ABSTRACT
Recurrent abnormalities in immune surveillance-related genes affect the progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and modulate the response to therapeutic interventions. CD58 interacts with the CD2 receptor on T cells and NK cells and is recurrently mutated and deleted in DLBCL, suggesting that it may play a role in regulating antitumor immunity. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the genomic characteristics of CD58 through targeted next-generation sequencing, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), whole-exome sequencing, and single-cell RNA-seq in patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. The CD58 mutation rate was 9.1%, and the copy number loss rate was 44.7% among all enrolled patients with DLBCL. Notably, CD58 genetic alterations, along with low CD58 expression, significantly correlated with reduced rates of response to R-CHOP therapy and inferior progression-free survival and overall survival. Single-cell RNA-seq revealed that CD58 expression in tumor cells was negatively correlated with CD8+ T-cell exhaustion/dysfunction status. Insufficient T-cell activation resulting from CD58 alterations could not be attributed solely to CD2 signaling. CD58 inhibited the activity of the JAK2/STAT1 pathway by activating the LYN/CD22/SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) axis, thereby limiting PDL1 and IDO expression. Elevated PDL1 and IDO expression in CD58-deficient DLBCL cells led to immune evasion and tumor-intrinsic resistance to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Direct activation of CD58-CD2 costimulatory signaling in combination with anti-PDL1 blockade or IDO inhibitor sensitized CD58-deficient DLBCL to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Collectively, this work identified the multiple roles of CD58 in regulating antitumor immune responses in DLBCL. Significance: Loss of CD58 mediates immune evasion and therapy resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by upregulating PDL1 and IDO through LYN/CD22/SHP1 signaling, providing potential targets and therapeutic strategies to improve patient treatment.
Subject(s)
B7-H1 Antigen , CD58 Antigens , Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse , Humans , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology , B7-H1 Antigen/genetics , B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism , Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics , Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism , CD58 Antigens/genetics , CD58 Antigens/metabolism , Female , Male , Mutation , Animals , Middle Aged , Mice , Cell Line, Tumor , AgedABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis is a serious neurodegenerative disorder that causes disability in young adults. Genetic predisposition of multiple sclerosis is well documented and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CD58 were found to be associated with this disease. This systematic review and meta-analysis were done with the aim of finding the association between CD58 gene SNPs (rs12044852 and rs2300747) and the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHOD: A comprehensive search was done in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and MSGene.org to find the relevant data. Our search yielded 13 relevant publications which were included for meta-analysis consisting of 5194 cases and 5766 controls. All the statistical analysis was conducted using meta and metafor packages in R studio. The odds ratio (OR) along with 95 % confidence intervals and p values were determined using the fixed effects and random effects model. The I2 test was done to measure heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was performed along with analysis for publication bias. RESULTS: We found significant association for both rs12044852 (allelic, dominant, over-dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous models) and rs2300747 (allelic, dominant, over-dominant, heterozygous models) with multiple sclerosis. Both the SNPs provided a protective effect for multiple sclerosis. Subgroup analysis indicated that rs12044852 polymorphism provided a protective effect in both Asians and Caucasians. However, for rs2300747, the Asian population showed no statistically significant association with the risk of MS. CONCLUSION: Polymorphism of rs12044852 and rs2300747 of the CD58 gene provided a protective effect for multiple sclerosis. The protective effect is more prominent in Caucasian populations compared to Asians.
