ABSTRACT
Purpose Bile duct injury (BDI) is a catastrophic complication of cholecystectomy, and misidentification of the cystic anatomy is considered to be the main cause. Although several techniques have been developed to prevent BDI, such as the critical view of safety, the infundibular technique, the rates remain higher during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) than during open surgery. We, here, propose a practical new strategy for ductal identification, that can help to prevent laparoscopic bile duct injury. Methods A retrospective study of 5539 patients who underwent LC from March 2007 to February 2019 at a single institution was conducted. The gallbladder infundibulum was classified by its position located on an imaginary clock with the gallbladder neck as the center point of the dial, 3-oclock position as cranial, 6-oclock as dorsal, 9-oclock as caudal, and 12-oclock as ventral, as well as the axial position. Patient demographics, pathologic variables and infundibulum classification were evaluated. Detailed analysis of ductal identification based on gallbladder infundibulum position was performed in this study. All infundibulum positions were recorded by intraoperative laparoscopic video or photographic images. Results All the patients successfully underwent LC during the study period. No conversion or serious complications such as biliary injury occurred. Gallbladders with infundibulum of 3-oclock position, 6-oclock position, 9-oclock position, 12-oclock position, axial position were 12.3%, 23.4%, 28.0%, 4.2%, and 32.1%, respectively. The 3-oclock and 12-oclock position were pitfalls that might cause biliary injury. Conclusion The gallbladder infundibulum as a navigator is useful for ductal identification to reduce BDI and improve the safety of LC.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/methods , CholecystitisABSTRACT
End-to-end anastomosis in the treatment for bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been associated with stricture formation. The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the effect of oral tamoxifen (tmx) treatment on fibrosis, collagen content and transforming growth factor-ß1, -ß2 and -ß3 expression in common bile duct anastomosis of pigs. Twenty-six pigs were divided into three groups [sham (n = 8), control (n = 9) and tmx (n = 9)]. The common bile ducts were transected and anastomosed in the control and tmx groups. Tmx (40 mg/day) was administered orally to the tmx group, and the animals were euthanized after 60 days. Fibrosis was analysed by Masson's trichrome staining. Picrosirius red was used to quantify the total collagen content and collagen type I/III ratio. mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, -ß2 and -ß3 was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The control and study groups exhibited higher fibrosis than the sham group, and the study group showed lower fibrosis than the control group (P = 0.011). The control and tmx groups had higher total collagen content than the sham group (P = 0.003). The collagen type I/III ratio was higher in the control group than in the sham and tmx groups (P = 0.015). There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of TGF-ß1, -ß2 and -ß3 among the groups (P > 0.05). Tmx decreased fibrosis and prevented the change in collagen type I/III ratio caused by the procedure.
Subject(s)
Anastomosis, Surgical/adverse effects , Collagen/metabolism , Common Bile Duct/pathology , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Tamoxifen/therapeutic use , Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis , Animals , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Common Bile Duct/metabolism , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Fibrosis , Male , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Sus scrofa , Tamoxifen/pharmacology , Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/biosynthesis , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta2/biosynthesis , Transforming Growth Factor beta2/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta3/biosynthesis , Transforming Growth Factor beta3/genetics , Wound Healing/drug effectsABSTRACT
Las lesiones iatrogénicas de las vías biliares (LIVB) representan una complicación quirúrgica grave de la colecistectomía laparoscópica (CL). Ocurre frecuentemente cuando se confunde el conducto biliar con el conducto cístico; y han sido clasificados por Strasberg y Bismuth, según el grado y nivel de la lesión. Alrededor del tercio de las LIVB se reconocen durante la CL, al detectar fuga biliar. No es recomendable su reparación inmediata, especialmente cuando la lesión está próxima a la confluencia o existe inflamación asociada. El drenaje debe establecerse para controlar la fuga de bilis y prevenir la peritonitis biliar, antes de transferir al paciente a un establecimiento especializado en cirugía hepatobiliar compleja. En pacientes que no son reconocidos intraoperatoriamente, las LIVB manifiestan tardíamente fiebre postoperatoria, dolor abdominal, peritonitis o ictericia obstructiva. Si existe fuga biliar, debe hacerse una colangiografía percutánea para definir la anatomía biliar y controlar la fuga mediante stent biliar percutáneo. La reparación se realiza seis a ocho semanas después de estabilizar al paciente. Si hay obstrucción biliar, la colangiografía y drenaje biliar están indicados para controlar la sepsis antes de la reparación. El objetivo es restablecer el flujo de bilis al tracto gastrointestinal para impedir la formación de litos, estenosis, colangitis y cirrosis biliar. La hepáticoyeyunostomía con anastomosis en Y de Roux termino-lateral sin stents biliares a largo plazo, es la mejor opción para la reparación de la mayoría de las lesiones del conducto biliar común.
