Exposición a temperaturas extremas y su efecto en la gestación en un departamento de Colombia / Exposure to extreme temperatures and its effect on pregnancy in a department of Colombia

Introducción: Diversas investigaciones han establecido la relación entre temperatura y duración del embarazo, la exposición a temperaturas altas durante el embarazo plantea interrogantes en especial el papel que esta juega frente a los partos prematuros y partos de bajo peso, es indispensable determinar si las temperaturas altas o bajas tienen un comportamiento protector o de riesgo sobre el feto durante la gestación en regiones tropicales. Objetivo: describir la relación entre la exposición a temperaturas altas y bajas durante el embarazo y su efecto en la edad gestacional y peso al momento del parto en los recién nacidos del departamento del Guaviare-Colombia. Metodología: Estudio tipo observacional, analítico, retrospectivo de corte transversal que busco determinar la relación entre exposición a temperaturas altas y bajas durante el embarazo y su efecto en la edad gestacional y peso al momento del parto en los recién nacidos, el universo estuvo conformado por 10.137 nacidos vivos, de los cuales 9.932 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se determinó Odds Ratio para estimar la asociación entre las variables. Resultados: Dentro de la semana de retraso 3 el estar expuesto a temperaturas máximas percentil 90 es un factor protector para la ganancia ponderal de peso OR < 1, la exposición a temperaturas mínimas percentil 10 se asoció como factor protector para el parto prematuro en la semana de retraso 1 y 2 OR < 1.Conclusión: A pesar del beneficio de las altas y bajas temperaturas durante el embarazo en la ganancia ponderal de peso y disminución del parto prematuro, es recomendable prevenir la exposición a temperaturas extremas durante el periodo de gestación[AU]

Introduction: Various investigations have established the relationship between temperature and duration of pregnancy. Exposure to high temperatures during pregnancy raises questions, especially the role it plays in premature births and low-weight births. It is essential to determine whether high temperatures or low have a protective or risky behavior on the fetus during pregnancy in tropical regions.Objective: to describe the relationship between exposure to high and low temperatures during pregnancy and its effect on gestational age and weight at the time of delivery in newborns in the department of Guaviare-Colombia.Methodology:Observational, analytical, retrospective cross-sectional study that sought to determine the relationship between exposure to high and low temperatures during pregnancy and its effect on gestational age and weight at the time of delivery in newborns. The universe was made up of 10,137 births. alive, of which 9,932 met the inclusion criteria. Odds Ratio was determined to estimate the association between the variables.Results:Within the 3rd week of delay, being exposed to maximum temperatures at the 90th percentile is a protective factor for weight gain OR < 1, exposure to minimum temperatures at the 10th percentile was associated as a protective factor for premature birth in the week. of delay 1 and 2 OR < 1. Conclusion: Despite the benefit of high and low temperatures during pregnancy in weight gain and reduction in premature birth, it is advisable to prevent exposure to extreme temperatures during the gestation period[AU]

Introdução: Várias investigações estabeleceram a relação entre temperatura e duração da gravidez. A exposição a altas temperaturas durante a gravidez levanta questões, especialmente o papel que desempenha nos partos prematuros e nos nascimentos de baixo peso. É essencial determinar se as temperaturas altas ou baixas têm um comportamento protetor ou de risco para o feto durante a gravidez em regiões tropicais. Objetivo:descrever a relação entre a exposição a altas e baixas temperaturas durante a gravidez e seu efeito na idade gestacional e no peso no momento do parto em recém-nascidos no departamento de Guaviare-Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, analítico, retrospectivo e transversal que buscou determinar a relação entre a exposição a altas e baixas temperaturas durante a gravidez e seu efeito na idade gestacional e no peso no momento do parto em recém-nascidos. O universo foi composto por 10.137 nascimentos. vivos, dos quais 9.932 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O Odds Ratio foi determinado para estimar a associação entre as variáveis. Resultados:Na 3ª semana de atraso, a exposição a temperaturas máximas no percentil 90 é fator de proteção para ganho de peso OR < 1, a exposição a temperaturas mínimas no percentil 10 foi associada como fator de proteção para parto prematuro na semana. de atraso 1 e 2 OR < 1.Conclusão:Apesar do benefício das altas e baixas temperaturas durante a gravidez no ganho de peso e redução do parto prematuro, é aconselhável evitar a exposição a temperaturas extremas durante o período de gestação[AU]