Subject(s)
CD58 Antigens , Multiple Sclerosis , Humans , Alleles , Asian People/genetics , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , White PeopleABSTRACT
Background: Cytogenetics at diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor for adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but nearly 50% of AML patients who exhibit cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) do not undergo effective risk stratification. Therefore, the development of potential biomarkers to further define risk stratification for CN-AML patients is worth exploring. Methods: Transcriptome data from 163 cases in the GSE12417-GPL96 dataset and 104 CN-AML patient cases in the GSE71014-GPL10558 dataset were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database for overall survival (OS) analysis and validation. Results: The combination of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) and cluster of diffraction 58 (CD58) can predict the prognosis of CN-AML patients. High expression of WT1 and low expression of CD58 were associated with poor OS in CN-AML. Notably, when WT1 and CD58 were used to concurrently predict OS, CN-AML patients were divided into three groups: low risk, WT1lowCD58high; intermediate risk, WT1highCD58high or WT1lowCD58low; and high risk, WT1highCD58low. Compared with low-risk patients, intermediate- and high-risk patients had shorter survival time and worse OS. Furthermore, a nomogram model constructed with WT1 and CD58 may personalize and reveal the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year OS rate of CN-AML patients. Both time-dependent receiver operating characteristics and calibration curves suggested that the nomogram model demonstrated good performance. Conclusion: Higher expression of WT1 with lower CD58 expression may be a potential biomarker for risk stratification of CN-AML patients. Moreover, a nomogram model constructed with WT1 and CD58 may personalize and reveal the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year OS rates of CN-AML patients.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics , WT1 Proteins/genetics , CD58 Antigens/metabolism , Computational Biology , Cytogenetic Analysis , Databases, Genetic , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Transcriptome , WT1 Proteins/metabolism , WorkflowABSTRACT
The glycoprotein CD58, also known as lymphocyte-function antigen 3 (LFA-3), is a costimulatory receptor distributed on a broad range of human tissue cells. Its natural ligand CD2 is primarily expressed on the surface of T/NK cells. The CD2-CD58 interaction is an important component of the immunological synapse (IS) that induces activation and proliferation of T/NK cells and triggers a series of intracellular signaling in T/NK cells and target cells, respectively, in addition to promoting cell adhesion and recognition. Furthermore, a soluble form of CD58 (sCD58) is also present in cellular supernatant in vitro and in local tissues in vivo. The sCD58 is involved in T/NK cell-mediated immune responses as an immunosuppressive factor by affecting CD2-CD58 interaction. Altered accumulation of sCD58 may lead to immunosuppression of T/NK cells in the tumor microenvironment, allowing sCD58 as a novel immunotherapeutic target. Recently, the crucial roles of costimulatory molecule CD58 in immunomodulation seem to be reattracting the interests of investigators. In particular, the CD2-CD58 interaction is involved in the regulation of antiviral responses, inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases, immune rejection of transplantation, and immune evasion of tumor cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of CD58 immunobiology.
Subject(s)
CD58 Antigens/immunology , Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , CD2 Antigens/immunology , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Cell Adhesion , Cytokines/physiology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology , Endothelial Cells/immunology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Graft Rejection/immunology , Humans , Immunological Synapses/immunology , Immunomodulation/immunology , Intestinal Mucosa/cytology , Intestinal Mucosa/immunology , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Leukemia/immunology , Lymphoma/immunology , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/metabolism , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/immunology , Signal Transduction , T-Lymphocytes/cytology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Tumor Escape/immunology , Tumor Microenvironment/immunologyABSTRACT
Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a key challenge in cancer therapy. To elucidate underlying mechanisms, we developed Perturb-CITE-sequencing (Perturb-CITE-seq), enabling pooled clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 perturbations with single-cell transcriptome and protein readouts. In patient-derived melanoma cells and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) co-cultures, we profiled transcriptomes and 20 proteins in ~218,000 cells under ~750 perturbations associated with cancer cell-intrinsic ICI resistance (ICR). We recover known mechanisms of resistance, including defects in the interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-JAK/STAT and antigen-presentation pathways in RNA, protein and perturbation space, and new ones, including loss/downregulation of CD58. Loss of CD58 conferred immune evasion in multiple co-culture models and was downregulated in tumors of melanoma patients with ICR. CD58 protein expression was not induced by IFN-γ signaling, and CD58 loss conferred immune evasion without compromising major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression, suggesting that it acts orthogonally to known mechanisms of ICR. This work provides a framework for the deciphering of complex mechanisms by large-scale perturbation screens with multimodal, single-cell readouts, and discovers potentially clinically relevant mechanisms of immune evasion.
