide novel and important insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the phenotype of supernumerary nipples in mammals, including humans. These findings may be useful for future breeding and genetics in sheep and other livestock.

Evidence and role of phlebitis and lipid infiltration in the onset and pathogenesis of Wooden Breast Disease in modern broiler chickens.

Wooden Breast Disease (WBD), a myopathy that frequently affects modern broiler chickens, is a disorder that has been associated with significant economic losses in the poultry industry. To examine tissue changes associated with the onset and early pathogenesis of this disorder, a time-series experiment was conducted using chickens from a high-breast-muscle-yield, purebred commercial broiler line. Birds were raised for up to seven weeks, with a subset of birds sampled weekly. Breast muscle tissues were extracted at necropsy and processed for analysis by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Histologic presentation indicated localized phlebitis with lipogranulomas in Week 1, focal single-myofibril degeneration in Week 2 preceding an inflammatory response that started in Week 3. Lesions in Week 4 were characterized by multifocal to diffuse muscle fibre degeneration, necrosis, interstitial oedema accompanied by increased lipid and inflammatory cell infiltration. Lesions in Weeks 5-7 revealed diffuse muscle degeneration, necrosis, fibrosis and fatty infiltration with lipogranulomas. Ultrastructural examination showed myofibrillar splitting and degeneration, irregular, displaced and degenerated Z-lines, mitochondrial degeneration and interstitial fibrosis with dense regular collagen fibres. This study, therefore, demonstrates that WBD exhibits an earlier onset in modern broilers than when detectable by clinical examination. Further, this study shows that the disease assumes a progressive course with acute vasculitis, lipid deposition and myodegeneration occurring in the earlier stages, followed by a chronic fibrotic phase.

Efficacy of an internal teat seal associated with a dry cow intramammary antibiotic for prevention of intramammary infections in dairy cows during the dry and early lactation periods / Eficácia de um selante interno de tetos associado a antibiótico de vaca seca na prevenção de infecções intramamárias no período seco e início de lactação em vacas leiteiras

The present study aimed to evaluate the use of an internal dry period teat seal containing bismuth subnitrate (Teatseal®, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, USA) associated with a long-acting cloxacilin preparation (Orbenin® Extra dry cow, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, USA), in preventing new infections during the dry-off and early postpartum period. A total of 150 Holstein cows (average production of 9,000 kg of milk per lactation), with four functional udder quarters without clinical mastitis was included in the study. All animals were dried-off 60 days before the expected calving date. Two teats positioned diagonal-contralaterally received only dry cow antibiotic, control group C (n=300) and the other two teats, treatment group T (n=300) received dry cow antibiotic and infusion with an internal teat seal. Data from SCC variable were transformed by log base-10 transformation. Duncan's test was used accepting 5% as the level of statistical significance. The occurrence of intramammary infection (IMI) and chronicity rate, and frequency of microorganisms isolated at drying and immediately postpartum in teats of group C and group T were evaluated using a non-parametric Chi-square Test, accepting 10% as the statistical significance level. There was a decrease in the occurrence of new infections in the early postpartum in cows which the sealant was used (C=19.6%, T=11.4%). In the postpartum period, Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 16 teats in C and seven in T. The greatest reduction was observed for Escherichia coli (8 vs 1) in group T. There was no effect using the internal sealant on the frequency of isolation of environmental Streptococus. The use of sealant reduced the prevalence of subclinical mastitis cows between drying-off and the early postpartum period (C=51% versus T=42%) and resulted in a lower somatic cell count (SCC) in the treatment group when compared with the control group (T=1,073x103, C=1,793x103). The use of the internal teat seal combined with dry cow antibiotic is effective in the prevention of IMI during the dry period and early lactation and results in the reduction of SCC in immediate postpartum period. The treatment is effective in reducing infection between dry-off and the immediate postpartum caused by major and minor pathogens. However, no effect on infections caused by contagious pathogens was observed.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de um selante interno de tetos contendo subnitrato de bismuto (Teatseal®, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, EUA) associado a um antibiótico de longa ação contendo cloxacilina (Orbenin® Extra dry cow, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, EUA) em prevenir novas infecções durante o período seco e pós-parto imediato. Foram utilizadas 150 vacas Holandesas (produção média de 9,000 kg de leite por lactação), com os quatro quartos mamários funcionais e sem mastite clínica, que foram secas 60 dias antes da data prevista para o parto. O teto constituiu a unidade experimental. O grupo controle (C) foi representado por dois tetos diagonais-contralaterais (n=300), que receberam somente o antibiótico de vaca seca. Os outros dois tetos (n=300) constituíam o grupo tratado (T) e recebiam o antibiótico de vaca seca associado ao selante interno. Dados da variável contagem de células somáticas (CCS) passaram por transformação logarítmica na base 10 e foram submetidos ao teste de Duncan, aceitando-se nível de 5% de significância estatística. A ocorrência de infecções intramamárias (IIM), taxa de cronicidade e frequência de microrganismos isolados na secagem e imediatamente pós-parto nos tetos do grupo controle e tratados com selante interno foram avaliados utilizando o teste não paramétrico qui-quadrado, aceitando 10% de nível de significância. Houve redução na ocorrência de novas infecções no pós-parto imediato nos animais em que se utilizou o selante (C=19,6%, T=11,4%). No período pós-parto, foram isolados microrganismos Gram-negativo de 16 tetos no C e sete no T. A maior redução ocorreu para Escherichia coli, (8 versus 1) no grupo T. Não houve efeito da utilização do selante interno na frequência de isolamento de Streptococcus ambientais. O uso do selante reduziu a prevalência de mastite subclínica das vacas no pós-parto imediato (C=51% versus T=42%) e resultou em menor CCS no grupo tratado (T = 1.073 x 103) quando comparado com o grupo controle (C=1.793x103). O uso do selante interno combinado com antibiótico de vacas secas é eficaz na prevenção de infecções intramamárias no período seco e início de lactação e resulta na redução da CCS no período pós-parto imediato. O tratamento é eficaz na redução de infecção entre a secagem e o pós-parto imediato causada por patógenos maiores e menores. Entretanto, não tem efeito sobre infecções causadas por patógenos contagiosos.(AU)

