[Significance of TERT promoter mutation in differential diagnosis of non-invasive inverted urothelial lesions of bladder].

Objective: To investigate the gene mutation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter in inverted urothelial lesions of the bladder and its significance in differential diagnosis. Methods: From March 2016 to February 2022, a total of 32 patients with inverted urothelial lesions diagnosed in Department of Pathology at Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital and 24 patients at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were collected, including 7 cases of florid glandular cystitis, 13 cases of inverted urothelial papilloma, 8 cases of inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, 17 cases of low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, 5 cases of high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed for their clinical data and histopathological features. TERT promoter mutations were analyzed by Sanger sequencing in all the cases. Results: No mutations in the TERT promoter were found in the florid glandular cystitis and inverted urothelial papilloma. The mutation rates of the TERT promoter in inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low grade non-invasive inverter urothelial carcinoma, high grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma and nested subtype urothelial carcinoma were 1/8, 8/17, 2/5 and 6/6, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mutation rate of TERT promoter among inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P>0.05). All 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were found to harbor the mutation, which was significantly different from inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential and non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P<0.05). In terms of mutation pattern, 13/17 of TERT promoter mutations were C228T, 4/17 were C250T. Conclusions: The morphology combined with TERT promoter mutation detection is helpful for the differential diagnosis of bladder non-invasive inverted urothelial lesions.

Significance of TERT promoter mutation in differential diagnosis of non-invasive inverted urothelial lesions of bladder / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the gene mutation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter in inverted urothelial lesions of the bladder and its significance in differential diagnosis. Methods: From March 2016 to February 2022, a total of 32 patients with inverted urothelial lesions diagnosed in Department of Pathology at Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital and 24 patients at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were collected, including 7 cases of florid glandular cystitis, 13 cases of inverted urothelial papilloma, 8 cases of inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, 17 cases of low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, 5 cases of high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed for their clinical data and histopathological features. TERT promoter mutations were analyzed by Sanger sequencing in all the cases. Results: No mutations in the TERT promoter were found in the florid glandular cystitis and inverted urothelial papilloma. The mutation rates of the TERT promoter in inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low grade non-invasive inverter urothelial carcinoma, high grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma and nested subtype urothelial carcinoma were 1/8, 8/17, 2/5 and 6/6, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mutation rate of TERT promoter among inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P>0.05). All 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were found to harbor the mutation, which was significantly different from inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential and non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P<0.05). In terms of mutation pattern, 13/17 of TERT promoter mutations were C228T, 4/17 were C250T. Conclusions: The morphology combined with TERT promoter mutation detection is helpful for the differential diagnosis of bladder non-invasive inverted urothelial lesions.

Distribution of papG alleles among uropathogenic Escherichia coli from reproductive age women.

BACKGROUND: Extraintestinal Escherichia coli (E. coli) causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), and often referred to as uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), are a major contributor to the morbidity of UTIs and associated healthcare costs. UPEC possess several virulence factors (VFs) for infecting and injuring the host. We studied the papG allele distribution, and its association with other VF genes and phylogenetic groups, amongst 836 UPEC and fecal isolates from reproductive age women. RESULTS: The papGII gene was highly prevalent amongst pyelonephritis isolates (68%), whilst the majority, albeit smaller proportion, of cystitis isolates (31%) harboured the papGIII gene. Among the pyelonephritis and cystitis isolates, papG positive isolates on average had higher VF gene scores, and were more likely to belong to phylogenetic group B2, than their negative counterparts. This was mostly due to the contribution of papGII isolates, which on average contained more VF genes than their papGIII counterparts, irrespective of the uro-clinical syndrome. However, the papGII isolates from the pyelonephritis cohort had higher VF gene scores than the cystitis ones, suggesting presence of possible papGII clones with differing inferred virulence potential. Furthermore, papGII isolates were more likely to possess an intact pap gene operon than their papGIII counterparts. Also of note was the high proportion of isolates with the papGI allele which was not associated with other pap operon genes; and this finding has not been described before. CONCLUSIONS: The association of the papGII gene with several VF genes compared to the papGIII gene, appears to explain the abundance of these genes in pyelonephritis and cystitis isolates, respectively.