Iatrogenic bile duct injuries (IBDI) represent a serious surgical complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Often it occurs when the bile duct merges with the cystic duct; and they have been ranked by Strasberg and Bismuth, depending on the degree and level of injury. About third of IBDI recognized during LC, to detect bile leakage. No immediate repair is recommended, especially when the lesion is near the confluence or inflammation is associated. The drain should be established to control leakage of bile and prevent biliary peritonitis, before transferring the patient to a specialist in complex hepatobiliary surgery facility. In patients who are not recognized intraoperatively, the IBDI manifest late postoperative fever, abdominal pain, peritonitis or obstructive jaundice. If there is bile leak, percutaneous cholangiography should be done to define the biliary anatomy, and control leakage through percutaneous biliary stent. The repair is performed six to eight weeks after patient stabilization. If there is biliary obstruction, cholangiography and biliary drainage are indicated to control sepsis before repair. The ultimate aim is to restore the flow of bile into the gastrointestinal tract to prevent the formation of calculi, stenosis, cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis. Hepatojejunostomy with Roux-Y anastomosis termino-lateral without biliary stents long term, is the best choice for the repair of most common bile duct injury.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bile Ducts/injuries , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Peritonitis/etiology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Bile Ducts/surgery , Jejunostomy , Cholangiography , Abdominal Pain/etiology , Radiology, Interventional , Retrospective Studies , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Common Bile Duct/diagnostic imaging , Jaundice, Obstructive/etiology , Iatrogenic Disease , Intraoperative Care , Intraoperative Complications/surgery , Intraoperative Complications/classification , Intraoperative Complications/diagnosisABSTRACT
Iatrogenic bile duct injuries (IBDI) represent a serious surgical complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Often it occurs when the bile duct merges with the cystic duct; and they have been ranked by Strasberg and Bismuth, depending on the degree and level of injury. About third of IBDI recognized during LC, to detect bile leakage. No immediate repair is recommended, especially when the lesion is near the confluence or inflammation is associated. The drain should be established to control leakage of bile and prevent biliary peritonitis, before transferring the patient to a specialist in complex hepatobiliary surgery facility. In patients who are not recognized intraoperatively, the IBDI manifest late postoperative fever, abdominal pain, peritonitis or obstructive jaundice. If there is bile leak, percutaneous cholangiography should be done to define the biliary anatomy, and control leakage through percutaneous biliary stent. The repair is performed six to eight weeks after patient stabilization. If there is biliary obstruction, cholangiography and biliary drainage are indicated to control sepsis before repair. The ultimate aim is to restore the flow of bile into the gastrointestinal tract to prevent the formation of calculi, stenosis, cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis. Hepatojejunostomy with Roux-Y anastomosis termino-lateral without biliary stents long term, is the best choice for the repair of most common bile duct injury.
Subject(s)
Bile Ducts/injuries , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Abdominal Pain/etiology , Bile Ducts/surgery , Cholangiography , Common Bile Duct/diagnostic imaging , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Humans , Iatrogenic Disease , Intraoperative Care , Intraoperative Complications/classification , Intraoperative Complications/diagnosis , Intraoperative Complications/surgery , Jaundice, Obstructive/etiology , Jejunostomy , Peritonitis/etiology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Radiology, Interventional , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A significant number of people suffer iatrogenic bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholescystectomy. Biliary-digestive bypass may be complicated by stenosis and biliary sepsis, affecting both quality of life and life expectancy. To avoid bypass synthetic grafts have been used, which are expensive. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating autologous implantation of peritoneus as alternative of bile duct repair. METHODS: Under general anesthesia, ten New Zealand adult rabbits were operated, common bile duct approached and sectioned underneath the cystic duct followed by a liver biopsy. An autologous graft was built of peritoneum and graft-bile duct proximal and distal end-to-end anastomosis done. Animals were followed-up by weekly bilirrubin and transferases. Rabbits were scheduled euthanized and a liver biopsy done for histological examinations. RESULTS: Autologous graft was easy to create and all rabbits survived. They did not develop jaundice or alterations in their normal habits. At necropsy, autologous grafts were removed and no signs of occlusion were noticed. Moderate short-term liver damage was observed but long-term damage was negligible. Bileoma and pyogenic liver abscess were observed in two animals, respectively. DISCUSSION: Our results favourably match well-known procedures used for bile duct repair, especially in cases of severe injury (Bismuth-Strasberg E1-3): it seems less complicated than biliary-digestive bypass, not as expensive as synthetic grafts, and much easier to build than human amnion graft. CONCLUSION: Interposing an autologous graft of peritoneum is an easy-to-create surgical procedure and circumferential bile duct injuries were adequately repaired.