Variación espacio-temporal de la diversidad de escarabajos Geadephaga (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelidae) en el bosque seco tropical del Caribe colombiano / Spatio-temporal variation in the diversity of Geadephaga beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelidae), in the tropical dry forest of the Colombian Caribbean

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

Diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera) en el río Quenane-Quenanito, piedemonte llanero colombiano / Diversity of Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera) nymphs in the Quenane-Quenanito river, Colombian plain foothills

Resumen Introducción: Varias presiones antrópicas sufren los ecosistemas acuáticos del piedemonte llanero en Colombia. La respuesta a estresores ambientales aún se desconoce en organismos bioindicadores como Leptohyphidae. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae del río Quenane-Quenanito, en dos periodos hidrológicos contrastantes y su relación con algunas variables fisicoquímicas. Métodos: En diciembre (2014) y febrero (2015) se recolectaron organismos con red Surber en seis estaciones a lo largo del río. Se analizó la diversidad alfa y beta y se aplicó análisis de redundancia y modelos lineales generalizados con el fin de establecer la relación entre los taxones y las variables ambientales. Resultados: Se identificaron 369 organismos pertenecientes a cuatro géneros (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis y Tricorythodes), dos especies y ocho morfoespecies. Se reporta por primera vez para el departamento del Meta Amanahyphes saguassu. Se registró la mayor diversidad de ninfas en la transición a la sequía y la mayor abundancia en sequía. La diversidad beta señaló que la configuración del ensamblaje cambia a nivel espacial y temporal. Conclusiones: Los organismos de Leptohyphidae prefieren hábitats de corrientes, particularmente en el periodo de sequía, donde hallan alimento (hojarasca, detritos) y refugio para establecerse exitosamente; actividades antrópicas como la urbanización afectan notablemente la diversidad. La alta diversidad registrada en este pequeño río de piedemonte llanero refleja la necesidad de incrementar este tipo de trabajos y esfuerzos de recolección de material de estudio en la región.

Abstract Introduction: Various anthropic pressures affect the aquatic ecosystems of the foothills of Colombia. The response to environmental stressors is still unknown in bioindicator organisms such as Leptohyphidae. Objective: To determine the diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs of the Quenane-Quenanito river, in two contrasting hydrological periods and its relationship with some physicochemical variables. Methods: In December (2014) and February (2015), organisms were collected with a Surber net at six stations along the current. Alpha and beta diversity was analyzed and redundancy analysis and generalized linear model were applied to establish the relationship between taxa and environmental variables. Results: Were identified 369 organisms belonging to four genera (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis, and Tricorythodes), two species, and eight morphospecies. Amanahyphes saguassu is reported for the first time for the Meta department. High diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs was recorded in the transition to drought season and greater abundance in drought. Beta diversity indicated that the configuration of the assemblage changes spatially and temporally. Conclusions: Leptohyphidae organisms prefer fast habitats, particularly in the dry period where they find food (leaf litter, detritus) and shelter to establish themselves successfully; anthropic activities such as urbanization notably affect diversity. The high diversity recorded in this small river in the foothills of the plains reflects the need to increase this type of works and collection efforts of study material in the region.

Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement for necrotizing pancreatitis: a single center experience in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common and potentially lethal disease. Approximately 10-20% of the patients progress to necrotizing pancreatitis (NP). The step-up approach is the gold standard approach to managing an infected necrotizing pancreatitis with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) has been described as a safe and feasible approach with high success rates. Multiple studies in the American, European, and Asian populations evaluating the outcomes of VARD have been published; nevertheless, outcomes in the Latin American population are unknown. This study aims to describe a single-center experience of VARD for necrotizing pancreatitis in Colombia with a long-term follow-up. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted between 2016 and 2024. All patients over 18 years old who underwent VARD for necrotizing pancreatitis were included. Demographic, clinical variables, and postoperative outcomes at 30-day follow-up were described. RESULTS: A total of 12 patients were included. The mean age was 55.9 years old (SD 13.73). The median follow-up was 365 days (P25 60; P75 547). Bile origin was the most frequent cause of pancreatitis in 90.1% of the patients. The mean time between diagnosis and surgical management was 78.5 days (SD 22.93). The mean size of the collection was 10.5 cm (SD 3.51). There was no evidence of intraoperative complications. The mean in-hospital length of stay was 65.18 days (SD 26.46). One patient died in a 30-day follow-up. One patient presented an incisional hernia one year after surgery, and there was no evidence of endocrine insufficiency at the follow-up. CONCLUSION: According to our data, the VARD procedure presents similar outcomes to those reported in the literature; a standardized procedure following the STEP-UP procedure minimizes the requirement of postoperative drainages. Long-term follow-up should be performed to rule out pancreatic insufficiency.

