ABSTRACT
Background: Central Cord Syndrome is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury, and it represents 9% of all spinal injuries of the adult. Objective: to determine the risk factors associated with lethality or/and mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with Central Cord Syndrome (CCS). Material and Methods: upon a retrospective cohort with patients with posttraumatic CCS we evaluated at the time of emergency admission and until the hospital discharge. The dependent variable was dead or MV. We calculated incidence, relative risk (RR) with CI95% and a multivariate model for the association of statistically significant variables by means of a risk coefficient model upon the variables that evidenciated tendencies towards risk. Results: From 101 patients with CCS, 85.1% with a severe medullary canal stenosis and 9.9% required MV; the mortality was 13.9%. The only risk factor associated with dead was the use of MV with an RR of 3.6 (CI95% 1.4-9.5); the risk with tendencies towards MV was being older than 60 RR 5.4 (CI95% 0.6-44.2). Other factors demonstrated a tendency towards mortality, but they were not statistically significant. Conclusions: MV is a risk factor associated with mortality, other factors evidenciated tendencies towards mortality; being older than 60, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, narrow spinal canal, more than 20 days of hospital stay and being intervened farther than 10 days from the accident. The incidence of mortality in our sample is greater than thus reported previously on other international articles. To know and identify these and other factors will let us identify patients with a greater risk of complications.
Introducción: el síndrome medular central es la lesión medular incompleta más común y representa el 9% de las lesiones medulares del adulto. Objetivo: determinar la letalidad del síndrome medular central (SMC) y sus factores de riesgo asociados a fallecer y/o uso de ventilación mecánica (VM). Material y métodos: cohorte retrospectiva en pacientes con SMC que acuden a urgencias y valorados hasta su egreso. La variable dependiente fue VM o muerte. Se calculó la incidencia, riesgo relativo (RR) e IC95%; se usaron modelos multivariados de asociación con las variables significativas mediante un modelo de cocientes de riesgos, y aquellas que presentaron algún grado de tendencia de acuerdo con el RR por encima de 1. Resultados: se recolectó la información de una muestra de 101 pacientes con SMC que recibieron atención en la unidad entre 2015 y 2021, 85.1% presentaron estenosis medular, 9.9% de pacientes requirieron VM, la mortalidad fue de 13.9%. El factor de riesgo asociado a muerte fue la VM con RR 3.6 (IC95%: 1.4-9.5); el factor con tendencia a VM fue ser mayor de 60, RR 5.4 (IC95%: 0.6-44.2). Otros factores evidenciaron tendencia a mortalidad o VM sin significancia estadística. Conclusiones: el factor de riesgo asociado a mortalidad fue VM, otros evidencian tendencia hacia mortalidad, como ser mayor de 60 años, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, estenosis medular por debajo de los 10 milímetros, más de 20 días de estancia hospitalaria y ser intervenidos más de 10 días posterior al accidente. La mortalidad en nuestra población se encuentra muy elevada en comparación con estudios internacionales previos. Conocer los factores de riesgo ayudaran a identificar a los pacientes con mayor riesgo de muerte o VM.
Subject(s)
Central Cord Syndrome , Spinal Cord Injuries , Adult , Humans , Central Cord Syndrome/complications , Retrospective Studies , Spinal Cord Injuries/complications , Spinal Cord Injuries/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Risk Factors , Respiration, ArtificialABSTRACT
Recognizing the importance of SCIWORA in adult age; analyze the usefulness of complementary studies; evaluating therapeutic options; learn about the evolution of the treated patients. A prospective evaluation with a minimum follow-up of 5 years, eight elderly patients with cervical arthrosis and diagnosis of SCIWORA. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale and ASIA were used on admission and at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months. The central cord syndrome (CCS) was the neurological condition at admission. One patient recovered after corticosteroid therapy, but later, his disability worsened, and he was operated at 18 months, another patient recovered and a third died. The other patients underwent laminoplasty in the first 72 hours; patients with partial severity condition had a minimum improvement of five points in JAO scale and those with severe conditions died. The low-energy trauma can decompensate the relationship between container and content in the spine with asymptomatic arthrosis, and can be devastating to the patient. The diagnosis of intramedullary lesion is made by magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with incomplete deficit undergoing laminoplasty reached at least one level in ASIA score. The potential postoperative complications can be serious.