Subject(s)
CD58 Antigens/immunology , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology , Melanoma/pathology , Single-Cell Analysis/methods , Tumor Escape , CD58 Antigens/genetics , CD58 Antigens/metabolism , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Coculture Techniques , Computational Biology/methods , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Epitopes/genetics , Gene Knockout Techniques , Humans , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology , Melanoma/drug therapy , Melanoma/immunology , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Tumor Escape/geneticsABSTRACT
A unique feature of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is the presence of CD4+ T cells that surround, protect, and promote survival of tumor cells. The adhesion molecules involved in this so-called T-cell rosetting are important components of the immunological synapse (IS). However, it is unknown whether this synapse is fully assembled and leads to T-cell activation by enabling interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II). We established a novel rosetting model by coculturing HLA-II-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HL cell lines and showed IS formation with activation of rosetting T cells. HLA-II downregulation by class II transactivator knockout did not affect the extent of rosetting, but almost completely abrogated T-cell activation. Intriguingly, the level of CD58 expression correlated with the extent of rosette formation, and CD58 knockout or CD2 blockade reduced both rosette formation and T-cell activation. The extension of our findings to primary HL tissue by immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assays showed interaction of CD2 with CD58 and of TCR-associated CD4 with HLA-II. In conclusion, T-cell rosetting in HL is established by formation of the IS, and activation of rosetting T cells critically depends on the interaction of both TCR-HLA-II and CD2-CD58.
Subject(s)
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD58 Antigens/immunology , Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology , Hodgkin Disease/immunology , Immunological Synapses/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Rosette Formation , CD2 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors , CD58 Antigens/biosynthesis , CD58 Antigens/genetics , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Cell Adhesion , Cell Line, Tumor , Coculture Techniques , Gene Knockout Techniques , Humans , Protein Interaction MappingABSTRACT
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic neurodegenerative disorder resulting from an autoimmune reaction against myelin. So far, many genetic variants have been reported to associate with MS risk however their association is inconsistent across different populations. Here we investigated the association of the most consistently reported genetic MS risk variants in the Kuwaiti MS population in a case-control study designs. Of the 94 reported MS risk variants four variants showed MS risk association in Arabs exome analysis (EVI5 rs11808092 p = 0.0002; TNFRSF1A rs1800693 p = 0.00003; MTHFR rs1801131 p = 0.038; and CD58 rs1414273 p = 0.00007). Replication analysis in Kuwaiti MS cases and healthy controls confirmed EVI5 rs11808092A (OR: 1.6, 95%CI: 1.19-2.16, p = 0.002) and MTHFR rs1801131G (OR: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.3-2.36, p = 0.001) as MS risk genetic factors, while TNFRSF1A rs1800693C had a marginal MS risk association (OR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.04-1.78, p = 0.025) in the Kuwaiti population. CD58 rs1414273 did not sustain risk association (p = 0.37). In conclusion, EVI5 rs11808092A, TNFRSF1A rs1800693C and MTHFR rs1801131G are MS risk factors in the Kuwaiti population. Further investigations into their roles in MS pathogenesis and progression are merited.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Adult , Alleles , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Exome , Female , GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Humans , Kuwait/epidemiology , Male , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Middle Aged , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics , Risk , Young AdultABSTRACT
Loss of CD58 is a common mechanism for tumor immune evasion in lymphoid malignancies. CD58 loss is known to occur due to both genetic and non-genetic causes; therefore, we hypothesized that restoring CD58 expression in lymphoma cells may be an effective treatment approach. To explore the potential for restoring CD58 expression, we first screened 11 B-cell lymphoma lines and found that 3 had decreased CD58 expression. Among these, CD58 was genetically damaged in two lines but not in the third line. Using the cell line with downregulated CD58 without a genetic abnormality, we performed epigenetic library screening and found that two EZH2 inhibitors, EPZ6438 and GSK126, specifically enhanced CD58 expression. By examining the effect of three EZH2 inhibitors with different selectivity profiles in different B-cell lines, EZH2 inhibition was shown to have a common activity in upregulating CD58 expression. Restoring the expression of CD58 in lymphoma cells using an EZH2 inhibitor was shown to enhance interferon-γ production of T and NK cells against lymphoma cells. H3K27 was shown to be highly trimethylated in the CD58 promoter region, and EZH2 inhibition induced its demethylation and activated transcription of the CD58 gene. These results indicated that EZH2 is involved in the epigenetic silencing of CD58 in lymphoma cells as a mechanism for tumor immune escape, and EZH2 inhibitors are able to restore epigenetically suppressed CD58 expression. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the combination of an EZH2 inhibitor and immunotherapy for lymphoma treatment.