Development of an In Vitro Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Model for Functional Evaluation of Magnetic Microactuators Against Shunt Obstructions.

OBJECTIVE: Occlusion of ventriculoperitoneal shunts placed after intraventricular hemorrhage occurs frequently. The objective of this study was to develop a hemorrhagic hydrocephalus model to assess the ability of an oscillating microactuator within the ventricular catheter (VC) to prevent shunt obstruction. METHODS: An in vitro hydrocephalus model with extreme risk of shunt obstruction was created. Phosphate-buffered saline, blood, and thrombin were driven through ventriculoperitoneal shunts for 8 hours. Five VCs were fitted with a microactuator and compared with 5 control VCs. The microactuator was actuated by an external magnetic field for 30 minutes. Pressure within the imitation lateral ventricle was measured. RESULTS: In the 5 control shunts, 6 obstructions developed (3 VC, 3 valve-distal catheter) compared with 1 obstruction (VC) in the 5 microactuator shunts. In the control and microactuator groups, the median volume exiting the shunts in 8 hours was 30 mL versus 256 mL. Median time to reach an intraventricular pressure of 40 mm Hg (13.8 minutes vs. >8 hours), median total time >40 mm Hg (6.2 hours vs. 0.0 hours), and median maximum pressure (192 mm Hg vs. 36 mm Hg) were significantly improved in the microactuator group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to protecting the VC, the microactuator appeared to prevent hematoma obstructing the valve or distal catheter, resulting in a much longer duration of low intraventricular pressures. A microactuator activated by placing the patient's head in an external magnetic field could reduce shunt obstructions in hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.

A multicenter retrospective study of heterogeneous tissue aggregates obstructing ventricular catheters explanted from patients with hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND: Implantation of ventricular catheters (VCs) to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a standard approach to treat hydrocephalus. VCs fail frequently due to tissue obstructing the lumen via the drainage holes. Mechanisms driving obstruction are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the histological features of VC obstructions and identify links to clinical factors. METHODS: 343 VCs with relevant clinical data were collected from five centers. Each hole on the VCs was classified by degree of tissue obstruction after macroscopic analysis. A subgroup of 54 samples was analyzed using immunofluorescent labelling, histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: 61.5% of the 343 VCs analyzed had tissue aggregates occluding at least one hole (n = 211) however the vast majority of the holes (70%) showed no tissue aggregates. Mean age at which patients with occluded VCs had their first surgeries (3.25 yrs) was lower than in patients with non-occluded VCs (5.29 yrs, p < 0.02). Mean length of time of implantation of occluded VCs, 33.22 months was greater than for non-occluded VCs, 23.8 months (p = 0.02). Patients with myelomeningocele had a greater probability of having an occluded VC (p = 0.0426). VCs with occlusions had greater numbers of macrophages and astrocytes in comparison to non-occluded VCs (p < 0.01). Microglia comprised only 2-6% of the VC-obstructing tissue aggregates. Histologic analysis showed choroid plexus occlusion in 24%, vascularized glial tissue occlusion in 24%, prevalent lymphocytic inflammation in 29%, and foreign body giant cell reactions in 5% and no ependyma. CONCLUSION: Our data show that age of the first surgery and length of time a VC is implanted are factors that influence the degree of VC obstruction. The tissue aggregates obstructing VCs are composed predominantly of astrocytes and macrophages; microglia have a relatively small presence.

Repair of central venous access devices in intestinal failure patients is safe and cost-effective: A retrospective single centre cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic intestinal failure (IF) require home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Central venous access is needed for prolonged use of PN, usually via a long term central venous access device (CVAD). Post insertion there may be mechanical complications with a CVAD such as catheter rupture or tear. Repair of damaged CVADs is possible to avoid risks associated with catheter replacement in patients with IF. However, catheter related blood stream infections (CRBSI) are a concern when CVAD's are accessed or manipulated. AIMS: To investigate the success of repair of CVADs in patients with IF on HPN, related to repair longevity and incidence of CRBSI following repair. METHOD: Nutrition team records of CVAD repairs carried out in patients with IF were reviewed retrospectively for the period April 2015 to March 2019. RESULTS: Nutrition Clinical Nurse Specialists carried out 38 repairs in 27 patients. Male n = 5, female n = 22; mean age 55 years. Catheter longevity before first repair (n = 27): median 851 days, IQR 137-1484 days. 30/38 (78.9%) of repairs were successful lasting ≥30days. Hospital admission was avoided in 76% of cases. 4 patients in the failed repair group underwent catheter re-insertion where 4 had a further, subsequently successful, repair, an overall success rate of 89.4% (34/38). 30-day CRBSI rate was 0.09/1000 catheter days in repaired catheters. In comparing costs, there is a potential cost saving of 2766GBP for repair compared to replacement of damaged CVADs. CONCLUSION: Repair of tunnelled CVADs in patients with IF is successful and safe with no increased risk of CRBSI. Significant cost savings may be made.