Reconhecer a importância de SCIWORA na idade adulta; analisar a utilidade dos estudos complementares; avaliar as opções terapêuticas; conhecer a evolução dos pacientes tratados. Foi realizada uma avaliação prospectiva com acompanhamento mínimo de 5 anos em oito pacientes idosos com artrose cervical e diagnóstico de SCIWORA. Foram usados a escala da Associação Japonesa de Ortopedia (JOA) e o escore da ASIA à internação e aos 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 meses. A síndrome medular central (SMC) foi o quadro neurológico à internação. Um paciente recuperou-se depois de corticoterapia, mas a incapacidade piorou posteriormente, sendo operado aos 18 meses; outro atingiu a recuperação e outro morreu. Os outros pacientes foram submetidos à laminoplastia nas primeiras 72 horas; os que tinham gravidade parcial tiveram melhora mínima de cinco pontos na escala da JAO os que tinham afecção mais grave morreram. O trauma de baixo impacto pode desequilibrar a relação entre o continente e o conteúdo na coluna vertebral com artrose, podendo ser devastador para o paciente. O diagnóstico de lesão intramedular é realizado por ressonância magnética. Os pacientes com déficit incompleto tratados com laminoplastia atingiram pelo menos um nível na escala ASIA. As possíveis complicações pós-operatórias podem ser graves.
Reconocer la importancia de SCIWORA en la edad adulta; analizar la utilidad de los estudios complementarios; evaluar las opciones terapéuticas; conocer la evolución de los pacientes tratados. Se realiza una evaluación prospectiva con un seguimiento mínimo de 5 años, de ocho pacientes mayores con artrosis cervical y diagnóstico de SCIWORA. Se utilizaron la Escala de la Asociación de Ortopedia Japonesa (JOA) y ASIA al ingreso, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 60 meses. El síndrome medular central (SMC) fue el cuadro neurológico de ingreso. Un paciente recupero luego de la corticoterapia, posteriormente, empeoró su discapacidad, siendo operado a los 18 meses, otro recupero y otro falleció. Al resto se les realizó laminoplastia en las primeras 72 horas; los cuadros de severidad parcial tuvieron una mejoría mínima de cinco puntos en escala JAO y los cuadros severos fallecieron. Un trauma de baja energía puede descompensar la relación continente contenido en columnas artrósicas asintomáticas, pudiendo ser devastador para el paciente. La resonancia magnética hace diagnóstico de lesión intramedular. Los pacientes con déficit incompleto, tratados con laminoplastia ganaron por lo menos un nivel de ASIA. Las posibles complicaciones post operatorias pueden ser graves.
Subject(s)
Humans , Spinal Cord Injuries , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Central Cord Syndrome , Osteoarthritis, SpineABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Analizar cinemática, reconocer cuadro clínico de presentación, describir imágenes, considerar posibilidades terapéuticas y evaluar evolución. MÉTODO: Se analizan 13 pacientes del sexo masculino que presentaron SCIWORA (en inglés Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality) entre el 2005 al 2012. Se evalúan cuadro clínico, tratamiento, complicaciones y evolución. RESULTADOS: 10 pacientes mayores de 45 años presentaban signos de espondiloartrosis con mínimos síntomas. De los tres menores de esta edad solo uno presentaba estenosis de canal constitucional asintomática. Todos sufrieron trauma de baja energía. En la resonancia magnética prevaleció el hematoma intramedular y clínicamente todos los pacientes presentaban un síndrome medular central, con cuadro severo (ASIA A-B) en los mayores de 45 años. Siete pacientes fueron tratados inicialmente en forma conservadora; un paciente empeoró y tuvo que ser sometido a intervención quirúrgica 18 meses después y otro falleció en las primeras horas, el resto de los pacientes tuvieron buena evolución. Seis pacientes requirieron cirugía (laminoplastía) en los primeros 10 días; tres fallecieron y el resto mejoro por lo menos un nivel ASIA. CONCLUSIONES: La menor edad, los cuadros leves y el edema intramedular son factores de buen pronóstico y se ven favorecidos con el tratamiento conservador. La mayor edad, la espondiloartrosis y los cuadros severos o progresivos, son factores de mal pronóstico y puede ser necesario su tratamiento quirúrgico.