Periostin Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-induced Bladder Injury by Promoting Urothelial Stem Cell Proliferation and Macrophage Polarization.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a bladder syndrome of unclear etiology with no generally accepted treatment. Growing evidence suggest that periostin (POSTN) is an important homeostatic component in the tissue repair and regeneration in adulthood, but its function in urinary bladder regeneration is still unknown. Here we investigate whether POSTN is involved in bladder tissue repair in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced interstitial cystitis model. POSTN is primarily expressed in bladder stroma (detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria) and upregulated in response to CYP-induced injury. POSTN deficiency resulted in more severe hematuria, aggravated edema of the bladder, and delayed umbrella cell recovery. Besides, less proliferative urothelial cells (labeled by pHH3, Ki67, and EdU) and lower expression of Krt14 (a urothelial stem cell marker) were detected in POSTN-/- mice post CYP exposure, indicating a limited urothelial regeneration. Further investigations revealed that POSTN could induce Wnt4 upregulation and activate AKT signaling, which together activates ß-catenin signaling to drive urothelial stem cell proliferation. In addition, POSTN can promote resident macrophage proliferation and polarization to a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype, which favors urothelial regeneration. Furthermore, we generated injectable P-GelMA granular hydrogel as a biomaterial carrier to deliver recombinant POSTN into the bladder, which could increase urothelial stem cells number, decrease umbrella cells exfoliation, and hence alleviate hematuria in a CYP-induced interstitial cystitis model. In summary, our findings identify a pivotal role of POSTN in bladder urothelial regeneration and suggest that intravesical biomaterials-assisted POSTN delivery may be an efficacious treatment for interstitial cystitis.

Tumor protein P63 Regulated 1 contributes to inflammation and cell proliferation of cystitis glandularis through regulating the NF-кB/cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 axis.

Cystitis glandularis is characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperproliferation of bladder mucosa, and contributes to progression of bladder adenocarcinoma. TPRG1 (Tumor Protein P63 Regulated 1) is related to cellular inflammatory response, and dysregulation of TPRG1 in tumor tissues is associated with tumor early recurrence. The effect of TPRG1 on cystitis glandularis was investigated in this study. Firstly, bladder specimen were isolated from patients with cystitis glandularis and E. coli-induced cystitis rat. Expression of TPRG1 was found to be up-regulated in the bladder specimen. Moreover, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated silence of TPRG1 was delivered into rat, and data from hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining showed that injection with AAV-shTPRG1 ameliorated E. coli-induced histological changes in bladder tissues of rats, and suppressed the inflammatory response. Secondly, TPRG1 was also increased in primary cystitis glandularis cells. Knockdown of TPRG1 decreased cell proliferation of primary cystitis glandularis cells, and suppressed the migration. Thirdly, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was up-regulated in the bladder specimen isolated from patients with cystitis glandularis and E. coli-induced cystitis rat. Injection with AAV-shTPRG1 reduced protein expression of COX-2, p65 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the bladder specimen. Lastly, interference of COX-2 attenuated TPRG1 over-expression-induced increase of cell proliferation and migration in the primary cystitis glandularis cells. In conclusion, TPRG1 promoted inflammation and cell proliferation of cystitis glandularis through activation of NF-кB/COX2/PGE2 axis.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 shows to be a potential genetic target for chemical cystitis.

BACKGROUND: In the present study, we aimed to explore whether common genetic targets or signaling pathways existed in chemical cystitis. METHODS: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to search the related gene expression profiles. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using GEO2R. The DAVID 6.8 Beta and R software were used to perform Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and Gene Ontology function analysis of DEGs. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING 11.0 to reveal the potential gene interactions. The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) at the messnger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis analysis, respectively. RESULTS: The GEO database was searched, and the gene expression profiles of GSE55986 and GSE68539 were downloaded. A total of 262 DEGs and 356 DEGs were identified from GSE55986 and GSE68539, respectively. We found that the p53 signaling pathway might play a key role in the development of chemical cystitis, and Cdk1 acted as a crucial gene in the p53 signaling pathway. Moreover, the experimental results of real-time PCR and Western blot analysis analysis demonstrated that the expression of Cdk1 at the mRNA and protein levels in cystitis tissues was significantly increased in different animal models of chemical cystitis compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Cdk1 might be a potential pathogenic genetic target for chemical cystitis.