Antecedentes: un número significativo de individuos sufrirá daño por iatrogenia del colédoco durante colecistectomías laparoscópicas. Las derivaciones bilio-digestivas pueden complicarse con estenosis y sepsis biliar y afectar la calidad y expectativa de vida. Para evitar la derivación se utilizan injertos sintéticos. Objetivo: evaluar el implante autólogo de peritoneo en la reparación de colédoco. Material y métodos: estudio experimental efectuado en 10 conejos Nueva Zelanda adultos a los que se les resecó un segmento del colédoco y para la reparación término-terminal de la vía biliar se construyó un neo-conducto con peritoneo parietal como auto-injerto. Se vigilaron con ontroles semanales de bilirrubinas y transaminasas. A la necropsia programada se estudió el segmento injertado, se realizó biopsia epática durante el procedimiento y la autopsia. Resultados: los animales no mostraron alteraciones en sus hábitos normales, la herida quirúrgica no tuvo complicaciones, no cursaron con ictericia y a la necropsia el segmento injertado se apreció totalmente integrado. En dos animales hubo como complicación un bilioma y un absceso hepático. El daño hepático observado inicialmente fue disminuyendo a lo largo del seguimiento. Discusión: nuestros resultados se equiparan con ventaja con los métodos conocidos de reparación de vías biliares, especialmente en lesiones severas (Bismuth-Strasberg E1-3). Adolece de las complicaciones de las derivaciones bilio-digestivas, no es caro como los injertos intéticos y es de mucho más fácil construcción que el injerto de amnios humano. Conclusiones: el auto-injerto de peritoneo es un procedimiento adecuado como alternativa para tratar lesiones circunferenciales de colédoco.
Subject(s)
Bioprosthesis , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Anastomosis, Surgical , Animals , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Bilirubin/blood , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Liver/pathology , Liver Abscess/blood , Liver Abscess/etiology , Liver Abscess/pathology , Peritoneum , Postoperative Complications/blood , Postoperative Complications/pathology , Rabbits , Transplantation, AutologousABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Analyze the morphological and structural outcomes of a patch of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in the treatment of an iatrogenic injury of the common bile duct. METHODS: In Group 1 (Sham), 7 dogs underwent 3 laparotomies with intervals of 30 days between them. In Group 2, 10 dogs underwent transient common bile duct obstruction. After 30 days, this biliary occlusion was undone and a patch of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene replaced a fragment removed from the duct's wall. Thirty days after this last surgery, cholangiographic assessment of prosthesis patency and macro and microscopic evaluation of the biliary tract were performed. Daily clinical inspection completed the study outcomes. The Wilcoxon non-parametric test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all dogs enlargement of the biliary tree diameter was observed 30 and 60 days after the first surgical procedure. Partial adhesion of the patch to the common bile duct as a free luminal foreign body was found in 6 dogs. The prosthesis was completely integrated to surrounding tissue in the remaining four. CONCLUSION: Although a feasible option for the treatment of biliary duct iatrogenic lesions, the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis must be used with caution considering the potential risks for complications.
Subject(s)
Common Bile Duct/injuries , Polytetrafluoroethylene/therapeutic use , Prostheses and Implants , Animals , Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures/methods , Cholangiography , Dogs , Materials Testing , Organ Size , Postoperative Period , Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Analyze the morphological and structural outcomes of a patch of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in the treatment of an iatrogenic injury of the common bile duct. METHODS: In Group 1 (Sham), 7 dogs underwent 3 laparotomies with intervals of 30 days between them. In Group 2, 10 dogs underwent transient common bile duct obstruction. After 30 days, this biliary occlusion was undone and a patch of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene replaced a fragment removed from the duct's wall. Thirty days after this last surgery, cholangiographic assessment of prosthesis patency and macro and microscopic evaluation of the biliary tract were performed. Daily clinical inspection completed the study outcomes. The Wilcoxon non-parametric test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all dogs enlargement of the biliary tree diameter was observed 30 and 60 days after the first surgical procedure. Partial adhesion of the patch to the common bile duct as a free luminal foreign body was found in 6 dogs. The prosthesis was completely integrated to surrounding tissue in the remaining four. CONCLUSION: Although a feasible option for the treatment of biliary duct iatrogenic lesions, the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis must be used with caution considering the potential risks for complications.
