ABSTRACT
Pain in individuals with RASopathies is a neglected topic in literature. In this article, we assessed prevalence and profile of pain in a sample of 80 individuals affected by RASopathies. The study sample included individuals with Noonan syndrome (N = 42), Costello syndrome (N = 17), and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (N = 21). A set of standardized questionnaires and scales were administered (VAS/numeric scale, r-FLACC, Wang-Baker scale, NPSI, BPI, NCCPC-R) to detect and characterize acute and chronic pain and to study the influence of pain on quality of life (PEDs-QL, SF-36) and sleeping patterns (SDSC); revision of past medical history and multisystemic evaluation was provided. Available clinical data were correlated to the presence of pain. High prevalence of acute (44%) and chronic (61%) pain was documented in the examined sample. Due to age and intellectual disability, acute pain was localized in 18/35 individuals and chronic pain in 33/49. Muscle-skeletal and abdominal pain was more frequently reported. The intensity of acute and chronic pain interfered with daily activities in 1/3 of the sample. Pain negatively impacted on QoL and sleeping patterns. This work documents that pain is highly prevalent in RASopathies. Future studies including subjective and objective measures of pain are required to discriminate a somatosensory abnormality from an abnormal elaboration of painful stimuli at a central level.
Subject(s)
Costello Syndrome/complications , Costello Syndrome/epidemiology , Ectodermal Dysplasia/complications , Ectodermal Dysplasia/epidemiology , Failure to Thrive/complications , Failure to Thrive/epidemiology , Heart Defects, Congenital/complications , Heart Defects, Congenital/epidemiology , Noonan Syndrome/complications , Noonan Syndrome/epidemiology , Pain/epidemiology , Pain/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Costello Syndrome/diagnosis , Costello Syndrome/etiology , Ectodermal Dysplasia/diagnosis , Ectodermal Dysplasia/etiology , Facies , Failure to Thrive/diagnosis , Failure to Thrive/etiology , Female , Genetic Markers , Germ-Line Mutation , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis , Heart Defects, Congenital/etiology , Humans , Infant , Male , Noonan Syndrome/diagnosis , Noonan Syndrome/etiology , Pain/diagnosis , Phenotype , Prevalence , Public Health Surveillance , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
Costello syndrome (CS) and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS) are congenital disorders involving the Ras-MAPK pathway with phenotypic overlap. These two entities are thought to share common cutaneous findings, although so far they have been poorly studied. The objective of this prospective observational study was to describe the spectrum of skin findings in CS and CFCS and to highlight those specific to each of these two diseases. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CFCS or CS underwent a systematic skin examination during the annual workshop organized by the French CS association in 2007 and 2009 in Bordeaux, France. Eighteen patients were included in the study. Specific skin abnormalities, including cutis laxa, curly hair, pruritus, and hyperhidrosis, are shared by CFCS and CS, whereas others may help to differentiate between these two syndromes. Acanthosis nigricans, papillomas, and loose thick skin of the dorsum of the hands are characteristic of CS, whereas sparse eyebrows and dry hyperkeratotic skin are suggestive of CFCS. Our results highlight that a systematic cutaneous examination, in addition to dysmorphologic and noncutaneous anomalies, may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of CFCS and CS. The physiopathologic link between constitutional Ras-MAPK pathway activation and the observed ectodermal findings remains to be investigated.
Subject(s)
Costello Syndrome/etiology , Costello Syndrome/pathology , Ectodermal Dysplasia/etiology , Ectodermal Dysplasia/pathology , Failure to Thrive/etiology , Failure to Thrive/pathology , Heart Defects, Congenital/etiology , Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology , Skin/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Costello Syndrome/metabolism , Diagnosis, Differential , Ectodermal Dysplasia/metabolism , Facies , Failure to Thrive/metabolism , Female , Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism , Humans , Infant , MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology , Male , Skin/metabolism , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Costello syndrome, a rare genetic disorder with multisystemic involvement, is caused by germline HRAS mutations. Because several different missense mutations have been reported, a severity scoring system was developed to assess a possible genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS: Records of 78 individuals with Costello syndrome were scored in early childhood, childhood, and young adulthood by a reviewer blinded to the individuals' specific mutations. These scores were based on certain medically relevant feeding, neurologic, orthopedic, endocrine, cardiac, malignancy, and mortality manifestations. Individuals' severity scores were then grouped by the particular HRAS mutation. The mixed-model approach for repeated-measures analysis of variance with unstructured within-subject correlation, pairwise comparisons, and contrast were used to determine whether the severity scores differed by mutation. RESULTS: Although the sample size was small, individuals with the p.G12A or p.G12C HRAS change were more severely affected than those with other HRAS mutations. Regardless of the mutation, severity did not increase significantly over time. CONCLUSION: Despite its limitations, including the small number of individuals with rare mutations and possibly incomplete medical records, this work providing the first quantitative assessment of phenotypic severity in a Costello syndrome cohort supports a medically relevant genotype-phenotype correlation.