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzamides/pharmacology , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Epigenesis, Genetic , Indoles/pharmacology , Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics , Pyridones/pharmacology , Biphenyl Compounds , CD58 Antigens/biosynthesis , CD58 Antigens/immunology , Cell Line, Tumor , Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Gene Silencing , Humans , Lymphocyte Activation , Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy , Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology , Morpholines , T-Lymphocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology, which typically is manifested in early to middle adulthood. Recently, genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility of immune-related genes to be involved in MS predisposition. The goal of the current study was to investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with the immunologically related genes responsible for the disease, composed of CD58 (rs2300747 A>G), CD226 (rs763361 C>T), and HLA-G (rs1611715 A>C), with MS susceptibility. In this case-control study, a total of 200 patients suffering from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 200 healthy individuals were recruited. DNA was extracted from blood and then all subjects were genotyped for the polymorphism within mentioned genes by high-resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR method. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 20; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Our finding showed that there are significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between two groups regarding rs763361 (P = 0.035, OR 0.64, CI 95% for C allele) and rs1611715 (P = 0.038, OR 1.57, CI 95% for AA genotype) polymorphisms within CD226 and HLA-G genes, respectively. Concerning rs2300747 polymorphism on CD58 gene, no significant differences were found between cases and controls. In general, results from the current study indicate that CD226 and HLA-G, but not CD58 genetic polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of MS in Isfahan population similar to European populations. However, to elucidate how these SNPs contribute to MS pathogenesis, functional studies are needed.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , HLA-G Antigens/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/genetics , Adult , Asian People/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Iran , Male , Polymorphism, Single NucleotideABSTRACT
The prognosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's disease (HD), varies among patients. The interaction of CD58 and its ligand (CD2) promotes the differentiation of regulatory T cells and suppresses the immune response. To clarify the association of CD58 expression with the pathogenesis and prognosis of AITDs, we genotyped polymorphisms in the CD58 gene including rs12044852A/C (SNP1), rs2300747A/G (SNP2), rs1335532C/T (SNP3), rs1016140G/T (SNP4), rs1414275C/T (SNP5) and rs11588376C/T (SNP6). The CD58 SNPs were genotyped in 177 GD patients, 193 HD patients and 116 healthy volunteers (control subjects). We used the Polymerase chain reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for the genotyping of SNP1 and SNPs3-6 and the TaqMan® SNP genotyping assay for the genotyping of SNP2. The frequencies of the AA genotype in SNP1 tend to be high in all patients with AITDs than in control subjects, although it was not significant. The GG genotype of SNP2, the CC genotype of SNP3, the TT genotype of SNP4, the CC genotype of SNP5 and the CC genotype of SNP6 were all significantly more frequent in patients with AITDs than in control subjects. The proportion of CD58+ cells in monocytes was significantly lower in healthy individuals with each of these risk genotypes of AITDs and lower in GD and HD patients than that in healthy controls. In conclusion, CD58 SNPs are involved in AITD susceptibility through the reduction in CD58 expression, which probably suppresses regulatory T cells.
Subject(s)
CD58 Antigens/genetics , Graves Disease/genetics , Hashimoto Disease/genetics , Adult , Aged , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Genotype , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , PrognosisABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with a neurodegenerative compound. Heterogenetic background of autoimmunity pathway components has been suggested in the MS pathogenesis. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the association between selected polymorphisms of theCD58, IRF8 and GPC5 genes and treatment effectiveness in a group of relapsing-remitting MS patients. This is the first study of MS patients from Podlaskie Region in the Polish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 174 relapsing-remitting MS patients diagnosed under 40 years of age. Genotyping was performed using ready to use TaqMan assays. RESULTS: We demonstrate a strong association of the polymorphisms with sex, age of onset and response to the treatment applied. A significant correlation was observed in the presence of allele T of rs10492503 polymorphism inGPC5 gene with sex and age of MS onset. Logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk of the interaction of rs17445836 in IRF8 gene with male sex and the type of treatment (OR = 3.80, p < 0.05), and a decreased risk in the interaction of female sex with disease progress according to the EDSS scale (OR=-2.33, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the correlation between different alleles, genotypes and clinical status confirmed the interaction between the genetic factors of age of onset and response to therapy. The study suggests that genetic variants inGPC5, CD58 and IRF8 genes may be of clinical interest in MS as predictors of age of onset and response to therapy.