OBJETIVO: Analisar, evolutivamente, a morfologia e a estrutura de um fragmento de politetrafluoretileno expandido utilizado no tratamento de uma lesão iatrogênica do ducto biliar comum. MÉTODOS: No grupo 1 (Simulação), sete cães foram submetidos a três laparotomias com intervalos de 30 dias entre elas. No grupo 2, em dez cães realizou-se uma obstrução tansitória do ducto biliar comum. Após 30 dias, a oclusão biliar foi desfeita e um fragmento da parede ductal foi substituído por um retalho de politetrafluoretileno expandido. Trinta dias após esta última operação, foram efetuadas uma avaliação colangiográfica da perviedade da prótese e uma análise macro e microscópica do trato biliar. Inspeções clínicas diárias completaram o estudo evolutivo. O teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para análises estatísticas. RESULTADOS: Decorridos 30 e 60 dias do primeiro procedimento cirúrgico, observou-se, em todos os cães, aumento do diâmetro da árvore biliar. Em seis cães verificou-se a presença do fragmento da prótese parcialmente aderido à parede do ducto biliar comum e também solta no lúmen da via biliar. A prótese estava completamente integrada aos tecidos circunvizinho nos demais quarto animais. CONCLUSÃO: A prótese de politetrafluoretileno expandido apresenta-se como uma opção factível para o tratamento das lesões iatrogênicas do ducto biliar, entretanto, deve ser utilizada com cautela, considerando o risco potencial de complicações.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Prostheses and Implants , Polytetrafluoroethylene/therapeutic use , Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures/methods , Cholangiography , Materials Testing , Organ Size , Postoperative Period , Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Background: Bile duct injury (BDI) is a complex problem, where adequate reconstruction has an impact on quality of life of patients. Aim: To describe the experience and results of bile duct reconstruction in BDI at reference center. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 25 patients aged 44 +/- 14 (76 percent females) with BDI that were subjected to a surgical repair in a regional hospital between January 2000 and June 2009. The protocol, repair technique and postoperative morbidity and mortality are described. Results: In 40 percent of cases, the injury occurred during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The repair was performed using a Roux-en-Y hepato-jejunostomy (RYHJ) in 20 patients. In 14 patients (70 percent), the modified Hepp-Couinaud technique was used. Thirty two percent of patients had postoperative complications and one patient died due to a sepsis and liver failure. One patient presented RYHJ stenosis that was managed with percutaneous dilatation. Conclusions: The majority of patients of this series were managed using a RYHJ with the Hepp-Couinaud technique, with acceptable results in terms of postoperative morbidity and stenosis.
Introducción: La lesión de vía biliar (LVB) es una complicación de enfrentamiento complejo, donde una adecuada reconstrucción tiene impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia y resultados de la reconstrucción de via biliar por LVB en un centro de referencia. Material y Método: Diseño de estudio: Cohorte retrospectiva. Período de estudio: Enero de 2000 a Junio de 2009. Población: Pacientes mayores de 18 años con LVB que fueron sometidas a reconstrucción de vía biliar por el equipo de cirugía hepatopancreática y biliar del Hospital Regional de Temuco. Maniobra: Se describe el protocolo de evaluación y la técnica de reconstrucción. Resultados: La cohorte está constituida por 25 pacientes. La edad promedio es 44 +/- 13,7 años y el 76 por ciento género femenino. La lesión se produjo más frecuentemente en una colecistectomía laparoscópica (40 por ciento). La reparación se ha realizado con hepaticoyeyuno anastomosis en Y de Roux (HPYA) en 20 pacientes, utilizando la técnica de Hepp-Couinaud modificada en el 70 por ciento de ellos. Ocho pacientes presentaron alguna morbilidad asociada a la reparación y un paciente falleció en el postoperatorio. Un paciente presentó estenosis de HPYA cuya terapia fue dilataciones por vía percutanea. Conclusión: La HPYA con técnica de Hepp-Couinaud es la técnica más utilizada por nuestro equipo en la reconstrucción de vía biliar por LVB con resultados aceptables en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria y estenosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures/methods , Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y , Cohort Studies , Common Bile Duct Diseases/surgery , Follow-Up Studies , Iatrogenic Disease , Morbidity , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Se presenta la experiencia de los autores con 77 casos de estenosis biliares benignas tratadas en Unidad de Cirugía Hepática, Biliar y trasplante de hígado del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo. Desde agosto de 1989 hasta diciembre de 2009, fueron registrados 77 casos de estenosis biliares benignas. Se tipificaron según la clasificación de Bismuth. 83,12% (64) de los pacientes habían sido colecistectomizados (estenosis post-iatrogenia durante este procedimiento): 41 (53,25%) abiertas y 23 (29,87%) laparoscópicas. 89,61 (69) de los pacientes consultaron por ictericia, 62,34% fiebre y 58,44% dolor abdominal. 9% (7) presentó estenosis Bismuth I, 22% (17) tipo II, 44,16% (34) tipo III y 24,68% (19) tipo IV. A todos se les realizó exploración biliar quirúrgica y anastomosis mucosa-mucosa con Y-Roux, tipo Hepp-Couinaud en 70 (87,5%) de los pacientes. La mortalidad fue 2,6% (2) paciente en el transoperatorio. Se presentaron en el peri-operatorio 19 (24,39%) complicaciones en 17 (22%) pacientes: 12 (15,6%) mayores y 7 (8,79%) menores. En un seguimiento promedio de 49 meses, 7-79% (6) pacientes presentaron re-estenosis de la derivación bilioentérica. El mayor porcentaje de estenosis biliares benignas son posteriores a procedimientos quirúrgicos, principalmente colecistectomia. La anastomosis bilioentérica tipo Hepp-Couinaud se realizó en el mayor número de pacientes con excelentes resultados.