Effects of climate variability on the spatio-temporal distribution of Dengue in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, from 2001 to 2019.

Dengue is a vector-borne disease that has increased over the past two decades, becoming a global public health emergency. The transmission of dengue is contingent upon various factors, among which climate variability plays a significant role. However, there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of dengue risk and to quantify the associated risk factors in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, from 2001 to 2019. To achieve this, a spatio-temporal Bayesian hierarchical model was developed, integrating delayed and non-linear effects of climate variables, socio-economic factors, along with spatio-temporal random effects to account for unexplained variability. The results indicate that average temperature is positively associated with dengue risk 0-2 months later, showing a 35% increase in the risk. Similarly, high precipitation levels lead to increased risk approximately 2-3 months later, while relative humidity showed a constant risk within a 6 months-lag. These findings could be valuable for local health authorities interested in developing early warning systems to predict future risks in advance.

Morbidity associated with emergency surgery versus scheduled surgery in patients with placenta accreta spectrum.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of surgical management for placenta accreta spectrum in a Latin American reference hospital specializing in this condition. The evaluation involves a comparison between surgeries performed on an emergent and scheduled basis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with placenta accreta spectrum who underwent surgery between January 2011 and November 2021 at a hospital in Colombia, using data from the institutional PAS registry. The study included patients with intraoperative and/or histological confirmation of PAS, regardless of prenatal suspicion. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients who had emergent surgeries and those who had scheduled surgeries. Descriptive analysis involved summary measures and the Shapiro-Wilk test for quantitative variables, with comparisons made using Pearson's Chi-squared test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test, applying a significance level of 5%. Results: A total of 113 patients were included, 84 (74.3%) of them underwent scheduled surgery, and 29 (25.6%) underwent emergency surgery. The emergency surgery group required more transfusions (72.4% vs 48.8%, p=0.047). Patients with intraoperative diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (21 women, 19.5%) had a greater volume of blood loss than patients taken into surgery with known presence of placenta accreta spectrum (3500 ml, IQR 1700 - 4000 vs 1700 ml, IQR 1195-2135. p <0.001). Conclusion: Patients with placenta accreta spectrum undergoing emergency surgery require transfusions more frequently than those undergoing scheduled surgery.

Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Children's Experiences of Stigma in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Given prior craniofacial research reporting higher risk for negative social interactions, this study aimed to explore experiences of stigma described by children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). DESIGN: Qualitative interviews were conducted with children in three sessions (totaling 90-180 min) using creative activities in their homes and/or and walking interviews in their neighborhood. Interview transcriptions were interpreted primarily with thematic analysis following theoretical frameworks of the stigmatization process and self-stigma concept. SETTING: Participants were recruited through Operation Smile Colombia. Interviews took place at children's homes and neighborhoods within three Colombian regions (Boyacá, Bogotá and Cundinamarca). PARTICIPANTS: Children (N = 12) with CL/P aged between 6-12 years were interviewed. RESULTS: Themes fit within the stigmatization process, starting with labeling and stereotyping, such as a range of mockery, and group separation by peers highlighting their not belonging and being socially 'other'. Status loss themes included negative appraisals of cleft-related differences and being perceived as 'ill' and 'imperfect'. Social exclusion themes reflected limited social interactions and loneliness. Self-stigma themes included shame about speaking with peers and anticipation of negative social interactions. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that the process of stigmatization and self-stigma adversely affect social interactions for children with a cleft in multiple ways. Healthcare practitioners and policy makers can help address the potential consequences of stigma by implementing interventions at micro, meso and macro levels.

Development of a Second Primary Lung Cancer Following a Primary Breast Cancer: A Case Series.