Short Versus Long Timing of Flushing of Totally Implantable Venous Access Devices When Not Used Routinely: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Flushing and locking of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) is recommended to maintain their patency when not in use. Although manufacturers' recommendations indicate monthly access for TIVAD maintenance, there is a tendency in real life to prolong this interval. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of prolonged versus short flushing and locking intervals to prevent TIVAD occlusions in adults with cancer. METHODS: A systematic search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Two reviewers independently selected studies, assessed quality, and extracted data. Study findings were summarized, and a meta-analysis conducted. RESULTS: Six articles were included in the review, with a total of 1255 participants. Differences in types of cancers, flushing and locking techniques, and volume and concentration of heparin were described. Pooled results from 4 studies showed fewer catheter occlusions in favor of prolonged flushing and locking intervals (relative risk, 0.81), even if not statistically significant (95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.61) with no heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 0.00%, P = .69). The quality of evidence was very low. CONCLUSIONS: Very low-quality evidence suggests that prolonged schedule flushing and locking intervals has no effect on catheter patency. However, because of low number and poor quality of evidence derived from the studies analyzed, findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: No statistically significant difference in occlusion rate between short and long timing of flushing was found. However, further studies are necessary to strengthen the safe implementation of longer intervals in clinical practice.

Flushing na manutenção de cateteres intravenosos: um estudo observacional da prática de enfermagem na terapia intensiva / Flushing in the maintenance of intravenous catheters: an observational study of nursing practice in intensive care

A manutenção da permeabilidade do cateter intravenoso usado em pacientes hospitalizados é essencial para prevenir danos e garantir a segurança da terapia intravenosa. Dentre os cuidados de enfermagem preconizados para essa manutenção está o flushing, que é a aplicação de solução salina no lúmen do cateter com o objetivo de limpeza. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivos: Caracterizar a prática da equipe de enfermagem na realização do flushing para a manutenção de cateteres intravenosos utilizados por pacientes hospitalizados em cenários de cuidados intensivos; Avaliar a associação de características profissionais da equipe de enfermagem com a prática do flushing na manutenção de cateteres intravenosos em pacientes hospitalizados em cenários de cuidados intensivos; Analisar a prática do flushing em relação às melhores evidências para a manutenção dos cateteres intravenosos, na perspectiva da segurança do paciente; Elaborar, à luz dessa análise, uma tecnologia de cuidado voltada a promover as boas práticas de enfermagem na realização do flushing para a manutenção dos cateteres intravenosos. Estudo observacional, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em quatro cenários de cuidados intensivos de um hospital universitário do município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram 108 profissionais de enfermagem que realizavam a manutenção dos dispositivos intravenosos e estavam envolvidos na prática do flushing. Os dados foram coletados através de observação por meio checklist e aplicação de questionário estruturado, no período de novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. A análise ocorreu por meio de estatística descritiva, analítica e inferencial. Foram realizadas 404 observações da prática do flushing, das quais em 23% não houve a realização do flushing e, em 77%, a prática do flushing foi realizada em algum momento da manipulação do dispositivo intravenoso. Das observações em que houve algum momento de flushing, em 52% os profissionais utilizaram frasco de grande volume no preparo; 97% utilizaram solução fisiológica; 70% aplicaram a técnica de pressão contínua no êmbolo da seringa; 64,5% não avaliaram previamente a permeabilidade. Houve predomínio da prática do flushing após a administração de medicamentos, com emprego do volume e seringa de 10 ml. Possuir formação específica ligada a acesso venoso, conhecimento de guidelines e tempo de exercício profissional inferior a cinco anos foram variáveis que aumentaram as chances de realização do flushing na prática. Quanto aos dados do questionário: 88% dos participantes responderam que efetuam o procedimento do flushing na sua prática; 93% descreveram o soro fisiológico como a solução de escolha; 49,5% relataram realizar o flushing com a pressão contínua no êmbolo da seringa, enquanto 35% aplicam a técnica push pause. No que tange à frequência, apenas 22% referiram que realizam o flushing antes, entre e após a administração de um medicamento. Entretanto, quando essa frequência foi graduada numa escala, nos dados do cateter venoso central, principal dispositivo manipulado na prática, 64% referiram que realizam muitas vezes/sempre o flushing antes da administração do medicamento, 68% realizam muitas vezes/sempre entre a administração dos medicamentos e 79% realizam muitas vezes/sempre após a administração. Concluiu-se que existiram fragilidades na prática do flushing em relação às recomendações de boas práticas que se configuram erros de medicação. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de investimentos em melhorias nos cenários estudados em vista das boas práticas na terapia intravenosa. Em face disso, elaborou-se uma tecnologia na forma de guia de cuidado para a prática do flushing, a ser implementada na instituição como uma barreira à recorrência dos erros.

