Functional changes induced by caloric restriction in cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria.

Caloric restriction (CR) is widely known to increase life span and resistance to different types of injuries in several organisms. We have previously shown that mitochondria from livers or brains of CR animals exhibit higher calcium uptake rates and lower sensitivity to calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), an event related to the resilient phenotype exhibited by these organs. Given the importance of calcium in metabolic control and cell homeostasis, we aimed here to uncover possible changes in mitochondrial calcium handling, redox balance and bioenergetics in cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria in response to six months of CR. Unexpectedly, we found that CR does not alter the susceptibility to mPT in muscle (cardiac or skeletal), nor calcium uptake rates. Despite the lack in changes in calcium transport properties, CR consistently decreased respiration in the presence of ATP synthesis in heart and soleus muscle. In heart, such changes were accompanied by a decrease in respiration in the absence of ATP synthesis, lower maximal respiratory rates and a reduced rate of hydrogen peroxide release. Hydrogen peroxide release was unaltered by CR in skeletal muscle. No changes were observed in inner membrane potentials and respiratory control ratios. Together, these results highlight the tissue-specific bioenergetic and ion transport effects induced by CR, demonstrating that resilience against calcium-induced mPT is not present in all tissues.

A circadian rhythm-related MTNR1B genetic variant (rs10830963) modulate body weight change and insulin resistance after 9 months of a high protein/low carbohydrate vs a standard hypocaloric diet.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The risk allele (G) of rs10830963 in the melatonin receptor 1 B (MTNR1B) gene presents an association with biochemical parameters and obesity. We study the effect of this SNP on insulin resistance and weight loss secondary to two hypocaloric diets. METHODS: 270 obese subjects were randomly allocated during 9 months (Diet HP: a high protein/low carbohydrate vs. Diet S: a standard severe hypocaloric diets). Anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile and adipocytokines levels were measured. Genotype of MTNR1B gene polymorphism (rs10830963) was evaluated. RESULTS: All adiposity parameters, systolic blood pressure and leptin levels decreased in all subjects after both diets. This improvement of adiposity parameters was higher in non-G allele carriers than G allele carriers. After weight loss with Diet HP, (CC vs. CG + GG at 9 months); total cholesterol (delta: -9.9 ±â€¯2.4 mg/dl vs. -4.8 ±â€¯2.2 mg/dl:p < 0.05), LDL-cholesterol (delta: -8.3 ±â€¯1.9 mg/dl vs. -5.1 ±â€¯2.2 mg/dl: p < 0.05), insulin (delta: -4.7 ±â€¯0.8 UI/L vs. -0.9 ±â€¯1.0 UI/L: p < 0.05), triglycerides (delta: -17.7 ±â€¯3.9 mg/dl vs. -6.1 ±â€¯2.8 mg/dl: p < 0.05) and HOMA IR (delta: -0.8 ±â€¯0.2 units vs. -0.2 ±â€¯0.1 units: p < 0.05) improved only in no G allele carriers. After weight loss with Diet S in non G allele carriers, insulin levels (delta (CC vs. CG + GG): -3.4 ±â€¯0.6 UI/L vs. -1.2 ±â€¯0.4 UI/L: p < 0.05), triglycerides (delta: -29.2 ±â€¯3.4 mg/dl vs. -8.2 ±â€¯3.8 mg/dl: p < 0.05), HOMA-IR (delta (CC vs. CG + GG): -1.1 ±â€¯0.2 units vs. -0.1 ±â€¯0.1 units: p < 0.05), total cholesterol (delta: -15.9 ±â€¯7.4 mg/dl vs. -5.8 ±â€¯2.9 mg/dl:ns) and LDL-cholesterol (delta: -13.7 ±â€¯5.9 mg/dl vs. -6.0 ±â€¯2.9 mg/dl: ns) decreased, too. CONCLUSIONS: our study detected a relationship of rs10830963 variant of MTNR1B gene with adiposity changes, cholesterol changes and insulin resistance modification induced by two different hypocaloric during 9 months.

The Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Antioxidant Capacity and Arm Volumes in Survivors of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.

Background and Aims: Synbiotics found to be beneficial in breast cancer survivors (BCSs) through its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of synbiotic supplementation on edema volume and some oxidative markers among obese and overweight patients with BCRL.Method: This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 88 overweight and obese BCSs aged 18-65 years. All the subjects were given a specified low-calorie diet (LCD) and were randomly assigned into two groups to intake 109 CFU/day synbiotic supplement (n = 44) or placebo (n = 44) for 10 wk. Edema volume and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration were measured at baseline and after the 10-wk intervention.Results: Ten-wk supplementation with synbiotics leads to a significant reduction in serum MDA levels (P = 0.001) and an increase in serum SOD concentration (P = 0.007) compared to placebo. No significant changes were observed in serum GPx, TAC, and edema volume between groups.Conclusion: Our findings reveal that 10-wk synbiotic supplementation along with a LCD program-reduced serum MDA levels and elevate the activity of SOD in overweight and obese patients with BCRL. However, its effect on serum GPx, TAC, and edema volume was not significant.

