ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In today's world, appearance is an important factor in almost all areas of our lives. Therefore, it has become common to use dyes to color foods to make them look appetizing and visually appealing. However, food additives have negative effects on biochemical processes in cells at both high and low doses. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study investigated the effect of carmoisine, a commonly used food coloring, on oxidative stress and damage parameters in Drosophila melanogaster in terms of both enzymatic and gene expression. The change in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a marker of oxidative stress, was also examined. When the data obtained were analyzed, it was observed that carmoisine caused a significant decrease in GSH levels depending on the increase in dose. SOD, CAT, GPx, and AChE enzyme activities and gene expression levels were also found to be significantly decreased. All groups also showed a significant decrease in mtDNA-CN. The effect of carmoisine on Drosophila melanogaster morphology was also investigated in our study. However, no significant change was observed in terms of morphological development in any group. CONCLUSIONS: When all the findings were evaluated together, it was observed that carmoisin triggered oxidative stress and these effects became more risky at high doses. Therefore, we believe that the consumer should be made more aware of the side effects of azo dyes in food and that the type and concentration of each substance added to food should be specified.
Subject(s)
DNA, Mitochondrial , Drosophila melanogaster , Mitochondria , Oxidative Stress , Animals , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Drosophila melanogaster/drug effects , Drosophila melanogaster/genetics , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/metabolism , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , DNA, Mitochondrial/drug effects , DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism , Carmine/metabolism , Carmine/adverse effects , Glutathione/metabolism , DNA Damage/drug effects , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/genetics , Food Coloring Agents/adverse effects , Food Coloring Agents/toxicity , Catalase/metabolism , Catalase/geneticsABSTRACT
Endoscopic transforaminal discectomy is a minimally invasive technique used for the surgical treatment of herniated discs. Indigocarmine is a dye which is widely used to identify the ureteral orifice in urologic procedures. Hemodynamic effects such as hypotension and anaphylaxis in addition to hypertension, bradycardia and atrioventricular block have been reported in intravenous application of indigocarmine. The aim of this case report is to prepare anesthesiologists for such cases and make them consider invasive blood pressure monitorization. Both patients had radicular pain radiating to the leg and scheduled to undergo transforaminal endoscopic discectomy. Intraoperative vital signs were within normal limits, however severe hypertension and tachyarrhythmia developed following the injection. Hemodynamics in both patients returned to normal following lidocaine and nitroglycerine injection
La discectomía endoscópica transforaminal es una técnica mínimamente invasiva utilizada para el tratamiento quirúrgico de discos herniados. Indigocarmine es un tinte que se usa ampliamente para identificar el orificio ureteral en procedimientos urológicos. Se han informado efectos hemodinámicos como hipotensión y anafilaxia además de hipertensión, bradicardia y bloqueo auriculoventricular en la aplicación intravenosa de indigocarmina. El objetivo de este informe de caso es preparar a los anestesiólogos para tales casos y hacer que consideren la monitorización invasiva de la presión sanguínea. Ambos pacientes tenían dolor radicular que irradiaba a la pierna y se programaron para recibir una discectomía endoscópica transforaminal. Los signos vitales intraoperatorios se encontraron dentro de los límites normales, sin embargo, la hipertensión severa y la taquiarritmia se desarrollaron después de la inyección. La hemodinámica en ambos pacientes volvió a la normalidad después de la inyección de lidocaína y nitroglicerina
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Diskectomy/adverse effects , Hypertension/complications , Tachycardia/complications , Carmine/adverse effects , Hemodynamics , Lidocaine/therapeutic use , Nitroglycerin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
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