Subject(s)
CD58 Antigens/genetics , Glypicans/genetics , Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Adult , Age of Onset , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Humans , Male , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/geneticsABSTRACT
Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 200 genetic variants to be associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Still, little is known about the causal molecular mechanisms that underlie the genetic contribution to disease susceptibility. In this study, we investigated the role of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1414273, which is located within the microRNA-548ac stem-loop sequence in the first intron of the CD58 gene. We conducted an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis based on public RNA-sequencing and microarray data of blood-derived cells of more than 1000 subjects. Additionally, CD58 transcripts and mature hsa-miR-548ac molecules were measured using real-time PCR in peripheral blood samples of 32 MS patients. Cell culture experiments were performed to evaluate the efficiency of Drosha-mediated stem-loop processing dependent on genotype and to determine the target genes of this underexplored microRNA. Across different global populations and data sets, carriers of the MS risk allele showed reduced CD58 mRNA levels but increased hsa-miR-548ac levels. We provide evidence that the SNP rs1414273 might alter Drosha cleavage activity, thereby provoking partial uncoupling of CD58 gene expression and microRNA-548ac production from the shared primary transcript in immune cells. Moreover, the microRNA was found to regulate genes, which participate in inflammatory processes and in controlling the balance of protein folding and degradation. We thus uncovered new regulatory implications of the MS-associated haplotype of the CD58 gene locus, and we remind that paradoxical findings can be encountered in the analysis of eQTLs upon data aggregation. Our study illustrates that a better understanding of RNA processing events might help to establish the functional nature of genetic variants, which predispose to inflammatory and neurological diseases.
Subject(s)
CD58 Antigens/genetics , MicroRNAs/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , CD58 Antigens/metabolism , Cohort Studies , Computer Simulation , Female , Genetic Association Studies , Genome-Wide Association Study , HeLa Cells , Humans , Introns , Male , MicroRNAs/chemistry , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Middle Aged , Models, Genetic , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism , Nucleic Acid Conformation , Quantitative Trait Loci , RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolismABSTRACT
RNA splicing is a highly regulated process dependent on sequences near splice sites. Insertions of Alu retrotransposons can disrupt splice sites or bind splicing regulators. We hypothesized that some common inherited polymorphic Alu insertions are responsible for splicing QTLs (sQTL). We focused on intronic Alu variants mapping within 100 bp of an alternatively used exon and screened for those that alter splicing. We identify five loci, 21.7% of those assayed, where the polymorphic Alu alters splicing. While in most cases the Alu promotes exon skipping, at one locus the Alu increases exon inclusion. Of particular interest is an Alu polymorphism in the CD58 gene. Reduced CD58 expression is associated with risk for developing multiple sclerosis. We show that the Alu insertion promotes skipping of CD58 exon 3 and results in a frameshifted transcript, indicating that the Alu may be the causative variant for increased MS risk at this locus. Using RT-PCR analysis at the endogenous locus, we confirm that the Alu variant is a sQTL for CD58. In summary, altered splicing efficiency is a common functional consequence of Alu polymorphisms including at least one instance where the variant is implicated in disease risk. This work broadens our understanding of splicing regulatory sequences around exons.
Subject(s)
Alu Elements/genetics , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics , RNA Splicing/genetics , Alternative Splicing/genetics , Exons/genetics , Genetic Variation , Humans , Introns/genetics , RNA Splice Sites/genetics , RNA, Messenger/geneticsABSTRACT
CD58 is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, including B-cells, and provides co-stimulation to regulatory T-cells (Treg) through CD2 receptor binding. Tregs appear to be essential suppressors of tissue-specific autoimmune responses. Thereby, CD58 plays protective role in multiple sclerosis (MS) and CD58 was identified among several loci associated with MS susceptibility. Minor (C) variant of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1335532 is associated with lower MS risk according to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and its presence correlates with higher CD58 mRNA levels in MS patients. We found that genomic region containing rs1335532 has enhancer properties and can significantly boost the CD58 promoter activity in lymphoblast cells. Using bioinformatics and pull-down assay we found that the protective (C) rs1335532 allele created functional binding site for ASCL2 transcription factor, a target of the Wnt signaling pathway. Both in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines and in primary B-cells, as well as in a monocytic cell line, activation of Wnt signaling resulted in an increased CD58 promoter activity in the presence of the protective but not the risk allele of rs1335532, whereas ASCL2 knockdown abrogated this effect. In summary, our results suggest that ASCL2 mediates the protective function of rs1335532 minor (C) allele in MS.