Present experience of the authors with 77 cases of bening biliary strictures. From August of 1989 to December of 2009, 77 patients were recorded. Classification of Bismuth was used to classificate the strictures 64 (83,12%) patients were cholecistectomizated (stricture by iatrogenia during this procedure): 41 (53,25%) open and 23 (29,87%) laparoscopic. 89,61% (69) consulted by jaundice, 62,34 by fever and 58,44% by abdominal pain. 9%(7) had stricture Bismuth 1,22% (17) type II, 44,16% (34) type III and 24,68% (19) type IV. All patients were summated to surgical biliary exploration and mucous-mucous biliary anastomosis with Y-Roux. Hepp-Couinaud type in 70 (87,7%) of the patients. Perioperative mortality was 2,6% (2). Perioperative complications were 19 (24,39%) in 17 (22%) patients: 12 (15,6%) mayor and 7(8,79%) minors. In medial following of 49 months, 7,79% (6) presented re-stricture of bilio-enteric anastonosis. The majority of the strictures were due to surgical procedures. Hepp-Couinaud anastomosis was performed in almost all the patients with excellent outcome.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Cholecystectomy/methods , Cholestasis/complications , Cholestasis/pathology , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Infections/etiology , Laparoscopy/methods , Bile/physiology , Constriction, Pathologic/pathology , Abdominal Pain/etiologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Interposition of a jejunal tube between the common bile duct and duodenum. METHODS: Five adult mongrel dogs of both sexes, weighing on average 22.3 kg (18 to 26.5 kg), were used. Obstructive jaundice was induced by ligation of the distal common bile duct. After one week, a 2.5-cm long jejunal tube was fabricated from a segment of the loop removed 15 cm from the Treitz angle and interposed between the common bile duct and duodenum. RESULTS: The animals presented good clinical evolution and no complications were observed. After 6 weeks, complete integration was noted between the bile duct mucosa, tube and duodenum and a significant reduction in total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase was observed when compared to the values obtained one week after ligation of the common bile duct. CONCLUSION: The jejunal tube interposed between the dilated bile duct and duodenum showed good anatomic integration and reduced total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels in the animals studied.
Subject(s)
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic , Cholestasis/physiopathology , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Jejunum/surgery , Alkaline Phosphatase/blood , Anastomosis, Surgical , Animals , Bilirubin/blood , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Duodenum/enzymology , Female , Iatrogenic Disease , MaleABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Interposition of a jejunal tube between the common bile duct and duodenum. METHODS: Five adult mongrel dogs of both sexes, weighing on average 22.3 kg (18 to 26.5 kg), were used. Obstructive jaundice was induced by ligation of the distal common bile duct. After one week, a 2.5-cm long jejunal tube was fabricated from a segment of the loop removed 15 cm from the Treitz angle and interposed between the common bile duct and duodenum. RESULTS: The animals presented good clinical evolution and no complications were observed. After 6 weeks, complete integration was noted between the bile duct mucosa, tube and duodenum and a significant reduction in total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase was observed when compared to the values obtained one week after ligation of the common bile duct. CONCLUSION: The jejunal tube interposed between the dilated bile duct and duodenum showed good anatomic integration and reduced total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels in the animals studied.