Breast cancer (BC) accounts for 24.2% of all women's malignant tumors, with rising survival rates due to advancements in chemotherapy and targeted treatments. However, second primary cancers, particularly lung cancer (LC), have become more prevalent, often emerging approximately 10 years after BC treatment. This study presents a case series of 9 women diagnosed with second primary LC following BC, treated at a high-complexity hospital in Colombia between 2014 and 2019. All initial BCs were ductal carcinomas, 7 were triple negative, 1 was human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive, and 1 was estrogen and progesterone positive. Each patient had undergone radiation therapy, and 7 had received chemotherapy, increasing their LC risk. The second primary LCs, all adenocarcinomas, were confirmed using immunohistochemical stains for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), Napsin A, and estrogen receptor (ER) status. The interval between treatments and LC detection ranged from 1 to 17 years, with 4 cases identified after 10 years and 3 within 1 to 3 years, underscoring the need for prolonged surveillance. Seven LCs were ipsilateral to the BC and radiation site, while 2 were contralateral, highlighting the necessity of monitoring both sides for potential LC development. This case series enhances the local epidemiological understanding, showing that prior radiotherapy for BC and histological analysis are key in characterizing second primary LC patients. The study emphasizes the critical role of accurate histological diagnosis in guiding treatment approaches for lung lesions in BC survivors.

Genome-wide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and admixture in the main Colombian Creole pig breeds.

Colombian Creole pigs have adapted to tropical conditions for over 500 years. They have been modified by natural and artificial selection in different regions. At present, the diversity and current introgression status are unknown. The objective was to estimate the genomic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, population structure, and admixture of four Colombian pig breeds and their relationship with other breeds worldwide. Three Colombian pig breeds (SPE-San Pedreño, 11 samples; ZUN-Zungo, 11 samples; CM-Casco de Mula, ten samples) from the conservation nucleus and one biotype not recognized as a breed (CCH-Criollo Chocoano, seven samples) were genotyped using the Illumina GGP-Porcine80K chip. Open-access data from seven international breeds were also included. Colombian Creole pigs showed moderate genetic differentiation (FST 0.14) globally, but several groups of animals separated, suggesting local clustering due to geographical isolation or different founding effects. Colombian Creole pigs showed breed imprinting and specific grouping in all analyses except for CCH, which, like the Ecuadorian Creole, was a cluster of admixtures. The Colombian Creole pigs revealed a significant relationship with the Iberian pig and some other breeds to varying degrees. However, good maintenance of the conservation nucleus was evidenced. Potential adaptive genes, mainly related to immunological functions, were found, according to FST and pcadapt analyses. This study provides a foundation and scientific data for policy decisions on zoogenetic resources.

Study on the concentration, distribution, and persistence of health spending for the contributory scheme in Colombia.

Colombia is among the countries with the most robust financial protection against personal health spending in the world, with out-of-pocket spending ranking lowest across OECD countries. We investigate the evolution, distribution, and persistence of health spending by age group, sex, health care setting, health condition and geographic region for over 19 million users of Colombia's health system between 2013 and 2021 (contributory scheme). We use average patient-level expenditure data from the Health-Promoting Entities of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. We applied multivariate statistical techniques such as multiple correspondence analysis, factor maps and correlations. For both sexes, average health expenditure increases gradually with age until 60 years, accelerating thereafter abruptly. Health conditions with the highest percentage of expenditure were those related to neoplasms, blood diseases, circulatory system, pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal period. We found that home-based care in Amazonía-Orinoquía is almost non-existent, and that outpatient care represents a high proportion in all age groups (over 65%) compared to the other regions. There is a strong persistence of expenditure from one year to the next (i.e. they can provide relevant information for prediction), especially in areas with a larger supply of health services such as Bogotá-Cundinamarca. To the authors' knowledge, this is the most comprehensive and detailed micro-analysis of health spending that has been developed for a Latin American country to date.