OBJETIVOS: Análise cinemática, reconhecer apresentação clínica, descrever imagens, considerar as possibilidades terapêuticas e avaliar a evolução. MÉTODO: Análise de 13 pacientes do sexo masculino com SCIWORA (em ingles Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality) entre 2005 e 2012. Avalia-se quadro clínico, tratamento, complicações e resultado. RESULTADOS: Dez pacientes com mais de 45 anos apresentaram sinais de espondiloartrose com sintomas mínimos. Dos três pacientes com menos de 45 anos, apenas um tinha estenose de canal constitucional assintomática. Todos haviam sofrido trauma de baixa energia. Na ressonância magnética prevaleceu hematoma intramedular e clinicamente todos os pacientes com mais de 45 anos tinham síndrome medular central grave (ASIA A-B). Sete pacientes foram inicialmente tratados de forma conservadora; um paciente piorou e teve que ser submetido a cirurgia 18 meses depois e outro morreu nas primeiras horas, o restante teve bom desempenho. Seis pacientes necessitaram de cirurgia (laminoplastia) nos primeiros 10 dias; três morreram e os pacientes restantes melhoraram pelo menos um nível ASIA. CONCLUSÕES: A idade mais baixa, os casos não graves e o edema intramedular são bons fatores prognósticos e são favorecidos pelo tratamento conservador. A idade mais elevada, a espondiloartrose e os quadros graves ou progressivos, são fatores de mau prognóstico e podem necessitar de tratamento cirúrgico.
OBJECTIVES: Kinematic analysis, recognize the clinical presentation, describe image tests, consider therapeutic possibilities and assess progress. METHOD: Analysis of 13 male patients with SCIWORA (Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality) between 2005 and 2012. Evaluates clinical presentation, treatment, complications and outcome. RESULTS: 10 patients over 45 years showed signs of spondyloarthritis with minimal symptoms. Of the three with less than 45 years, only one had a constitutional asymptomatic stenosis. All had suffered low-energy trauma. In the magnetic resonance prevailed intramedullary haematoma and clinically all patients over 45 years had a central cord syndrome with severe symptoms (ASIA A-B). Seven patients were initially treated conservatively; one patient worsened and had to undergo surgery after 18 months and another died in the early hours; the remaining patients had good performance. Six patients required surgery (laminoplasty) in the first 10 days; three died and the remaining patients improved at least one ASIA level. CONCLUSIONS: The lower age, the mild cases and intramedullary edema are good prognostic factors and are favored by conservative treatment. The higher age, spondyloarthritis and severe or progressive conditions are factors of poor prognosis and may require surgical treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Central Cord Syndrome , Spinal Cord Injuries , Diagnostic Imaging , Magnetic Resonance ImagingABSTRACT
We undertook a brachialis to triceps nerve transfer to restore elbow extension in a 53-year-old man 5 months after he sustained a spine injury that resulted in a central cord syndrome. Within 3 months of surgery, the patient had recovered active elbow extension and had M3 level strength, which increased to M4 and 5 kg of strength by 12 months postoperatively. Despite transferring an antagonist nerve for triceps reinnervation, the patient had no problems controlling active elbow flexion-extension. Harvesting the brachialis nerve caused no permanent decrease in elbow flexion strength.