Psychometric Testing of the Indonesian Version of Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire Among Patients with Hypertension.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to test the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ-I) among patients with hypertension. METHODS: The cross-sectional study enrolled hypertensive patients from a cardiac outpatient department in Indonesia using convenience sampling. Eligible patients received a demographic questionnaire and DSRQ-I during a one-month period of data collection. Content and construct analysis examined the validity, whereas internal consistency assessment checked reliability. Participation required 10-15 minutes on average. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-five patients participated: mostly females (54.1%) and married (82.9%) with mean age of 58.18 ± 10.44 years. The item of content validity index was .97, and subscale content validity index was .81 for DSRQ-I. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test gave a value of .83, indicating adequate sampling, and the Bartlett's test of sphericity reached significant result (p < .001). The principal component analysis indicated three components, with 64.2% explaining variance, including perceived behavioral control (35.5%), attitude (19.3%), and subjective norm (9.4%). Confirmatory factor analysis produced a parsimonious model on the three-factor outcome by removing a single item. The indices of good fit model was achieved at χ2/df = 2.17, goodness fit index = .85, root mean square error of approximation = .09, standardized root mean square means = .07, and Bentler comparative fit index = .90 (p < .001). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were .85, .87, and .85, respectively. All interitem and item-total correlations indicated adequate outcome and acceptable result. Consequently, 15 items were determined reliable measurement and included in the final version of DSRQ-I. CONCLUSION: The DSRQ-I is a valid and reliable instrument to measure facilitators and barrier of sodium restriction among hypertensive patients in Indonesia.

Standardising haemodialysis care by restricting nutrition during dialysis: introducing a quality improvement initiative for renal outpatients.

A number of relevant issues are considered which show that it is essential to address the issue of in-centre meals during dialysis. This discussion paper critically explores the potential complications posed to patients who consume a large calorific intake during their dialysis treatment. The mission is to appeal to more dialysis units and outpatient departments to gradually implement a 'no food' policy during regular scheduled dialysis treatment sessions. The authors aim to put forward the significances and challenges and offer some possible solutions when introducing a 'no eating policy' like this into dialysis units. Nutritional supplements could, however, be offered on an as required basis.

Sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content per 1,000 kilocalories: temporal trends in fast-food restaurants, United States, 2000-2013.

INTRODUCTION: Intakes of sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat remain high despite recommendations to limit these nutrients for cardiometabolic risk reduction. A major contributor to intake of these nutrients is foods prepared outside the home, particularly from fast-food restaurants. METHODS: We analyzed the nutrient content of frequently ordered items from 3 US national fast-food chains: fried potatoes (large French fries), cheeseburgers (2-oz and 4-oz), and a grilled chicken sandwich. We used an archival website to obtain data on sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content for these items from 2000 through 2013. The amount of each nutrient per 1,000 kcal was calculated to determine whether there were trends in product reformulation. RESULTS: Sodium content per 1,000 kcal differed widely among the 3 chains by food item, precluding generalizations across chains. During the 14-year period, sodium content per 1,000 kcal for large French fries remained high for all 3 chains, although the range narrowed from 316-2,000 mg per 1,000 kcal in 2000 to 700-1,420 mg per 1,000 kcal in 2013. Among the items assessed, cheeseburgers were the main contributor of saturated fat, and there was little change in content per 1,000 kcal for this item during the 14-year period. In contrast, there was a sharp decline in saturated and trans fat content of large French fries per 1,000 kcal. Post-2009, the major contributor of trans fat per 1,000 kcal was cheeseburgers; trans fat content of this item remained stable during the 14-year period. CONCLUSION: With the exception of French fries, little evidence was found during the 14-year period of product reformulation by restaurants to become more consistent with dietary guidance to reduce intakes of sodium and saturated fat.

Temporal trends in fast-food restaurant energy, sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content, United States, 1996-2013.