Disparities in healthcare-seeking behaviors and associated costs between Venezuelan migrants and Colombians residing in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Colombia, which hosts over 3 million of the Venezuelan diaspora, is lauded for its progressive approach to social integration, including providing migrants access to its universal health coverage system. However, barriers to healthcare persist for both migrant and host populations, with poorly understood disparities in healthcare-seeking behaviors and associated costs. This is the first study to link healthcare-seeking behaviors with costs for Venezuelan migrants in Colombia, encompassing costs of missing work or usual activities due to healthcare events. METHODS: We use self-reported survey data from Venezuelan migrants and Colombians living in Colombia (September-November 2020) to compare healthcare-seeking behaviors and cost variables by nationality using two-sampled t-tests or Chi-square tests (X2). The International Classification of Diseases was used to compare reported household illnesses for both populations. Average health service direct costs were estimated using the Colombian Government's Suficiencia database and self-reported out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for laboratory and pharmacy services. Indirect costs were calculated by multiplying self-reported days of missed work or usual activities with estimated income levels, derived by matching characteristics using the Gran Enquesta Integrada de Hogares database. We calculate economic burdens for both populations, combining self-reported healthcare-seeking behaviors and estimated healthcare service unit costs across six healthcare-seeking behavior categories. RESULTS: Despite similar disease profiles, Venezuelan migrants are 21.3% more likely to forego formal care than Colombians, with 746.3% more Venezuelans reporting lack of health insurance as their primary reason. Venezuelan women and uninsured report the greatest difficulties in accessing health services, with accessing medications becoming more difficult for Venezuelan women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Colombians cost the health system more per treated illness event (US$40) than Venezuelans (US$26) in our sample, over a thirty-day period. Venezuelans incur higher costs for emergency department visits (123.5% more) and laboratory/ pharmacy OOP payments (24.7% more). CONCLUSIONS: While Colombians and Venezuelans share similar disease burdens, significant differences exist in access, cost, and health-seeking behaviors. Increasing Venezuelan health insurance enrollment and tackling accessibility barriers are crucial for ensuring healthcare equity and effectively integrating the migrant population. Findings suggest that improving migrant access to primary healthcare would produce savings in Colombian healthcare expenditures.

Molecular Epidemiology and Phyloevolutionary Analysis of Porcine Parvoviruses (PPV1 through PPV7) Detected in Replacement Gilts from Colombia.

Eight porcine parvovirus (PPV) species, designated as PPV1 through PPV8, have been identified in swine. Despite their similarities, knowledge about their distribution and genetic differences remains limited, resulting in a gap in the genetic classification of these viruses. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using PPV1 to PPV7 genome sequences from Colombia and others available in the GenBank database to propose a classification scheme for all PPVs. Sera from 234 gilts aged 180 to 200 days were collected from 40 herds in Colombia. Individual detection of each PPV (PPV1 through PPV7) was performed using end-point PCR. Complete nucleotide (nt) sequencing was performed on the PPV1 viral protein (VP), and near-complete genome (NCG) sequencing was carried out for novel porcine parvoviruses (nPPVs) (PPV2 through PPV7). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by comparing PPV1-VP sequences to 94 available sequences and nPPVs with 565 NCG, 846 nPPV-VP, and 667 nPPV-nonstructural protein (NS) sequences. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to estimate substitution rates and the time to the most recent common ancestor for each PPV. The highest prevalence was detected for PPV3 (40.1%), followed by PPV5 (20.5%), PPV6 (17%), PPV1 (14.5%), PPV2 (9.8%), PPV4 (4.2%), and PPV7 (1.3%). Notably, all tested sera were negative for PPV8 genomes. An analysis of the PPV1-VP sequences revealed two main clades (PPV1-I and PPV1-II), with the sequences recovered in this study grouped in the PPV1-II clade. Comparative analysis showed significant genetic distances for PPV2 to PPV7 at the NCG (>6.5%), NS (>6.3%), and VP (>7.5%) regions, particularly when compared to equivalent regions of PPV genomes recovered worldwide. This study highlights the endemic circulation of nPPVs in Colombian pig herds, specifically among gilts. Additionally, it contributes to the phylogenetic classification and evolutionary studies of these viruses. The proposed method aims to categorize and divide subtypes based on current knowledge and the genomes available in databanks.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety in Colombia: What happened during Covid-19 pandemic?