Mixed Nipple Infections Caused by Variant of BPV3 and a Putative New Subtype of BPV in Cattle.

Bovine papilloma is a chronic and proliferative skin and mucosal wart caused by Bovine papillomavirus (BPV). In June, 2013, a leaf-and flat-shaped wart disease was observed on the nipple skins in a cattle farm in Xinjiang. To diagnose the disease, we collected the diseased skins for pathological biopsy and DNA analysis by PCR amplification using a pair of degenerate primers FAP59 and FAP64. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the infection was caused by a variant of BPV3 and putatively a new subtype of BPV (BPV/CHI-SW1, belonging to the Xi papillomavirus genus). This is the first report of mixed infection caused by variant of BPV3 and BPV (putatively new subtype) in China, and would be of importance for the molecular epidemiological study of the disease.

[Subclinical staphylococcal intramammary infections: within-herd prevalence and effects on milk yield and somatic cell counts in Thuringian dairy herds]. / Subklinische Euterinfektionen mit Staphylokokken in Thüringer Milchviehherden: Innerherdenprävalenz und Einfluss auf die Milchleistung und die Zellzahl.

Basic data for calculating the economic losses of subclinical staphylococcal intramammary infections are the reduction in milk yield and the within-herd prevalences. This study aimed to determine these parameters in selected herds. Quarter foremilk samples were taken from all lactating cows without clinical mastitis of 34 Thuringian dairy herds twice with an interval of five to nine months A total of 81 567 samples from 14 157 cows were cultured and screened for Staphylococci, Streptococci and Enterobacteriaceae. For statistical analysis a multifactorial variance analysis which included the factors farm, quarter, days in lactation and number of lactation was used. Least square means of the within-herd prevalence were 3.14% for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and 6.64% for Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). The highest frequency of S. aureus-infections was detected at 201-250 days in milk. The risk of S. aureus-infections increased with increasing lactation number, whereas the frequency of CNS-infections decreased with lactation number (p < 0.001). Compared to not infected cows, S. aureus infected cows showed no differences in milk yield or milk components, but had a higher somatic cell count (SCC) (219 000 cells/ml, p < 0.001). The SCC by CNS infected cows was 89 000 cells/ml (p = 0.049). High SCCs were associated with low milk yield. Subclinical intramammary infections with S. aureus and CNS result in a higher SCC. There is a direct association between SCC and milk yield.