Maintaining the patency of the intravenous catheter used in hospitalized patients is essential to prevent damage and ensure the safety of intravenous therapy. Among the nursing care recommended for this maintenance is flushing, which is the application of saline solution in the lumen of the catheter with the objective of cleaning. This research aimed to: Characterize the practice of the nursing team in performing flushing for the maintenance of intravenous catheters used by hospitalized patients in intensive care settings; To evaluate the association of professional characteristics of the nursing team with the practice of flushing in the maintenance of intravenous catheters in hospitalized patients in intensive care settings; To analyze the practice of flushing in relation to the best evidence for the maintenance of intravenous catheters, from the perspective of patient safety; To develop, in the light of this analysis, a care technology aimed at promoting good nursing practices in performing flushing for the maintenance of intravenous catheters. Observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out in four intensive care settings at a university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Participants were 108 nursing professionals who performed the maintenance of intravenous devices and were involved in the practice of flushing. Data were collected through observation using a checklist and application of a structured questionnaire, from November 2019 to January 2020. The analysis was carried out using descriptive, analytical and inferential statistics. A total of 404 observations of flushing were performed, of which 23% did not perform flushing and, in 77%, flushing was performed at some point during the handling of the intravenous device. Of the observations in which there was some moment of flushing, in 52% the professionals used a large volume bottle in the preparation; 97% used saline solution; 70% applied the technique of continuous pressure on the plunger of the syringe; 64.5% had not previously evaluated permeability. There was a predominance of flushing after drug administration, using the volume and 10 ml syringe. Having specific training related to venous access, knowledge of guidelines and time of professional practice of less than five years were variables that increased the chances of performing flushing in practice. As for the data from the questionnaire: 88% of the participants answered that they perform the flushing procedure in their practice; 93% described saline as the solution of choice; 49.5% reported flushing with continuous pressure on the syringe plunger, while 35% applied the push pause technique. Regarding the frequency, only 22% reported that they perform flushing before, between and after the administration of a medication. However, when this frequency was graded on a scale, in the data of the central venous catheter, the main device manipulated in practice, 64% reported that they often/always perform flushing before drug administration, 68% perform it often/always between administration of medications and 79% perform it often/always after administration. It was concluded that there were weaknesses in the practice of flushing in relation to the recommendations of good practices that configure medication errors. These results indicate the need for investments in improvements in the scenarios studied in view of good practices in intravenous therapy. In view of this, a technology was developed in the form of a care guide for the practice of flushing, to be implemented in the institution as a barrier to the recurrence of errors.

Mantener la permeabilidad del catéter intravenoso utilizado en pacientes hospitalizados es esencial para prevenir daños y garantizar la seguridad de la terapia intravenosa. Entre los cuidados de enfermería recomendados para ese mantenimiento está el flushing, que es la aplicación de solución salina en la luz del catéter con el objetivo de limpiarlo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo: Caracterizar la práctica del equipo de enfermería en la realización de lavados para el mantenimiento de los catéteres intravenosos utilizados por pacientes hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos; Evaluar la asociación de las características profesionales del equipo de enfermería con la práctica de lavado en el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos en pacientes hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos; Analizar la práctica del flushing en relación a la mejor evidencia para el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos, desde la perspectiva de la seguridad del paciente; Desarrollar, a la luz de este análisis, una tecnología asistencial dirigida a promover buenas prácticas de enfermería en la realización de lavados para el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos. Estudio observacional, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en cuatro unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. Participaron 108 profesionales de enfermería que realizaban el mantenimiento de los dispositivos intravenosos y participaban en la práctica del flushing. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la observación mediante una lista de cotejo y aplicación de un cuestionario estructurado, de noviembre de 2019 a enero de 2020. El análisis se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva, analítica e inferencial. Se realizaron un total de 404 observaciones de lavado, de las cuales el 23% no realizó lavado y en el 77% se realizó lavado en algún momento durante la manipulación del dispositivo intravenoso. De las observaciones en las que hubo algún momento de rubor, en 52% los profesionales utilizaron un biberón de gran volumen en la preparación; 97% utilizó solución salina; el 70% aplicó la técnica de presión continua sobre el émbolo de la jeringa; El 64,5% no había evaluado previamente la permeabilidad. Predominó el rubor tras la administración del fármaco, utilizando el volumen y jeringa de 10 ml. Tener formación específica relacionada con el acceso venoso, el conocimiento de las guías y un tiempo de ejercicio profesional inferior a cinco años fueron variables que aumentaron las posibilidades de realizar lavados en la práctica. En cuanto a los datos del cuestionario: el 88% de los participantes respondieron que realizan el procedimiento de lavado en su práctica; el 93% describió la solución salina como la solución de elección; El 49,5% refirió enjuagar con presión continua sobre el émbolo de la jeringa, mientras que el 35% aplicó la técnica de empujar pausa. En cuanto a la frecuencia, solo el 22% informó que realiza lavados antes, entre y después de la administración de un medicamento. Sin embargo, cuando se graduó esta frecuencia en una escala, en los datos del catéter venoso central, el principal dispositivo manipulado en la práctica, el 64% informó que a menudo/siempre realiza lavado antes de la administración del medicamento, el 68% lo realiza a menudo/siempre entre administración de medicamentos y el 79% lo realiza seguido/siempre después de la administración. Se concluyó que existieron debilidades en la práctica del flushing en relación a las recomendaciones de buenas prácticas que configuran errores de medicación. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de inversiones en mejoras en los escenarios estudiados en vista de las buenas prácticas en terapia intravenosa. Ante esto, se desarrolló una tecnología en forma de guía de cuidados para la práctica del rubor, para ser implementada en la institución como barrera a la reincidencia de errores.