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the well-being of millions of people around the globe. The evidence has shown that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health of the population was affected, which means that there is an extra demand to implement different actions to mitigate and treat mental health disorders result of the pandemic. According to the literature it was expected that the prevalence of mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression increased by 25 per cent worldwide, and Colombia was not the exception. However, there is not clear evidence on how much this increase might be. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression for female and male adolescents and adults in Colombia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. It estimated the potential increase of the prevalence in each group as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We used the Individual Registry of Health Services Delivery data from 2015-2021 to estimate the observed prevalence of anxiety and depression in Colombia for female and male adults. In addition, using the National Mental Health Survey 2015, we simulated the prevalence of anxiety and depression for adolescents (12 to 17 years) and adults (18 or older) in 2015 and using a static Monte Carlo simulation process we estimated the expected prevalence of depression and anxiety for each group from 2016 to 2021. The results of the analysis using revealed an important increase in the observed prevalence of depression and anxiety for adults and adolescents and men and women between 2015 and February 2020. When we simulated different scenarios using as a base line the National Mental Health Survey and estimated the prevalence of depression and anxiety for female and male adults and adolescents, we found that the prevalence of depression and anxiety has had an important increase in the last five years for all groups and had an important increase during 2020. This increase was greater for women compared to men, and adolescents than adults. Our results show the number of people who need potential attention from the health system in Colombia and highlight the importance to think about how to avoid and detect potential cases of anxiety and depression especially in female adolescents.

Effect of formulations over a Periodic Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with multiple depots, heterogeneous fleet, and hard time-windows.

This article presents a novel contribution to the Periodic Vehicle Routing Problem (PVRP) by introducing two new problem formulations which differ in the usage of the crucial flow variable. The formulations are tailored to meet the specific demands of the vending machine industry in Medellín, Colombia, and require considering a PVRP with time windows, a heterogeneous fleet, and multiple depots. This scenario, tailored to address real-world complexity and computational challenges, brings to light an exponential surge in integer variables as customer numbers increase. The research presents an analysis of PVRPs that include the four mentioned attributes, compares their similarities, and delves into their nuances. From the analysis it is derived that the variant of the PVRP presented has not been considered previously, taking into account not only these attributes, but also the restrictions involved. Empirical experiments are conducted to examine the intricate interplay between the two proposed formulations, highlighting their impact on the performance of the GUROBI solver. The study provides valuable insights into problem-specific adaptations and algorithmic approaches, emphasizing the significance of the proposed formulations in addressing multifaceted PVRPs. In essence, this research positions the introduction of these two formulations as a pioneering step, offering a new paradigm for approaching the PVRP.

Fermentation and its effect on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of cocoa beans in the Colombian Amazon.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is the basic raw material to produce chocolate and other derivatives such as cocoa butter, cocoa powder and cocoa liquor (cocoa paste), which requires a fermentation process that affects its chemical composition and sensory profile. The objective of this study was to monitor the biochemical, physical and sensory changes during fermentation of cocoa beans in cocoa bean processing plants in the department of Caquetá, Colombia. During fermentation, the temperature of the mass and the pH of the pulp and beans were monitored at the different cocoa bean processing plants (Sites ASOACASAN ASA, COMICACAO CMI, COMCAP COC). Also, at two points during fermentation (days 4 and 7), physical properties of the bean were determined, such as variables related to bromatological composition, polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity as sensory attributes at the different sites. An increase in dough temperature was found, however the pH of the cotyledon decreased during the fermentation process and the fat and moisture content varied with fermentation time. At the site level, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) contents were statistically different, with COC being different from the other sites. The TPC was higher at the COC site (507 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g Cocoa) with respect to the other sites (< 360 mg GAE/g Cocoa). The TF content followed a similar behavior to TPC, with significant differences between sites and differences between fermentation times for ASA. The TF was higher in COC (309.1 mg catechin/g cocoa) with respect to CMI (215.6 mg catechin/g cocoa) and ASA (185.7 mg catechin/g cocoa). Values in DPPH ranged from 5869.3 to 7781.8 µmol Trolox/g cocoa and for the FRAP assay ranged from 369.8 to 606.7 mg ascorbic acid AA/g cocoa among the sites. It was found that the time and management of the fermentation process has a significant impact on the parameters (biochemical, physical and sensory) of cocoa beans. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the fermentation process to achieve a quality product that meets the needs of the market.

First genetic evaluation of a wild population of Crocodylus intermedius: New insights for the recovery of a Critically Endangered species.

