ABSTRACT
The determination of phthalates in edible oils (virgin olive oil, olive oil, canola oil, hazelnut oil, sunflower oil, corn oil) sold in Turkish markets was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean phthalate concentrations were between 0.102 and 3.863 mg L(-1) in virgin olive oil; 0.172 and 6.486 mg L(-1) in olive oil; 0.501 and 3.651 mg L(-1) in hazelnut oil; 0.457 and 3.415 mg L(-1) in canola oil; 2.227 and 6.673 mg L(-1) in sunflower oil; and 1.585 and 6.248 mg L(-1) in corn oil. Furthermore, the influence of the types of oil and container to the phthalate migration was investigated. The highest phthalate levels were measured in sunflower oil. The lowest phthalate levels were determined in virgin olive oil and hazelnut oil. The highest phthalate levels were determined in oil samples contained in polyethylene terephthalate.
Subject(s)
Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/analysis , Endocrine Disruptors/analysis , Food Contamination , Food Packaging , Phthalic Acids/analysis , Plant Oils/chemistry , Plasticizers/analysis , Corn Oil/adverse effects , Corn Oil/chemistry , Corn Oil/economics , Corylus/chemistry , Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/adverse effects , Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/economics , Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/adverse effects , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/economics , Food Inspection , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Limit of Detection , Nuts/chemistry , Olive Oil/adverse effects , Olive Oil/chemistry , Olive Oil/economics , Olive Oil/standards , Phthalic Acids/toxicity , Plant Oils/adverse effects , Plant Oils/economics , Plasticizers/toxicity , Polyethylene Terephthalates/chemistry , Polyethylene Terephthalates/toxicity , Rapeseed Oil , Risk Assessment , Sunflower Oil , TurkeyABSTRACT
Increased demand for ethanol as a fuel additive has resulted in dramatic growth in ethanol production. Ethanol is produced from corn by either wet milling or dry-grind processing. In wet milling, the corn kernel is fractionated into different components, resulting in several coproducts. Wet-milling plants are capital intensive because of equipment requirements; they produce large volumes of ethanol and are corporate owned. In dry-grind processing, the corn kernel is not fractionated and only one coproduct, distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), is generated. Dry-grind plants require less equipment and capital than wet mills. They generate smaller volumes of ethanol, are producer owned, and add direct benefits to rural economies. Most of the increase in ethanol production during the past decade is attributed to growth in the dry-grind industry. The marketing of coproducts provides income to offset processing costs. For dry-grind plants, this is especially important, because only one coproduct is available. Several issues could affect DDGS marketing. The increasing volume of DDGS accompanying ethanol production could reduce market value; high phosphorous content could limit the use of DDGS, because of animal waste disposal issues. Water removal is a costly processing step and affects the economics of ethanol processing. Technologies to remove germ and fiber from DDGS could produce a new coproduct suitable for feeding to nonruminants; this would expand the markets for DDGS. Reducing phosphorus in DDGS would sustain markets for conventional DDGS. The development of more efficient methods of water removal would increase the efficiency of ethanol processing and reduce the costs of processing. New technologies could contribute to greater stability of dry-grind plants.