Subject(s)
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Up-Regulation , Alleles , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics , Binding Sites , CD58 Antigens/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Computational Biology/methods , Enhancer Elements, Genetic , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Genetic Association Studies , Humans , Male , Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Wnt Signaling PathwayABSTRACT
CD58 and CD2 have long been known as a pair of reciprocal adhesion molecules involved in the immune modulations of CD8+ T and NK-mediated cellular immunity in humans and several other mammals. However, the functional roles of CD58 and CD2 in CD4+ T-mediated adaptive humoral immunity remain poorly defined. Moreover, the current functional observations of CD58 and CD2 were mainly acquired from in vitro assays, and in vivo investigation is greatly limited due to the absence of a Cd58 homology in murine models. In this study, we identified cd58 and cd2 homologs from the model species zebrafish (Danio rerio). These two molecules share conserved structural features to their mammalian counterparts. Functionally, cd58 and cd2 were significantly upregulated on antigen-presenting cells and Cd4+ T cells upon antigen stimulation. Blockade or knockdown of Cd58 and Cd2 dramatically impaired the activation of antigen-specific Cd4+ T and mIgM+ B cells, followed by the inhibition of antibody production and host defense against bacterial infections. These results indicate that CD58/CD2 interaction was required for the full activation of CD4+ T-mediated adaptive humoral immunity. The interaction of Cd58 with Cd2 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and functional competitive assays by introducing a soluble Cd2 protein. This study highlights a new costimulatory mechanism underlying the regulatory network of adaptive immunity and makes zebrafish an attractive model organism for the investigation of CD58/CD2-mediated immunology and disorders. It also provides a cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of costimulatory signals from fish to mammals as a whole.
Subject(s)
CD2 Antigens/metabolism , CD58 Antigens/metabolism , Immunity, Humoral , Zebrafish/immunology , Zebrafish/metabolism , Adaptive Immunity , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antibody Formation , Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology , Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Base Sequence , CD2 Antigens/chemistry , CD2 Antigens/genetics , CD58 Antigens/chemistry , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Cloning, Molecular , Lymphocyte Activation/genetics , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Models, Molecular , Protein Binding , Protein Transport , RNA Interference , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Structure-Activity Relationship , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism , Zebrafish/geneticsABSTRACT
It is known that multiple genetic variants can affect immune responses to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine. A case-control study was undertaken to examine the possible association of low responsiveness to the HBV vaccine in a Chinese population with genetic polymorphisms in integrin subunit alpha L, CD58, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15, C-C motif chemokine ligand 15, transforming growth factor beta 3, and B-cell lymphoma 6 protein. The copy numbers of these six genes were detected in 129 low responders, 129 middle responders and 129 high responders to HBV vaccination. There were no significant differences in the copy numbers of these six genes between the groups. Thus, these findings indicated that the copy number variations of these genes may not be the reason for the low responsiveness to the HBV vaccine in a Chinese population.
Subject(s)
Asian People/genetics , Genetic Variation , Hepatitis B Vaccines/immunology , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Hepatitis B/genetics , Hepatitis B/immunology , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Chemokines, CC/genetics , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Gene Dosage , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Humans , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics , Male , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6/genetics , Selection, Genetic , Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 15/geneticsABSTRACT
Purpose: The transcription factor brachyury has been shown in preclinical studies to be a driver of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resistance to therapy of human tumor cells. This study describes the characterization of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector-based vaccine expressing the transgenes for brachyury and three human costimulatory molecules (B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3, designated TRICOM) and a phase I study with this vaccine.Experimental Design: Human dendritic cells (DC) were infected with MVA-brachyury-TRICOM to define their ability to activate brachyury-specific T cells. A dose-escalation phase I study (NCT02179515) was conducted in advanced cancer patients (n = 38) to define safety and to identify brachyury-specific T-cell responses.Results: MVA-brachyury-TRICOM-infected human DCs activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells specific against the self-antigen brachyury in vitro No dose-limiting toxicities were observed due to vaccine in cancer patients at any of the three dose levels. One transient grade 3 adverse event (AE) possibly related to vaccine (diarrhea) resolved without intervention and did not recur with subsequent vaccine. All other AEs related to vaccine were transient and ≤grade 2. Brachyury-specific T-cell responses were observed at all dose levels and in most patients.Conclusions: The MVA-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine directed against a transcription factor known to mediate EMT can be administered safely in patients with advanced cancer and can activate brachyury-specific T cells in vitro and in patients. Further studies of this vaccine in combination therapies are warranted and planned. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 6833-45. ©2017 AACR.