During the second third of last century, the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) underwent a hunting process driven by the demand from the North American, European, and Japanese leather industry, resulting in a sharp decline of its populations. Currently, only two known remaining populations of this Critically Endangered species persist in the Colombian Orinoquía: in the Guayabero-Duda-Lozada and the Cravo Norte-Ele-Lipa River Systems. The latter has been the only population subject of study, including recent surveys and local conservation initiatives such as egg and hatchling ranching. Despite suggestions for population recovery based on the observed increase in clutches in the area, information regarding its genetic status has been pending assessment. This research aims to provide a genetic characterization of this remaining population and to evaluate the diversity recovered during a period of the egg ranching initiative. For this purpose, we utilized variable molecular markers, specifically 17 microsatellite loci, nuclear DNA. Despite revealing intermediate levels of genetic diversity, we identified an effective population size of 11.5-17, well below the minimum values proposed for short-term subsistence. While no evidence of inbreeding was found, it is acknowledged as a potential risk based on the population's history. Additionally, we detected a historical bottleneck possibly influenced by arid periods affecting the region since the Pleistocene. While the evaluated population presents a unique opportunity for C. intermedius conservation, it also exposes a high risk of entering the extinction vortex. The primary action to be taken is to support the egg and hatchling ranching program, which successfully recovered most of the genetic diversity present in the population.

The public health challenges of female migration: the Venezuelan diaspora in Andean countries.

BACKGROUND: Venezuelan migration has experienced an unprecedented increase in the last decade, with approximately 7.7 million Venezuelan-born individuals residing in other countries as of 2024. Our study aims to identify the potential and actual demand for healthcare services (SRH) in the Venezuelan diaspora's four primary destinations within the Andean Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. METHODS: Using official data from administrative records, censuses, and sample surveys reported by the host countries and international agencies, we estimate the annual evolution of Venezuelan-born women of reproductive age (WRA) and their offspring. Additionally, we conduct two case studies focusing on Colombia and Chile to analyse the groups most vulnerable to unmet health needs. RESULTS: The population of WRA has increased to between 5 and 6.8%, and births have risen to approximately 3-8% in host countries due to Venezuelan migration. Yet, we found a general decrease in health coverage for certain age groups of Venezuelan female migrants in host countries for the period 2017-2022, particularly in Chile. By 2022, an estimated 20% of healthcare needs remained unmet among children, girls, and younger Venezuelan women, contributing to greater health inequalities between Venezuelan-born adolescents and those from other countries of birth. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the escalating demand for and limited access to healthcare services among Venezuelan WRA in their destinations. Unmet healthcare needs are particularly prevalent among younger women by 2022, underscoring the urgency for health system to incorporate gender-responsive, equitable interventions and ensuring health rights for high-risk migrant groups such as infants, children, adolescents, and younger women. Addressing these challenges remains a critical task for the regional public health agenda in Latin America.

Coinfections and In-Hospital Mortality in a Group of Patients With HIV/AIDS: A Longitudinal Study.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global public health problem. Coinfections in HIV patients are frequent complications that increase their mortality. The aim of this study was to assess coinfections and in-hospital mortality in a group of patients infected with HIV in Colombia. A retrospective longitudinal study was carried out. Patients treated in 4 highly complex clinics in Colombia between 2015 and 2023 were included. The cases were identified from International Classification of Diseases codes related to HIV. Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory and pharmacological variables were collected. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were performed. Of the 249 patients identified, 79.1% were men, and the median age was 38.0 years. Approximately 81.1% had a diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Coinfections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (24.1%) and Treponema pallidum (20.5%) were the most frequent. A total of 20.5% of the patients had sepsis, 12.4% had septic shock, and the fatality rate was 15.7%. Antibiotics and antifungals were used in 88.8% and 53.8%, respectively, of the patients. Patients with a diagnosis of HIV before admission, those infected with M. tuberculosis, and those who presented with sepsis were more likely to die, whereas patients who received antiretroviral agent treatment before admission presented a lower risk. In this study, most HIV patients were in an advanced stage of the disease. Coinfection with M. tuberculosis was common and was associated with an increased risk of death. Previous HIV diagnosis and sepsis also increased the risk. Approximately half of the patients with a previous HIV diagnosis were receiving antiretroviral therapy and had a better prognosis.

Exploring psychosocial factors influencing sexually transmitted infection intention testing among medical students: a cross-sectional study in two universities.