OBJETIVO: Interposição de um tubo de jejuno entre o colédoco e o duodeno. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados cinco cães adultos, sem raça definida, de ambos os sexos, com peso médio de 22,3 Kg (18 e 26,5 Kg). Após provocar icterícia obstrutiva pela ligadura do colédoco distal, após uma semana, praticou-se confecção do tubo de jejuno de 2,5 cm de extensão, que foi realizado com um segmento de alça retirado a 15 cm do ângulo de Treitz e a interposição do tubo entre o colédoco e o duodeno. RESULTADOS: Os animais tiveram boa evolução clínica e não apresentaram complicações. Notou-se total integração entre a mucosa da via biliar, do tubo e do duodeno e redução significativa dos valores da bilirrubina total e da fosfatase alcalina após seis semanas, quando comparado com os valores após uma semana de ligadura do colédoco. CONCLUSÃO: O tubo de jejuno interposto entre a via biliar dilatada e o duodeno, apresentou boa integração anatômica e reduziu os níveis de bilirrubina total e fosfatase alcalina dos animais estudados.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Male , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic , Cholestasis/physiopathology , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Jejunum/surgery , Anastomosis, Surgical , Alkaline Phosphatase/blood , Bilirubin/blood , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Duodenum/enzymology , Iatrogenic DiseaseABSTRACT
An outbreak of hepatogenous photosensitization is reported in a flock of 28 sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central-Western Brazil. Seven lambs and an adult sheep were affected and 6 of them died. Two surviving affected lambs and one lamb without clinical signs had increased serum values of gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, and cholesterol. In two adult unaffected sheep those parameters were within normal values. An adult sheep submitted to necropsy presented moderate body condition, unilateral corneal opacity, drying of the muzzle, moderate jaundice, increased lobular pattern of the liver, and a distended gallbladder. Histological lesions were epithelial degeneration, necrosis, and hyperplasia of small bile ducts. Mild amounts of foamy macrophages were observed, mainly in the centroacinar zone. Diffuse swelling and vacuolation were observed in hepatocytes. Crystal negative images were found within bile ducts, foamy macrophages, and the lumen of some renal tubules. The heart showed multifocal areas of degeneration and necrosis of the muscle fibers. Pasture samples (Brachiaria decumbens) contained 2.36 percent of protodioscin. No Pithomyces chartarum spores were found in the pasture. Samples from a similar neighboring B. decumbens pasture grazed by cattle without photosensitization contained 1.63 percent of protodioscin isomers. Outbreaks of photosensitization caused by Brachiaria spp. are common in cattle in the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) with about 51 million hectares of Brachiaria spp pastures. Sheep farming has been recently developed in this region, and the number of sheep is increasing significantly. Because sheep are more susceptible than cattle to lithogenic saponins, poisoning by Brachiaria should be an important limiting factor for the sheep industry.(AU)
Um surto de fotossensibilização hepatógena é descrito em um rebanho de 28 ovinos mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Sete cordeiros e uma ovelha adulta foram afetados e seis deles morreram. Dois cordeiros com sinais clínicos e um cordeiro, aparentemente sem sinais clínicos, apresentaram elevação na atividade sérica de gama glutamil-transferase, e nos valores de bilirrubina e colesterol. Em dois animais adultos que não apresentavam sinais clínicos, esses parâmetros estavam dentro dos valores normais. Uma ovelha adulta submetida à necropsia apresentou moderada condição corporal, opacidade de córnea unilateral, focinho ressecado, moderada icterícia, padrão lobular hepático evidente e vesícula biliar acentuadamente distendida e repleta. As lesões histológicas consistiram de degeneração epitelial, necrose e hiperplasia de ductos biliares. Havia discreta quantidade de macrófagos espumosos, principalmente na região centroacinar, e tumefação e vacuolização difusas dos hepatócitos. Foram observadas imagens negativas de cristais dentro dos ductos biliares, macrófagos espumosos e lúmen de alguns túbulos renais. O coração apresentou áreas multifocais de degeneração e necrose de fibras musculares. Amostras da pastagem (B. decumbens) apresentaram 2,36 por cento de protodioscina e nenhum esporo de Pithomyces chartarum foi encontrado na pastagem. Amostras de uma pastagem vizinha semelhante (B. decumbens), que havia sido pastejada por bovinos que não desenvolveram fotossensibilização, apresentaram 1,63 por cento de protodioscina. Surtos de fotossensibilização causados por espécies de Brachiaria são comuns em bovinos no Cerrado brasileiro onde há aproximadamente 51 milhões de hectares plantados com essa gramínea. A criação de ovinos nesta região ganhou recente impulso e o número de ovinos vem aumentando significativamente. Como os ovinos são mais suscetíveis que os bovinos à intoxicação...