Use of Tissue Plasminogen Activator as a Surrogate Measure for Central Venous Catheter Dysfunction and Survival Outcome in Children with Cancer: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.

Central venous catheter (CVC) dysfunction is often associated with thrombosis, which in turn has been linked with poorer survival outcomes in cancer patients. Our objective was to examine the association of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration as a surrogate measure of CVC dysfunction with survival in pediatric cancer patients. The present study uses data from a population-based retrospective cohort of pediatric oncology patients from the Canadian Maritime provinces treated between 2000 and 2017 at the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS. Demographics, diagnosis, date of death or date of last visit, and tPA use for CVC dysfunction were obtained from clinical databases and the provincial Cancer in Young People in Canada registry. The association between tPA administration and survival was examined using a Cox regression model adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, cancer type, thrombosis, CVC duration, diagnosis era, and treatment modalities. Out of 821 patients, 206 received one or more doses of tPA during upfront therapy. The death rate was 21% and 15% respectively in patients who did and did not receive tPA. In the adjusted regression model, after receiving one or more doses of tPA, children had significantly poorer survival as compared to those that did not receive tPA (HR: 1.496, 95% CI: 1.019, 2.197). CVC dysfunction may be associated with a poorer prognosis in pediatric cancer patients. Future studies should corroborate these findings in other populations, examine the influence of other potential confounders, and determine the role of CVC dysfunction in prognostic models of cancer survival.

Eventos adversos associados ao uso de cateteres venosos periféricos: estudo longitudinal prospectivo / Adverse events associated with the use of catheters peripheral venous: prospective longitudinal study

Introdução: A temática do estudo é segurança na terapia infusional, tendo como foco os eventos adversos locais associados ao manejo de cateteres venosos periféricos pela equipe de enfermagem. A equipe de enfermagem é uma das principais responsáveis pela prática da terapia infusional, compreendendo os cuidados pertinentes à prática de inserção e manutenção dos cateteres venosos periféricos, tendo também papel diferenciador no processo de prevenção e mitigação da ocorrência de incidentes e erros provenientes dessa assistência. Problema do estudo: existe relação entre a ocorrência de eventos adversos locais e o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos? Objetivo geral: Analisar a ocorrência de eventos adversos e a associação com o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos conforme recomenda às melhores evidências científicas; Objetivos específicos: descrever o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos em uma unidade de internação cirúrgica; identificar a ocorrência de eventos adversos associados ao uso dos cateteres venosos periféricos; e verificar a associação entre a ocorrência de eventos adversos com o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, quantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo e analítico. Local da pesquisa foi um Hospital Universitário Federal localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. A população foram os pacientes internados em uma unidade de internação cirúrgica em uso de cateter venoso periférico, selecionados a partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. Instrumento de coleta de dados foi um formulário do tipo Checklist como roteiro de observação sistematizada e estruturada, com variáveis que contemplam o manejo do cateter venoso periférico, conforme orienta as melhores evidências científicas. Foram observados diariamente o manejo de 114 cateteres inseridos em 58 pacientes. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, com a utilização do software Statistical Package for the Social Science®, e discutidos com base nas melhores evidências científicas. Os resultados evidenciados mostraram que a incidência acumulada global de evento adverso foi de 61,4%. Ocorrem no período médio de 15,4 até 70,6 horas após a inserção do cateter. A média global do tempo de sobrevivência do CVP até a ocorrência dos EA, estimadas pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, foi de 64,1 horas, ou seja, estima-se que o paciente permaneça esse tempo em média, sem apresentar qualquer EA. O principal motivo para a remoção dos cateteres foi eletivo (27,2%), seguido de eventos adversos. Obstrução do cateter e flebite são os eventos adversos mais incidentes, sendo a incidência acumulada global de obstrução do cateter de 26,3%; a de flebite, de 26,3%; e infiltração foi verificada em 16,7%. Dentre os fatores de risco identificados neste estudo que predizem o desfecho dos EA locais, destacaram-se flebite associada com o ato de tocar o local da punção após realizar a antissepsia (p-valor=0,009 do teste χ2; OR 3,5 IC 1,3- 9,1); não aspirar o cateter (p-valor=0,004 do teste χ2; OR 7,0 IC 1,6-31,5); não utilizar máscara na manutenção (p-valor=0,003 do teste χ2), dentre as manutenções que tiveram o uso de máscara em todas as manutenções a incidência de flebite foi 0,0%; e não realizar pressão positiva na lavagem do cateter (p-valor=0,002 do teste χ2; OR 4,2 IC 1,6-10,8). Obstrução se mostrou mais incidente em cateteres inseridos em veias no dorso da mão, com 35,3% dos CVP. A infiltração tem mais chances de ocorrer quando administrado o antimicrobiano Cefazolina (p-valor=0,029 do teste exato de Fisher; OR 4,4 IC 1,2-15,9) e quando o flushing foi forçado (quando havia resistência na permeabilidade do CVP) (p-valor<0,001 do teste χ2; OR 7,4 IC 2,4-22,5). Conclui-se que a prática assistencial dos profissionais de enfermagem no manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos está fortemente associada com a ocorrência de eventos adversos, que são considerados fatores modificáveis e preveníveis com boas práticas de manejo.