Molecular pathways underlying tissue injuries in the bladder with ketamine cystitis.

Ketamine cystitis (KC) is a chronic bladder inflammation leading to urinary urgency, frequency, and pain. The pathogenesis of KC is complicated and involves multiple tissue injuries in the bladder. Recent studies indicated that urothelium disruption, lamina propria fibrosis and inflammation, microvascular injury, neuropathological alterations, and bladder smooth muscle (BSM) abnormalities all contribute to the pathogenesis of KC. Ketamine has been shown to induce these tissue injuries by regulating different signaling pathways. Ketamine can stimulate antiproliferative factor, adenosine triphosphate, and oxidative stress to disrupt urothelium. Lamina propria fibrosis and inflammation are associated with the activation of cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase, immunoglobulin E, and transforming growth factor ß1. Ketamine contributes to microvascular injury via the N-methyl-D aspartic receptor (NMDAR), and multiple inflammatory and angiogenic factors such as tumor necrosis factor α and vascular endothelial growth factor. For BSM abnormalities, ketamine can depress the protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Cav1.2, and muscarinic receptor signaling. Elevated purinergic signaling also plays a role in BSM abnormalities. In addition, ketamine affects neuropathological alterations in the bladder by regulating NMDAR- and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent signaling. Inflammatory cells also contribute to neuropathological changes via the secretion of chemical mediators. Clarifying the role and function of these signaling underlying tissue injuries in the bladder with KC can contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and to the design of effective treatments for KC.

Bioinformatics and experimental findings reveal the therapeutic actions and targets of pachymic acid against cystitis glandularis.

Pachymic acid (PA), a bioactive ingredient isolated from Poria cocos Wolf, is reported with potential benefits of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative actions. It is reasoned that PA may play the potential benefits against cystitis glandularis (CG), an inflammation of the bladder tissue. In this study, we aimed to apply the network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses to reveal concrete anti-CG targets and mechanisms of PA, and then the bioinformatic findings were verified by using clinical and animal samples. The methodological data from network pharmacology approach showed that 303 and 243 reporting targets of CG and PA, and other 31 shared targets of CG and PA were identified. Subsequently, all top targets of PA against CG were screened out, including cyclooxygenase-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, tumor antigen p53 (TP53), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta, proto-oncogene c-jun. Molecular docking data demonstrated that PA exerted potent bonding capacities with TNF, TP53 proteins in CG. In human study, the findings suggested that overactivated TNF-α expression and suppressed TP53 activation were detected in CG samples. In animal study, PA-treated mice showed reduced intravesical IL-1, IL-6 levels, and lactate dehydrogenase content, downregulated TNF-α and upregulated TP53 proteins in bladder samples. Taken together, our bioinformatics and experimental findings identify the key anti-CG biotargets and mechanisms of PA. More markedly, these pivotal pharmacological targets of PA against CG have been screened out and verified by using computational and experimental analyses.

Smaller bladder capacity and stronger bladder contractility in patients with ketamine cystitis are associated with elevated TRPV1 and TRPV4.

Stronger contractility and smaller bladder capacity are common symptoms in ketamine cystitis (KC). This study investigates the association between expression levels of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V (TRPV) proteins and the clinical characteristics of KC. Bladder tissues were obtained from 24 patients with KC and four asymptomatic control subjects. Video urodynamic parameters were obtained before surgical procedures. The TRPV proteins were investigated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemistry. The Pearson test was used to associate the expression levels of TRPV proteins with clinical characteristics of KC. The expression level of TRPV1 and TRPV4 was significantly higher in the severe KC bladders than in mild KC or control bladders. The TRPV1 proteins were localized in all urothelial cell layers, and TRPV4 was located in the basal cells and lamina propria. The expression of TRPV1 was negatively associated with maximal bladder capacity (r = - 0.66, P = 0.01). The expression of TRPV4 was positively associated with the velocity of detrusor pressure rise to the maximum flow rate (r = 0.53, P = 0.01). These observations suggest smaller bladder capacity and stronger contractility in KC are associated with an elevated expression of TRPV1 and TRPV4, respectively.