Background: Despite the significant global burden of sexually transmitted infections (STI), detection rates are poor. Acceptance of these tests is influenced by several factors that have not been explored among Colombian medical students. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the behaviors and psychosocial factors toward STI screening among medical students of two universities in Pereira, Colombia, between March and June 2020. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted with 284 medical students in the first 3 years of undergraduate at two universities. An online, self-administered survey was conducted between March 2020 and June 2020, using an instrument from the "STI Testing Questionnaire," to assess behaviors and psychosocial factors toward STI testing. Frequencies and percentages were used for descriptive analysis. The association between characteristics and psychosocial factors with STI testing intention was obtained using a logistic regression model. A p-value <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant for all analyses. Results: A total of 284 medical students participated in this study. The majority were female (56.7%), and 53.2% were from private universities. Eighty-four point 5% (84.5%) had risky sexual behaviors, and only 32.4% reported intentions to be tested for STIs. Among the psychosocial factors, 64.1% reported high social pressure, and 43.0% reported social fear. An association with the intention to undergo STI testing was identified in those who had been previously tested (OR = 2.486; 95% CI: 1.492-4.142) and in those who engaged in risky sexual behaviors (OR = 3.537; 95% CI: 1.437-8.704). Conclusion: Medical students exhibit a high prevalence of risky sexual behaviors but show a disturbing lack of intention to undergo STI screening. Prior experiences significantly influence screening intentions, while social pressure and fear also play a role. These insights can serve as a basis for targeted interventions to improve STI screening rates and enhance sexual health education among Colombian medical students.

Desafíos de la inclusión digital de la mujer en una zona en condiciones de vulnerabilidad en Colombia / Challenges to the digital inclusion of women in a vulnerable area in Colombia / Desafios da inclusão digital das mulheres em uma área vulnerável na Colômbia

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Identificar las capacidades tecnológicas y describir la apropiación de uso en una comunidad de mujeres de una zona en condiciones de vulnerabilidad de Colombia. Método. Estudio transversal observacional realizado en la subregión de Urabá (Colombia). Se realizó una encuesta a 1 478 mujeres de entre 18 y 49 años en centros de atención primaria en salud acerca de sus capacidades tecnológicas, experiencia con el uso de la información alojada en la red y apropiación de la tecnología. Resultados. El acceso y uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) variaban según la edad, el nivel educativo y el estrato socioeconómico, con diferencias en preferencias en cuanto a la información y el consumo crítico de esta. Conclusión. En este estudio, las mujeres en nuestro estudio enfrentan múltiples barreras de acceso para el uso apropiado de las TIC para la promoción de la salud. La apropiación de estas herramientas en Colombia, específicamente en la subregión de Urabá, es un desafío complejo que requiere un enfoque integral y multidimensional.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To identify women’s technological capabilities and describe their appropriation and use of technology in a community in a vulnerable area of Colombia. Method. Observational cross-sectional study conducted in the subregion of Urabá, Colombia. A survey was conducted in primary health care centers, in which 1478 women between 18 and 49 years of age responded to questions about their technological capabilities, their experience with the use of web-based information, and their appropriation of technology. Results. Access to and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) varied according to age, educational level, and socioeconomic stratum, with observed differences in preferences and critical consumption of information. Conclusion. The women in this study faced multiple access barriers to appropriate use of ICTs for health promotion. The appropriation of these tools in Colombia, specifically in the Urabá subregion, is a complex challenge that requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar as capacidades tecnológicas e descrever a apropriação de uso em uma comunidade de mulheres em uma área vulnerável na Colômbia. Método. Estudo observacional transversal realizado na sub-região de Urabá (Colômbia). Realizou-se uma pesquisa com 1478 mulheres de 18 a 49 anos em centros de atenção primária à saúde sobre suas capacidades tecnológicas, experiências com o uso de informações disponíveis na internet e apropriação da tecnologia. Resultados. O acesso e uso das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação (TIC) variaram de acordo com a idade, a escolaridade e o nível socioeconômico, com diferenças nas preferências quanto às informações e ao consumo crítico de informações. Conclusão. O estudo demonstra que as mulheres enfrentam várias barreiras de acesso ao uso adequado das TIC para a promoção da saúde. A apropriação dessas ferramentas na Colômbia, especificamente na sub-região de Urabá, é um desafio complexo que demanda uma abordagem integral e multidimensional.