Introduction: The theme of the study is safety in infusional therapy, focusing on local adverse events associated with the practice of handling peripheral venous catheters by the nursing team. The nursing team is one of the main responsible for the practice of infusional therapy, comprising the care pertinent to the practice of insertion and maintenance of peripheral venous catheters, also having a differentiating role in the process of preventing and mitigating the occurrence of incidents and errors arising from this assistance. Study problem: Is there an association between the occurrence of local adverse events and the handling of peripheral venous catheters? General objective: To analyze the occurrence of adverse events and the association with the management of peripheral venous catheters as recommended by the best scientific evidence; Specific objectives: to describe the handling of peripheral venous catheters in a surgical hospitalization unit; to identify the occurrence of adverse events associated with the use of peripheral venous catheters; and to verify the association between the occurrence of adverse events and the practice of handling peripheral venous catheters. Method: Observational, quantitative, longitudinal, prospective, and analytical study. The research site was a Federal University Hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The population consisted of patients admitted to a surgical inpatient unit using a peripheral venous catheter, selected from the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection instrument was a Checklist type form as a systematic and structured observation script, with variables that contemplate the practice of handling the peripheral venous catheter, as guided by the best scientific evidence. The handling of 114 catheters inserted in 58 patients was observed daily. The handling of 114 catheters inserted in 58 patients was observed daily. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through the Statistical Package for the Social Science® software and discussed based on the best scientific evidence. The evidenced results showed that the general accumulated incidence of adverse event was 61.4%. They occur in the average period of 15.4 to 70.6 hours after insertion of the catheter. The global average of the PVC survival time until the occurrence of the AE, estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, was 64.1 hours. Then, it is estimated that the patient remains for this time without presenting any AE. The main reason for removing the catheters was elective (27.2%), followed by adverse events. Catheter obstruction and phlebitis are the most incident adverse events, with the general cumulative incidence of catheter obstruction being 26.3%; of phlebitis, it was 26.3%; and the infiltration was observed in 16.7%. Among the risk factors identified in this study that predict the outcome of local AE, the following stand out: phlebitis associated with the act of touching the puncture site after performing antisepsis (p-value = 0.009 of the test χ2; OR 3.5 IC 1 , 3- 9,1); not performing catheter aspiration (p-value = 0.004 of the test χ2; OR 7.0 CI 1.6-31.5); not using a mask for maintenance (p-value = 0.003 of the test χ2), among the maintenance that had the use of a mask in all of them, the incidence of phlebitis was 0.0%; and when the positive pressure technique is not performed when washing the catheter (p-value = 0.002 of the test χ2; OR 4.2 CI 1.6-10.8). The obstruction was more prevalent in catheters inserted in veins on the back of the hand, with 35.3% of PVC. Infiltration is more likely to occur when the antimicrobial Cefazolin is administered (p-value = 0.029 of Fisher's exact test; OR 4.4 IC 1.2-15.9) and when flushing was forced (when there was resistance in the permeability of the PVC) (p-value <0.001 of the χ2 test; OR 7.4 CI 2.4-22.5). We conclude that the care practice of nursing professionals in the handling of peripheral venous catheters is strongly associated with the occurrence of adverse events, which are considered modifiable and preventable factors through good handling practices.