A genome-wide association study reveals a QTL influencing caudal supernumerary teats in Holstein cattle.

Supernumerary teats represent a common abnormality of the bovine udder. A genome-wide association study was performed based on the proportion of the occurrence of supernumerary teats in the daughters of 1097 Holstein bulls. The heritability of caudal supernumerary teats without mammary gland in this study was 0.604. The largest proportion of the heritability was attributable to BTA 20. The strongest evidence for association was with five SNPs on chromosome 20, referred to as a QTL. The mode of inheritance at this QTL was dominant. These findings reveal that the occurrence of caudal supernumerary teats without mammary gland in Holstein cattle is influenced by a QTL on chromosome 20 and a polygenic part. The data support the high potential of the SNPs in the QTL region as markers for breeding against caudal supernumerary teats.

Etiologia e perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados bacterianos da mastite em pequenos ruminantes e concordância de técnicas empregadas no diagnóstico / Etiology and profile of antimicrobial sensitivity of bacteria from small ruminant mastitis and relationship of diagnostic techniques

A mastite é a inflamação da glândula mamária que acomete raças de aptidão leiteira como também aquelas voltadas para produção de carne. Esta enfermidade ocasiona sérias alterações na produção de leite e na sua qualidade, redução no ganho de peso e mortalidade de cordeiros. O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer os principais agentes causadores de mastite em ovinos e caprinos, bem como a sua susceptibilidade aos agentes antimicrobianos, além de avaliar o grau de concordância entre testes diagnósticos. Foram visitadas 25 propriedades durante a realização do experimento, sendo criatórios de caprinos, ovinos e rebanhos mistos, nos estados de Pernambuco e Bahia. Coletou-se leite de 439 caprinos e 76 ovinos. Foi realizada lactocultura, o California Mastitis Test (CMT) e o teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Além disso, determinou-se o grau de concordância entre os testes diagnósticos empregados. Foi constatada uma maior freqüência de Staphylococcus spp. nos casos de mastite em caprinos e ovinos, sendo observado ainda, isolados de Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. e bacilos gram negativos (BGN). Os isolados apresentaram alta sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos testados, sendo o menor percentual de sensibilidade observado para o ácido nalidíxico. Em relação ao diagnóstico da mastite caprina, a análise comparativa entre o exame microbiológico e o CMT demonstrou um grau de concordância igual a K=0,17, enquanto que para a espécie ovina, este valor foi de K=0,22. A utilização do CMT para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica em cabras e ovelhas deverá ser associado à técnica da lactocultura.

Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland, that are important in milking breed as well in meat ones. It is associated with serious reduction in milk production and quality, lambs weight gain reduction and mortality The goal of this work was determine the major etiologic agents of goat and sheep mastitis, as well as antimicrobial drug-resistance patterns and the agreement between two different diagnostic tools. We visit 25 goat, sheep, and goat and sheep farms in Pernambuco and Bahia State, and a total of 439 goats and 76 sheep milk samples were collected. To diagnose of small ruminant mastitis were compared two tests: Milk culture and California Mastitis Test (CMT). The bacterial drug-resistance pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer test. Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequent bacteria isolated from goat and sheep mastitis cases. Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and gram-negative bacilli were isolated. It was possible to observe the high sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs in all tested bacteria, being the lower sensitivity percentage determined to nalidixic acid. Considering caprine mastitis diagnostic the comparative analysis between microbiologic culture and shown a concordance degree of K=0,17, although to ovine species these value was K=0,22. The use of CMT to subclinical mastitis diagnostic in goat and ewes must be associated to milk bacterial culture.

Mastite em pequenos ruminantes no Brasil / Small ruminant mastitis in Brazil

Este artigo objetivou revisar as informações recentes sobre mastite em pequenos ruminantes, abrangendo etiologia, epidemiologia, aspectos de controle e profilaxia. Houve a preocupação em reunir resultados de estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil, uma vez que a mastite tem a interferência de uma série de fatores, como fatores ambientais e outros decorrentes dos sistemas de manejo empregados, condições essas determinantes para etiologia e epidemiologia da enfermidade. A prevalência da mastite em caprinos varia entre 22 e 75 por cento, sendo que os casos de mastite subclínica são os mais frequentes. Existe uma carência de trabalhos voltados para os aspectos epidemiológicos da enfermidade no nosso país. Contudo, observa-se que a mastite vem assumindo importância cada vez maior nos rebanhos voltados para produção de carne, sendo encontrados resultados de pesquisa, principalmente na espécie ovina. A mastite estafilocócica corresponde à maior fração nas infecções intramamárias em pequenos ruminantes. O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras. Algumas das ferramentas de diagnóstico ainda necessitam de padronização, principalmente para espécie caprina que apresenta uma série de particularidades. Ainda são discutidas as principais estratégias de controle como o manejo de fêmeas e suas crias, os procedimentos de ordenha e a utilização de vacinas.