CircTHBS1 targeting miR-211/CCND2 pathway to promote cell proliferation and migration potential in primary cystitis glandularis cells.

The pathogenesis of cystitis glandular (CG) is unclear, but it is generally considered to be a neoplastic lesion of urothelial hyperplasia formed by long-term chronic stimulation. There is growing evidence that circRNAs play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. However, there are few reports on the role and molecular mechanism of circRNA in CG. In the present study, we first isolated primary cells from CG tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Further experiments showed that CircTHBS1 was up-regulated in primary CG cells (pCGs). The results of CCK-8 showed that the overexpression of CircTHBS1 promoted the viability of pCGs, while the deletion of CircTHBS1 reduced the cell viability. Knocking out CircTHBS1 also inhibited the migration of pCGs. In addition, we demonstrated that CircTHBS1 played a role in the adsorption of miR-211 by "sponge" in pCG. In turn, miR-211 can directly target CYCLIN D2 (CCND2) 3'UTR to perform its function. Finally, we confirmed the role and mechanism of CircTHBS1/miR-211/CCND2 regulation axis in pCGs. In summary, our study is the first to reveal the role and underlying mechanism of CircTHBS1 in CG, providing a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for human CG.

Radiation cystitis modeling: A comparative study of bladder fibrosis radio-sensitivity in C57BL/6, C3H, and BALB/c mice.

A subset of patients receiving radiation therapy for pelvic cancer develop radiation cystitis, a complication characterized by mucosal cell death, inflammation, hematuria, and bladder fibrosis. Radiation cystitis can reduce bladder capacity, cause incontinence, and impair voiding function so severely that patients require surgical intervention. Factors influencing onset and severity of radiation cystitis are not fully known. We tested the hypothesis that genetic background is a contributing factor. We irradiated bladders of female C57BL/6, C3H, and BALB/c mice and evaluated urinary voiding function, bladder shape, histology, collagen composition, and distribution of collagen-producing cells. We found that the genetic background profoundly affects the severity of radiation-induced bladder fibrosis and urinary voiding dysfunction. C57BL/6 mice are most susceptible and C3H mice are most resistant. Irradiated C57BL/6 mouse bladders are misshapen and express more abundant collagen I and III proteins than irradiated C3H and BALB/c bladders. We localized Col1a1 and Col3a1 mRNAs to FSP1-negative stromal cells in the bladder lamina propria and detrusor. The number of collagen I and collagen III-producing cells can predict the average voided volume of a mouse. Collectively, we show that genetic factors confer sensitivity to radiation cystitis, establish C57BL/6 mice as a sensitive preclinical model, and identify a potential role for FSP1-negative stromal cells in radiation-induced bladder fibrosis.

Network analysis, and human and animal studies disclose the anticystitis glandularis effects of vitamin C.

BACKGROUND: Our present study aimed to unravel the therapeutic biotargets of vitamin C (VC) against cystitis glandularis (CG), and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for VC treating CG. METHODS: Network pharmacology was used to predict therapeutic targets of VC against CG, and to identify molecular mechanisms. In addition, further human and animal studies were designed to validate the bioinformatic findings through biochemical tests, computerized tomography scans, and immunostaining assays. RESULTS: In bioinformatic analyses, pathogenic targets of CG and putative targets of VC were identified, respectively. An interaction network between biological target and functional protein was produced before screening and collecting the key therapeutic targets of VC against CG, biological processes, and signaling pathways. In addition, ingenuity pathway analysis with cloud platform indicated that anti-CG mechanisms of VC were achieved through modulating a cluster of molecular pathways, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway. Meanwhile, 18 core targets of VC against CG were identified, and the most important TNF, interleukin-6 (IL6), and Jun biotargets were obtained, respectively. In further validation in human study, cellular TNF-α, IL6, and c-Jun expressions in patient's CG samples were elevated significantly, accompanied with detectable urinary tract infection. Beneficially, VC-dosed CG mice resulted in downregulated expressions of endogenous TNF-α, IL6, and c-Jun in blood and bladder samples. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these bioinformatic findings and experimentative data uncover the therapeutic targets and biological mechanisms of VC for treating CG, in which the key biomarkers of TNF-α, IL6, and c-Jun may be the potential molecules for treating CG in clinical application.