Introducción: El tema del estudio es la seguridad en la terapia de infusión, enfocándose en los eventos adversos locales asociados al manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos por parte del equipo de enfermería. El equipo de enfermería es uno de los principales responsables de la práctica de la terapia infusional, comprendiendo los cuidados pertinentes a la práctica de inserción y mantenimiento de catéteres venosos periféricos, teniendo además un papel diferenciador en el proceso de prevención y mitigación de la ocurrencia de incidencias y errores derivados de esta asistencia. Problema de estudio: ¿existe relación entre la aparición de eventos adversos locales y el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos? Objetivo general: Analizar la ocurrencia de eventos adversos y la asociación con el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos según lo recomendado por la mejor evidencia científica; Objetivos específicos: describir el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos en una unidad de hospitalización quirúrgica; identificar la ocurrencia de eventos adversos asociados con el uso de catéteres venosos periféricos; y verificar la asociación entre la ocurrencia de eventos adversos y el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos. Metodología: Estudio observacional, cuantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo y analítico. El sitio de investigación fue un Hospital Universitario Federal ubicado en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. La población estuvo constituida por pacientes ingresados en una unidad de internación quirúrgica mediante catéter venoso periférico, seleccionados a partir de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue un formulario tipo Lista de verificación como un guión de observación sistemático y estructurado, con variables que contemplan el manejo del catéter venoso periférico, guiado por la mejor evidencia científica. Se observó diariamente el manejo de 114 catéteres insertados en 58 pacientes. Los datos fueron analizados usando estadística descriptiva e inferencial, usando el software Statistical Package for the Social Science®, y discutidos con base en la mejor evidencia científica. Los resultados evidenciados mostraron que la incidencia global acumulada de eventos adversos fue del 61,4%. Ocurren en el período promedio de 15,4 a 70,6 horas después de la inserción del catéter. La media global del tiempo de supervivencia de la PVC hasta la ocurrencia del EA, estimado por el método de Kaplan-Meier, fue de 64,1 horas, es decir, se estima que el paciente permanece en promedio, sin presentar ningún EA. La principal razón para retirar los catéteres fue electiva (27,2%), seguida de los eventos adversos. La obstrucción del catéter y la flebitis son los eventos adversos más incidentes, con una incidencia acumulada global de obstrucción del catéter del 26,3%; el de flebitis, 26,3%; y se observó infiltración en el 16,7%. Entre los factores de riesgo identificados en este estudio que predicen el resultado de EA local, la flebitis asociada al acto de tocar el sitio de punción después de realizar la antisepsia (valor de p = 0,009 de la prueba de χ²; OR 3,5 IC 1 , 3-9,1); no aspirar el catéter (valor p = 0,004 de la prueba de χ²; OR 7,0 IC 1,6-31,5); no usar mascarilla para mantenimiento (valor p = 0,003 de la prueba de χ²), entre los mantenimientos que tuvieron el uso de mascarilla en todo mantenimiento, la incidencia de flebitis fue de 0,0%; y no realizar presión positiva al lavar el catéter (valor p = 0,002 de la prueba de χ²; OR 4,2 IC 1,6-10,8). La obstrucción fue más prevalente en los catéteres insertados en las venas del dorso de la mano, con un 35,3% de PVC. Es más probable que se produzca infiltración cuando se administra el antimicrobiano cefazolina (valor de p = 0,029 de la prueba exacta de Fisher; OR 4,4 IC 1,2-15,9) y cuando el enjuague fue forzado (cuando hubo resistencia en la permeabilidad del CVP) (valor de p <0,001 de la prueba de χ²; OR 7,4 IC 2,4-22,5). Se concluye que la práctica asistencial de los profesionales de enfermería en el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos está fuertemente asociada a la ocurrencia de eventos adversos, los cuales son considerados factores modificables y prevenibles con buenas prácticas de manejo.

Disfunción del catéter de diálisis peritoneal por atrapamiento de la trompa de Falopio / Disfunction of peritoneal dialysis catheter caused by Fallopian tube entrapment

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Percutaneous retrieval of umbilical vein catheter fragment in an infant two months after embolization.

Akin A, Bilici M, Demir F, Yilmazer MM, Ipek MS, Kara H. Percutaneous retrieval of umbilical vein catheter fragment in an infant two months after embolization. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 191-193. Umbilical vein catheterization is frequently preferred and a safe route of venous access especially in newborns. However, some cases with breaking and embolization of those catheters have been rarely reported. Herein we present a two-and-a-half-month-old infant being catheterized within first postnatal week and diagnosed to have embolization of the catheter fragment to conjunction of hepatic vein and right atrium. Percutaneous withdrawal of broken catheter was achieved despite several months after the embolization took place. We suggest that transcatheter removal of catheter fragment embolizations may be safe even in late diagnosis cases.