Subject(s)
Cancer Vaccines/immunology , Fetal Proteins/immunology , Genetic Vectors , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/therapy , T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology , Vaccinia virus , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , B7-1 Antigen/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Cancer Vaccines/genetics , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Dendritic Cells/metabolism , Fetal Proteins/genetics , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Humans , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics , Lymphocyte Activation/genetics , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/mortality , T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics , T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Transgenes , Treatment Outcome , Vaccinia virus/geneticsABSTRACT
This study aimed to perform a comprehensive assessment of the association between CD58 polymorphisms and the risk of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) in a Han Chinese population. Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 230 NMOSD patients and 487 healthy controls. Five SNPs were significantly associated with an increased risk of NMOSD (rs2300747, rs1335532, rs56302466, rs1016140, and rs12044852). The haplotype TAGCCCAA significantly increased the risk of NMOSD, while TATTACGG reduced the risk. In conclusion, this study identified a new NMOSD susceptibility variant, rs56302466, and suggested that CD58 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of NMOSD in Han Chinese.
Subject(s)
Asian People/genetics , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Genetic Association Studies/methods , Neuromyelitis Optica/epidemiology , Neuromyelitis Optica/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Adult , Female , Genetic Variation/genetics , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuromyelitis Optica/diagnosisABSTRACT
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease that is associated with compromised immunity and drug un-responsiveness as well as with the emergence of drug resistance in Leishmania donovani (Ld). Ld down-modulates cellular immunity by manipulating signaling agents, including a higher expression of the adhesion molecule CD58. The expression of CD58 and CD2 on natural killer (NK) cells facilitates intercellular adhesion and signaling. The influence of drug-resistant Ld on the expression of CD58 and CD2 was addressed in this study. The mean florescence intensity (MFI) of CD58 but not of CD2 was twofold higher on CD56+ cells during VL, but was down-regulated after treatment. In addition, MFI of CD58 on CD56+ cells was further exacerbated in VL subjects who had relapsed after Ambisome or Miltefosine treatment. The same pattern of CD58 expression was also obtained upon stimulation of healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Miltefosine- or Ambisome-resistant Ld. The ratio of CD56+CD58+IFN-γ+/CD56+CD58+IL-10+ cells was reduced by 6.98-fold after stimulation with Ld. Further, an antagonist to CD58 or its counter-receptor CD2 down-regulated CD56+ NK cell recruitment across a polycarbonate trans-membrane at Ld infection sites. This study reports that factors associated with drug resistance in Ld probably promote higher expression of CD58 on CD56+ cells and their migration to the infection site in association with CD2.
Subject(s)
Amphotericin B/pharmacology , CD2 Antigens/genetics , CD58 Antigens/genetics , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Leishmania donovani/drug effects , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Phosphorylcholine/analogs & derivatives , CD2 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors , CD2 Antigens/metabolism , CD56 Antigen/genetics , Drug Resistance , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/parasitology , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Phosphorylcholine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has expedited the discovery of novel genetic lesions in DLBCL. The prognostic significance of these identified gene mutations is largely unknown. In this study, we performed NGS for the 27 genes most frequently implicated in 196 patients. Interestingly, TP53 mutations were found to be significantly more common in DLBCL with MYC translocations (r = 0.446, P = 0.034). While no gene mutation was found to be more prevalent in patients with DLBCL with bone marrow involvement, MYD88 mutations were more common in primary DLBCL of the CNS or testis. To evaluate the prognostic significance of the abnormalities of these 27 genes, a total of 165 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL, NOS were included in a multivariate survival analysis. Surprisingly, in addition to the TP53 mutation, CD58 mutation was found to predict poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, copy number loss of CD58 or TP53 was also identified to be an independent negative prognostic factor. Our results have uncovered the previously unknown critical impact of gene mutations on the prognosis of DLBCL and are fundamentally important for the future design of tailored therapy for improved clinical outcomes.