INTRODUCTION: Excess intakes of energy, sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat are associated with increased risk for cardiometabolic syndrome. Trends in fast-food restaurant portion sizes can inform policy decisions. We examined the variability of popular food items in 3 fast-food restaurants in the United States by portion size during the past 18 years. METHODS: Items from 3 national fast-food chains were selected: French fries, cheeseburgers, grilled chicken sandwich, and regular cola. Data on energy, sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content were collated from 1996 through 2013 using an archival website. Time trends were assessed using simple linear regression models, using energy or a nutrient component as the dependent variable and the year as the independent variable. RESULTS: For most items, energy content per serving differed among chain restaurants for all menu items (P ≤ .04); energy content of 56% of items decreased (ß range, -0.1 to -5.8 kcal) and the content of 44% increased (ß range, 0.6-10.6 kcal). For sodium, the content of 18% of the items significantly decreased (ß range, -4.1 to -24.0 mg) and the content for 33% increased (ß range, 1.9-29.6 mg). Absolute differences were modest. The saturated and trans fat content, post-2009, was modest for French fries. In 2013, the energy content of a large-sized bundled meal (cheeseburger, French fries, and regular cola) represented 65% to 80% of a 2,000-calorie-per-day diet, and sodium content represented 63% to 91% of the 2,300-mg-per-day recommendation and 97% to 139% of the 1,500-mg-per-day recommendation. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that efforts to promote reductions in energy, sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat intakes need to be shifted from emphasizing portion-size labels to additional factors such as total calories, frequency of eating, number of items ordered, menu choices, and energy-containing beverages.

Current strategies of critical care assessment and therapy of the obese patient (hypocaloric feeding): what are we doing and what do we need to do?

Two of the most challenging issues in the clinical management of the obese patient are assessing energy requirements and whether hypocaloric (permissive) underfeeding should be employed. Multiple predictive equations have been used in the literature to estimate resting metabolic rate, although no consensus has emerged regarding which prediction equation is most accurate and precise in the obese population. Hypocaloric, or permissive underfeeding, specifically refers to the intentional administration of calories that are less than predicted energy expenditure. Thus far, very few studies performed have been performed to assess the efficacy of hypocaloric feeding in the obese hospitalized patient. It is concluded that the optimal caloric intake of obese patients in the intensive care unit remains unclear given the limitation of the existing data.

Efficacy of hypocaloric parenteral nutrition for surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypocaloric parenteral nutrition is an underfeeding strategy that lowers energy intake to around 20 kcal/kg/d. It is believed to achieve benefits by modulating metabolic responses and alleviating hyperglycemia. This study aims to systematically review the clinical efficacy of hypocaloric parenteral nutrition on surgical patients. METHODS: Medline, SCI, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedicine Database (CBM) and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI) were searched for studies published before July 1, 2010. Randomized control trials (RCTs) that compared hypocaloric PN with standard or higher energy PN in surgical patients were identified and included. Methodological quality assessment was based on Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook and modified Jadad's Score Scale. Statistical software RevMan 5.0 was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Five trials met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. There were significant reductions in infectious complications (RR, 0.60; 95%CI 0.39-0.91, P = 0.02; I(2) = 38%) and length of hospitalization (LOS) associated with receiving hypocaloric PN (MD-2.49 days, 95%CI -3.88 to -1.11, P = 0.0004; I² = 48%). Stratified analysis of the smaller trials (<60) and larger trials demonstrated that the heterogeneity between trials was mainly associated with sample size. When smaller trials were excluded, hypocaloric PN was associated with reduction in infectious complications (RR, 0.21, 95%CI 0.06-0.72, P = 0.01, I2 = 0%) and shortening of LOS (MD, -2.32 days, 95%CI -3.72 to -0.93, P = 0.001, I² = 0%). CONCLUSION: Hypocaloric parenteral nutrition may reduce infectious complications and the length of hospitalization in post-operative patients. However, this conclusion is tentative due to patient type and sample size. Furthermore, in terms of hypocaloric PN, the actual energy amount still varies a great deal (from 15 kcal/kg/d to 20 kcal/kg/d). This suggests that further research, including larger randomized clinical trials is required.

Restricción dietaria y envejecimiento: ¿una cuestión de calorías? / No disponible

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The effect of a genetic variant for obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on the therapeutic potential of exercise and calorie restrictive diets in Zucker rats.

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes are modern pandemics caused by unique genetic-environmental interactions and distinguished by almost universal treatment failures. Relative influences of genome and lifestyle changes on an adult onset Obesity-Type 2 diabetes phenotype were explored. Zucker rats, a recessive model of genetic obesity-Type 2 Diabetes (117 fa/fa and 98 Fa/fa) were used. Dietary induced obesity (DIO) was imposed via a high fat diet on one-half; and one-half were forced to swim daily (EX). After 6 weeks, 78 animals were placed on a calorie (Kcal) restrictive diet for 6 more weeks. Genotype accounted for > 20% additional insulin resistance and obesity and modulated the effects of DIO and EX in adult animals exhibiting obesity-Type 2 diabetes. Only DIO gains were responsive to Kcal restriction. EX effects on insulin resistance were mediated by both Kcal restriction and genotype. Kcal restriction directly reduced hyperglycemia. Genetic variation was the major determinant of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Zucker rats. Genetically induced obesity and insulin sensitivity were resistant to EX and Kcal restriction; DIO and hyperglycemia were responsive to both. Successful treatment of Type 2 Diabetes requires understanding of how genotype may continue to modify adult responses to lifestyle change.