(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Photosensitivity Disorders/diagnosis , Photosensitivity Disorders/epidemiology , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Brachiaria/adverse effects , Brachiaria/toxicity , SheepABSTRACT
An outbreak of hepatogenous photosensitization is reported in a flock of 28 sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central-Western Brazil. Seven lambs and an adult sheep were affected and 6 of them died. Two surviving affected lambs and one lamb without clinical signs had increased serum values of gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, and cholesterol. In two adult unaffected sheep those parameters were within normal values. An adult sheep submitted to necropsy presented moderate body condition, unilateral corneal opacity, drying of the muzzle, moderate jaundice, increased lobular pattern of the liver, and a distended gallbladder. Histological lesions were epithelial degeneration, necrosis, and hyperplasia of small bile ducts. Mild amounts of foamy macrophages were observed, mainly in the centroacinar zone. Diffuse swelling and vacuolation were observed in hepatocytes. Crystal negative images were found within bile ducts, foamy macrophages, and the lumen of some renal tubules. The heart showed multifocal areas of degeneration and necrosis of the muscle fibers. Pasture samples (Brachiaria decumbens) contained 2.36 percent of protodioscin. No Pithomyces chartarum spores were found in the pasture. Samples from a similar neighboring B. decumbens pasture grazed by cattle without photosensitization contained 1.63 percent of protodioscin isomers. Outbreaks of photosensitization caused by Brachiaria spp. are common in cattle in the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) with about 51 million hectares of Brachiaria spp pastures. Sheep farming has been recently developed in this region, and the number of sheep is increasing significantly. Because sheep are more susceptible than cattle to lithogenic saponins, poisoning by Brachiaria should be an important limiting factor for the sheep industry.
Um surto de fotossensibilização hepatógena é descrito em um rebanho de 28 ovinos mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Sete cordeiros e uma ovelha adulta foram afetados e seis deles morreram. Dois cordeiros com sinais clínicos e um cordeiro, aparentemente sem sinais clínicos, apresentaram elevação na atividade sérica de gama glutamil-transferase, e nos valores de bilirrubina e colesterol. Em dois animais adultos que não apresentavam sinais clínicos, esses parâmetros estavam dentro dos valores normais. Uma ovelha adulta submetida à necropsia apresentou moderada condição corporal, opacidade de córnea unilateral, focinho ressecado, moderada icterícia, padrão lobular hepático evidente e vesícula biliar acentuadamente distendida e repleta. As lesões histológicas consistiram de degeneração epitelial, necrose e hiperplasia de ductos biliares. Havia discreta quantidade de macrófagos espumosos, principalmente na região centroacinar, e tumefação e vacuolização difusas dos hepatócitos. Foram observadas imagens negativas de cristais dentro dos ductos biliares, macrófagos espumosos e lúmen de alguns túbulos renais. O coração apresentou áreas multifocais de degeneração e necrose de fibras musculares. Amostras da pastagem (B. decumbens) apresentaram 2,36 por cento de protodioscina e nenhum esporo de Pithomyces chartarum foi encontrado na pastagem. Amostras de uma pastagem vizinha semelhante (B. decumbens), que havia sido pastejada por bovinos que não desenvolveram fotossensibilização, apresentaram 1,63 por cento de protodioscina. Surtos de fotossensibilização causados por espécies de Brachiaria são comuns em bovinos no Cerrado brasileiro onde há aproximadamente 51 milhões de hectares plantados com essa gramínea. A criação de ovinos nesta região ganhou recente impulso e o número de ovinos vem aumentando significativamente. Como os ovinos são mais suscetíveis que os bovinos à intoxicação...