Transcatheter Examination of the Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter with the SpyGlass Direct Visualization System: A New Aid in Diagnosis and Salvation of Ultrafiltration Failure from Partial Catheter Obstruction.

Mechanical complications in peritoneal dialysis (PD), including intraluminal clogging of the PD catheter by fibrin, omentum, or blood clot, are major causes of outflow problems and, in rare cases, lead to technical failure. To visualize an intraluminal image of patients undergoing PD with ineffective ultrafiltration (UF), a SpyGlass fiber optic probe was inserted into the catheter, together with SpyBite biopsy forceps, should the removal of clogging materials be needed. Applying these transcatheter devices in 2 PD patients with unexplained UF failure led to the demonstration of omental plugging at the catheter tip in the first patient and demonstration of intraluminal blood clots in the second patient from whom clots were removal successfully. Both patients achieved better UF volume thereafter without procedure-related complications.

Home Parenteral Nutrition: Vascular Access and Related Complications.

Patients with chronic intestinal failure are dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) to maintain health and preserve life. Maintaining safe vascular access is vital to prevent life-threatening complications such as catheter-related bloodstream infection or central venous occlusion. Dedicated central venous catheters with rigorous catheter care aseptic protocols are vital in obtaining good long-term outcomes that allow continuation of PN over many years. Good catheter care requires an experienced multidisciplinary team using appropriate vascular devices, trained to identify and aggressively treat catheter-related bloodstream infections, catheter occlusions, and catheter-related thrombosis. Consideration must also be given to evolving strategies to prevent recurrent infections, including prophylactic central venous catheter locks.

Catheter traction and gastric outlet obstruction: a repeated complication of using a Foley catheter for gastrostomy tube replacement / Migración del catéter y obstrucción de la salida gástrica: una complicación repetida del uso de catéteres de tipo Foley para substitución de la sonda de gastrostomía

Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe procedure and major morbidity is unusual. However, the number of PEG fed patients is increasing all over the world and complications may become more and more frequent. Case report: We describe a 73 years old woman with persistent vomit after replacement of the standard PEG tube with a Foley catheter. An upper GI endoscopy showed the catheter pulled into the duodenum causing gastric outlet obstruction. It was removed and replaced by a suitable standard PEG tube, allowing PEG feeding to be resumed. Discussion: Previous reports pointed the risk of this complication, almost always associated with insertion of a Foley-type catheter. Replacement of PEG tubes should be performed by experienced teams using standard PEG tubes and the use of Foley-type catheters for this purpose should be banned from routine practice (AU)

Introducción: la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) es un procedimiento seguro con una morbilidad poco común. Sin embargo, el número de pacientes alimentados por PEG está aumentando en todo el mundo y las complicaciones pueden llegar a ser cada vez más frecuentes. Caso clínico: se describe el caso de una mujer de 73 años que se presentó con vómitos persistentes después de la sustitución de la sonda PEG estándar por una sonda de tipo Foley. La endoscopia digestiva mostró el catéter situado en el duodeno causando obstrucción de la salida gástrica. La sonda Foley fue retirada y sustituida por una sonda PEG estándar adecuada, lo que permitió el reinicio de la alimentación por PEG. Discusión: descripciones anteriores en la literatura señalaron el riesgo de esta complicación, casi siempre asociada a la inserción de un catéter de tipo Foley. La sustitución de sondas PEG debe ser realizada por equipos experimentados; el uso de catéteres de tipo Foley para este fin debe ser evitado en la práctica clínica habitual (AU)

Normal saline versus heparin for patency of central venous catheters in adult patients - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Heparin saline (HS) is theoretically superior to normal saline (NS) for maintaining the patency of central venous catheters (CVCs), but the comparative efficacy of them remains controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of NS versus HS in the maintenance of the patency of CVCs in adult patients. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of NS vs. HS to maintain the permeability of CVCs among adult patients were included in our meta-analysis. References of relevant papers were reviewed manually. No language restriction was applied. Non-human studies were excluded. Pooled relative risk (RR) was calculated using a Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model. We also performed subgroup analysis examining the effect of the duration of catheter placement on the outcome. All statistical tests were two-sided using a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Ten RCTs involving 7875 subjects (with analysis at patient, catheter, lumen and line access level) were included in this meta-analysis. Whether in terms of pooled or local analysis (RR with 95% confidence interval spans 1), NS can be equally, if not more effective, in keeping the CVCs open. Of studies reporting secondary outcomes (maneuver needed, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, haemorrhage, central venous thrombosis and catheter-related bloodstream infection), heparinised saline was shown not to be superior to non-heparinised solution. Subgroup analysis in patients with short vs long term CVC placement was consistent with the main outcome partly and in particular for maintenance of catheter patency in patients with a long-term placement i.e. >30 days, the RR was 0.97 (n = 6589; 95% CI = 0.76 to 1.23; P = 0.796). However, for patients in whom the catheter was in place for <30 days, the RR was 1.52 (n = 1286; 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.27; P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this meta-analysis, HS is not superior to NS in reducing CVCs occlusion. But in the short term, the use of HS is slightly superior to NS for flushing catheters from a statistical point of view.

