ABSTRACT
The superheated droplet detector (SDD) is known to be gamma ray insensitive below a threshold temperature which made them excellent candidates for neutron detection in the presence of gamma rays. Above the threshold temperature, the gamma ray detection efficiency increases with increase in temperature. In this work the gamma ray threshold temperature has been studied for SDD using R404A as the active liquid and is compared to the theoretical prediction. The temperature variation of gamma ray detection efficiency and interstate transition kinetics has also been studied using a two-state model. The experiments are performed at the ambient pressure of 1 atm and in the temperature range of 17-32 °C using a 662 keV (1)(37)Cs gamma ray source.
Subject(s)
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/chemistry , Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/radiation effects , Gamma Rays , Heating/instrumentation , Microfluidics/instrumentation , Models, Chemical , Radiometry/instrumentation , Radiometry/methods , Computer Simulation , Computer-Aided Design , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Radiation Dosage , SolutionsABSTRACT
We describe the fabrication and characterisation of the SIMPLE superheated droplet detector, a 10 g active mass device of C(2)ClF(5) in 1-3% weight concentrations currently employed in a direct search for spin-dependent astroparticle dark matter candidates.
Subject(s)
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/chemistry , Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/radiation effects , Cosmic Radiation , Extraterrestrial Environment , Thermoluminescent Dosimetry/instrumentation , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Hot Temperature , Microbubbles , Radiation Dosage , Thermoluminescent Dosimetry/methodsABSTRACT
Nonresonant laser-induced multiphoton dissociation/ionization studies have been conducted for trichloromethane (CHCl3) and trichlorofluoromethane (CFCl3) at 355 nm, using time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). The molecular ion signal was found to be missing for both these compounds, and very similar fragmentation patterns were observed. Ab initio molecular electronic structure calculations were performed to help understand the fragmentation pattern of these molecules in the laser field. The energetics of different dissociation channels in the ground states of [CHCl3]+*, [CHCl2]+, [CFCl3]+* and [CFCl2]+, as well as neutral CHCl3, CHCl2*, CFCl3 and CFCl2* systems, were calculated. On comparing theoretical results with experimentally observed ion signals and their relative abundances in TOFMS, it is inferred that these molecules undergo sequential Cl atom elimination followed by photoionization of the fragments. The absence of [CFCl]+ has been interpreted on the basis of resonant A state-mediated two-photon absorption by CFCl, and the subsequent prompt photodissociation processes occurring for this state.
Subject(s)
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/chemistry , Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/radiation effects , Chloroform/chemistry , Chloroform/radiation effects , Lasers , Models, Chemical , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods , Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/analysis , Chloroform/analysis , Computer Simulation , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation/radiation effects , Photons , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The objectives of this research work was to evaluate the reduction of THM precursors by cationic p-DADMAC and determine the correlations between the chlorine demand and trihalomethane formation in the presence of electrolyte solutions and ambient light. The chlorine demand was found to be significantly reduced provided that the H2SO4 electrolyte was fed to the sample solutions. The amount of CHCl3 formation was also decreased when the Na2SO4 electrolyte was introduced in spite of the levels of light intensity. The p-DADMAC can not only effectively remove the turbidity but also reduce the formation of CHCl3. The optimum dosage of p-DADMAC for reducing the turbidity, TOC and CHCl3 in the humic acid and source water samples was determined and depended upon the nature of organics.
Subject(s)
Allyl Compounds/chemistry , Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Supply/analysis , Allyl Compounds/radiation effects , Chlorine/chemistry , Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane/radiation effects , Electrolytes , Indicators and Reagents , Light , Nephelometry and Turbidimetry , Polymers , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Water Pollutants, Chemical/radiation effectsABSTRACT
Irradiation experiments of CCl3F were carried out with 60Co gamma-rays using the irradiation facility of the flow system. In the system, CCl3F was irradiated at 5.7 kGg/h (5.7 X 10(5) rad/h) and -30 degrees C. The decomposition behavior of CCl3F and the influence of impurities in the circulating gas on the decomposition were examined. The result was compared with that of ampoule scale. The decomposition yield of CCl3F and the yields of radiolytic products (fluorocarbons) increased in proportion to the absorbed dose. The decomposition yield per Mrad of CCl3F was 0.0246 mol%/Mrad (G = 2.9). This value was equal to 1.8 times that of the ampoule scale. The marked influence of impurities (air, CH4, I2) was recognized for the yields of halogen ions.