Subject(s)
Animals , Brachiaria/adverse effects , Brachiaria/toxicity , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Sheep , Photosensitivity Disorders/diagnosis , Photosensitivity Disorders/epidemiologySubject(s)
Bile Ducts/injuries , Bile Ducts/surgery , Endoscopy , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Humans , Iatrogenic Disease , Ligation , Prosthesis Implantation , Sphincterotomy, EndoscopicABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La presencia de un conducto hepático anómalo derecho (CHA) es un factor de riesgo de lesión quirúrgica ductal en la colecistectomía. Se han descrito distintas alternativas terapéuticas en esta lesión. Objetivo: Analizar la estrategia diagnóstica postoperatoria y las ventajas de un tratamiento combinado percutáneo y quirúrgico. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital público de referencia y nivel terciario. Diseño: Series de casos consecutivos. Población: Cuatro pacientes con lesión de un CHA sobre 4850 colecistectomizados entre marzo de 2000 y marzo de 2005. Método: Evaluación retrospectiva. Resultados: Tres pacientes tuvieron lesión de conductos anómalos de los segmentos VI y VII (dos aberrantes y uno accesorio) y el cuarto una lesión de un conducto aberrante del segmento VI. Tres enfermos presentaron una fístula biliar externa y el cuarto se operó de urgencia por sospecha de perforación visceral bloqueada. En un paciente la fístula biliar cerró espontáneamente a los dos meses; en los otros fracasó el tratamiento endoscópico y fueron operados electivamente previa contemporización biliar percutánea del sector hepático aislado. En ambos pacientes y en el operado de urgencia se reparó el conducto mediante una hepaticoyeyunostomía en Y de Roux. La media de seguimiento fue de 13.5 meses. Todos evolucionaron asintomáticos y sin colestasis. Conclusión: En la fístula biliar persistente por lesión de un CHA y fracaso endoscópico, la contemporización con un drenaje biliar percutáneo y cirugía electiva es una estrategia factible y útil en el pre, intra y postoperatorio
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Algorithms , Cholecystectomy , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/injuries , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Hepatic Duct, Common/surgery , Hepatic Duct, Common/injuries , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/abnormalities , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/surgery , Medical Errors , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Postoperative ComplicationsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La presencia de un conducto hepático anómalo derecho (CHA) es un factor de riesgo de lesión quirúrgica ductal en la colecistectomía. Se han descrito distintas alternativas terapéuticas en esta lesión. Objetivo: Analizar la estrategia diagnóstica postoperatoria y las ventajas de un tratamiento combinado percutáneo y quirúrgico. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital público de referencia y nivel terciario. Diseño: Series de casos consecutivos. Población: Cuatro pacientes con lesión de un CHA sobre 4850 colecistectomizados entre marzo de 2000 y marzo de 2005. Método: Evaluación retrospectiva. Resultados: Tres pacientes tuvieron lesión de conductos anómalos de los segmentos VI y VII (dos aberrantes y uno accesorio) y el cuarto una lesión de un conducto aberrante del segmento VI. Tres enfermos presentaron una fístula biliar externa y el cuarto se operó de urgencia por sospecha de perforación visceral bloqueada. En un paciente la fístula biliar cerró espontáneamente a los dos meses; en los otros fracasó el tratamiento endoscópico y fueron operados electivamente previa contemporización biliar percutánea del sector hepático aislado. En ambos pacientes y en el operado de urgencia se reparó el conducto mediante una hepaticoyeyunostomía en Y de Roux. La media de seguimiento fue de 13.5 meses. Todos evolucionaron asintomáticos y sin colestasis. Conclusión: En la fístula biliar persistente por lesión de un CHA y fracaso endoscópico, la contemporización con un drenaje biliar percutáneo y cirugía electiva es una estrategia factible y útil en el pre, intra y postoperatorio (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cholecystectomy/adverse effects , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/injuries , Algorithms , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/abnormalities , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/surgery , Postoperative Complications , Medical Errors , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Common Bile Duct/injuries , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Hepatic Duct, Common/injuries , Hepatic Duct, Common/surgeryABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La presencia de un conducto hepático anómalo derecho (CHA) es un factor de riesgo de lesión quirúrgica ductal en la colecistectomía. Se han descrito distintas alternativas terapéuticas en esta lesión. Objetivo: Analizar la estrategia diagnóstica postoperatoria y las ventajas de un tratamiento combinado percutáneo y quirúrgico. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital público de referencia y nivel terciario. Diseño: Series de casos consecutivos. Población: Cuatro pacientes con lesión de un CHA sobre 4850 colecistectomizados entre marzo de 2000 y marzo de 2005. Método: Evaluación retrospectiva. Resultados: Tres pacientes tuvieron lesión de conductos anómalos de los segmentos VI y VII (dos aberrantes y uno accesorio) y el cuarto una lesión de un conducto aberrante del segmento VI. Tres enfermos presentaron una fístula biliar externa y el cuarto se operó de urgencia por sospecha de perforación visceral bloqueada. En un paciente la fístula biliar cerró espontáneamente a los dos meses; en los otros fracasó el tratamiento endoscópico y fueron operados electivamente previa contemporización biliar percutánea del sector hepático aislado. En ambos pacientes y en el operado de urgencia se reparó el conducto mediante una hepaticoyeyunostomía en Y de Roux. La media de seguimiento fue de 13.5 meses. Todos evolucionaron asintomáticos y sin colestasis. Conclusión: En la fístula biliar persistente por lesión de un CHA y fracaso endoscópico, la contemporización con un drenaje biliar percutáneo y cirugía electiva es una estrategia factible y útil en el pre, intra y postoperatorio (AU)