The present reviews mastitis in small ruminants, focusing important aspects of etiology, epidemiology, diagnose, control, and prophylaxis. There was a special concern in review studies developed in Brazil, since mastitis results from a combination of many factors such as environmental and management conditions that concur for the action of etiological agents and for the epidemiology of this relevant disease. The prevalence mastitis in goats varies from 22 to 75 percent, with higher frequency of subclinical cases. In Brazil there are few studies about epidemiologic aspects of mastitis in small ruminants. In the other hand, the disease has growing in importance in meat producing small ruminants, mainly sheep. The mastitis caused by staphylococci is the most prevalent in small ruminants. The zoonotic importance of some milk pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus emphasizes the importance of the elimination this bacteria by carriers between goat and sheep milk farms. Some diagnostic techniques need more standardization, especially those used in goats that demonstrated some peculiarities. Mastitis control strategies will be discussed include the management of the females and their offspring, milking procedures and vaccination protocols.

Etiologia e perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados bacterianos da mastite em pequenos ruminantes e concordância de técnicas empregadas no diagnóstico / / Etiology and profile of antimicrobial sensitivity of bacteria from small ruminant mastitis and relationship of diagnostic techniques

A mastite é a inflamação da glândula mamária que acomete raças de aptidão leiteira como também aquelas voltadas para produção de carne. Esta enfermidade ocasiona sérias alterações na produção de leite e na sua qualidade, redução no ganho de peso e mortalidade de cordeiros. O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer os principais agentes causadores de mastite em ovinos e caprinos, bem como a sua susceptibilidade aos agentes antimicrobianos, além de avaliar o grau de concordância entre testes diagnósticos. Foram visitadas 25 propriedades durante a realização do experimento, sendo criatórios de caprinos, ovinos e rebanhos mistos, nos estados de Pernambuco e Bahia. Coletou-se leite de 439 caprinos e 76 ovinos. Foi realizada lactocultura, o California Mastitis Test (CMT) e o teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Além disso, determinou-se o grau de concordância entre os testes diagnósticos empregados. Foi constatada uma maior freqüência de Staphylococcus spp. nos casos de mastite em caprinos e ovinos, sendo observado ainda, isolados de Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. e bacilos gram negativos (BGN). Os isolados apresentaram alta sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos testados, sendo o menor percentual de sensibilidade observado para o ácido nalidíxico. Em relação ao diagnóstico da mastite caprina, a análise comparativa entre o exame microbiológico e o CMT demonstrou um grau de concordância igual a K=0,17, enquanto que para a espécie ovina, este valor foi de K=0,22. A utilização do CMT para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica em cabras e ovelhas deverá ser associado à técnica da lactocultura.

Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland, that are important in milking breed as well in meat ones. It is associated with serious reduction in milk production and quality, lambs weight gain reduction and mortality The goal of this work was determine the major etiologic agents of goat and sheep mastitis, as well as antimicrobial drug-resistance patterns and the agreement between two different diagnostic tools. We visit 25 goat, sheep, and goat and sheep farms in Pernambuco and Bahia State, and a total of 439 goats and 76 sheep milk samples were collected. To diagnose of small ruminant mastitis were compared two tests: Milk culture and California Mastitis Test (CMT). The bacterial drug-resistance pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer test. Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequent bacteria isolated from goat and sheep mastitis cases. Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and gram-negative bacilli were isolated. It was possible to observe the high sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs in all tested bacteria, being the lower sensitivity percentage determined to nalidixic acid. Considering caprine mastitis diagnostic the comparative analysis between microbiologic culture and shown a concordance degree of K=0,17, although to ovine species these value was K=0,22. The use of CMT to subclinical mastitis diagnostic in goat and ewes must be associated to milk bacterial culture.