Modified Simple Peritoneal Wall Anchor Technique (PWAT) in Peritoneal Dialysis.

♦ BACKGROUND: Outflow obstruction, a common complication in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD), usually results in unnecessary catheter removal or replacement. This study describes a modified simple method of anchoring a PD catheter on the anterior peritoneal wall without using a laparoscopic system (peritoneal wall anchor technique, PWAT). ♦ METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive PD catheter insertions, and compared the catheter survival rate between the traditional method and the modified simple PWAT. The traditional method was used in 54 cases and the modified simple PWAT was used in 17 cases. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of surgical catheter repair because of outflow obstruction by day 365. The secondary endpoint was the occurrence of catheter migration with obstruction requiring any interventions, including the alpha-replacement method by day 365. Catheter survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. ♦ RESULTS: Migration-free catheter survival was significantly (p = 0.02) higher in the PWAT group (100%, 17/17) than in the traditional group (72.2%, 39/54). Catheter survival without surgical repair or cessation of PD was also significantly (p = 0.04) higher in the PWAT group (100%, 17/17) than in the traditional group (77.8%, 42/54). Similarly, migration-free and surgery-free catheter survival rates in cases with a straight-type catheter in the PWAT group were significantly higher than those in cases with a straight-type catheter in the traditional group. ♦ CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the modified simple PWAT provides a better catheter survival rate than the traditional method by preventing catheter migration with obstruction in PD.

Bedside Tunneled Dialysis Catheter Removal-A Lesson Learned From Nephrology Trainees.

Semi-permanent dual-lumen tunneled (or tunneled-cuffed) hemodialysis catheters (TDC) are increasingly utilized during renal replacement therapy, while awaiting permanent access maturation or renal recovery. Although there is a wealth of literature focused on placement, infection prevention, and maintenance of catheter patency, circumstances and indications for TDC removal are less well understood. Timely removal of these catheters is an important management decision, with the length of TDC duration representing the largest cumulative risk factor for catheter-associated blood stream infections. Waiting for assistance from surgical or radiological services-which may not be available in all hospitals-may result in delays in services and potential harm to the patients. Imparting and maintaining procedural skills to remove infected TDC may be very valuable for training programs in clinical nephrology. In this article the current literature on bedside TDC removal, including potential anticipated complications during removal, are reviewed. To date, the authors have documented successful implementation of bedside TDC removal in training programs from two different settings, including both in- and outpatients and with trainee involvement. In summary, training general nephrologists for bedside TDC removal will afford immediate removal of infected hardware in ill patients and avoid potential delays in outpatient setting.

Complicaciones de la nutrición parenteral pediátrica / Complications of pediatric parenteral nutrition

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In-line pressure monitoring in IV infusions: benefits for patients and nurses.

Intravenous (IV) infusions are an essential part of hospital patient care, but occlusions in peripheral cannulae are common. One of the most dangerous consequences of occlusion (blockage) is extravasation-the non-intentional leakage of infused vesicant fluid into the tissue surrounding the vein-as it can lead to long-term, or even permanent, tissue damage. Adults and children are affected, with preterm neonates being particularly vulnerable. In-line pressure monitoring (ILPM) can help identify occlusions early and help prevent complications such as extravasation and infiltration. Occlusions cause a rise in pressure in the IV line, so IV pumps fitted with ILPM are able to detect this rise in pressure early and sound an alarm, allowing the user to take corrective measures before the patient suffers any serious chemical damage. ILPM also helps prevent or minimise other consequences of in-line occlusions such as suboptimal medicine dosing, patient distress, and economic costs to NHS trusts.

Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing: maintaining peripheral intravenous access in newborn infants.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the patency duration of a peripheral intravenous cannula (PIVC) using either continuous infusion with 5% dextrose or intermittent flushing with 0.9% saline. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective comparative cohort study, including full-term newborn infants in whom PIVC were placed for the administration of antibiotics. In cohort 1 (n=48), 5% dextrose was infused at 3 ml h(-1); in cohort 2 (n=50), the cannula was flushed six times daily with 2 ml 0.9% saline. Primary outcome was the duration of PIVC patency. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of complications, time required by the nursing staff and the cost of materials. RESULT: Duration of PIVC patency was similar. However, significantly, more complications occurred in cohort 1 (P=0.02), and both cost and time were significantly lower in cohort 2 (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Intermittent flushing and continuous infusion provide a similar duration of PIVC patency; however, intermittent flushing is associated with fewer complications, lower cost and reduced time.