UCA1 promotes cell viability, proliferation and migration potential through UCA1/miR-204/CCND2 pathway in primary cystitis glandularis cells.

Cystitis glandularis (CG) is an unusual proliferative disorder of the urinary bladder. Increasing evidences demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in a variety of cellular progresses. However, there are rarely reports about the role and underlying molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in CG. In this study, we firstly isolated the primary cells from the tissues of CG and adjacent normal tissues, and found that UCA1 was up-regulated in the primary CG cells (pCGs). Then, we showed that knock out of UCA1 reduced the cell viability, inhibited the cell proliferation and restrained the migration potential and overexpression of UCA1 promoted that in pCGs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that UCA1 played its role via sponging of the miR-204 in pCGs. In addition, we illustrated that miR-204 exerted its function via targeting CYCLIN D2 (CCND2) 3'UTR at mRNA level in pCGs. Ultimately, we revealed the role and regulation of UCA1/miR-204/CCND2 regulatory axis in pCGs. In summary, our study, for the first time, revealed the role and underlying mechanism of an lncRNA UCA1 in CG, providing a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for human CG.

Infections in patients on BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy: cases and review of the literature.

The introduction of BCR-ABL-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) for treatment of hematologic malignancies has made a significant impact on patient outcome. Contingent upon their targeted and off-target activity, therapy-associated infectious complications may occur. We present a case of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and a case of adenovirus hemorrhagic cystitis in two patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia on BCR-ABL TKI treatment and review the literature to summarize the infectious complications based on clinical data. As life-threatening infections may occur, treating physicians should maintain a heightened awareness in patients treated with BCR-ABL TKIs. Based on the frequent reports of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation under the treatment BCR-ABL TKIs, screening for and prophylactic therapy of chronic HBV infection should be considered. Similarly, patients would benefit from screening for and treatment of latent tuberculosis.

Interleukin-6/Stat3 signaling has an essential role in the host antimicrobial response to urinary tract infection.

The signaling networks regulating antimicrobial activity during urinary tract infection (UTI) are incompletely understood. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels increase with UTI severity, but the specific contributions of IL-6 to host immunity against bacterial uropathogens are unknown. To clarify this we tested whether IL-6 activates the Stat3 transcription factor, to drive a program of antimicrobial peptide gene expression in infected urothelium during UTI. Transurethral inoculation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli led to IL-6 secretion, urothelial Stat3 phosphorylation, and activation of antimicrobial peptide transcription, in a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner in a murine model of cystitis. Recombinant IL-6 elicited Stat3 phosphorylation in primary urothelial cells in vitro, and systemic IL-6 administration promoted urothelial Stat3 phosphorylation and antimicrobial peptide expression in vivo. IL-6 deficiency led to decreased urothelial Stat3 phosphorylation and antimicrobial peptide mRNA expression following UTI, a finding mirrored by conditional Stat3 deletion. Deficiency in IL-6 or Stat3 was associated with increased formation of intracellular bacterial communities, and exogenous IL-6 reversed this phenotype in IL-6 knockout mice. Moreover, chronic IL-6 depletion led to increased renal bacterial burden and severe pyelonephritis in C3H/HeOuJ mice. Thus, IL-6/Stat3 signaling drives a transcriptional program of antimicrobial gene expression in infected urothelium, with key roles in limiting epithelial invasion and ascending infection.

Clinical significance of interleukin­6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ketamine­induced cystitis.

Ketamine is an ionotropic glutamatergic N­methyl­D­aspartate receptor antagonist, which is widely used among recreational drug abusers. Ketamine abusers exhibit substantially reduced bladder capacity, which can lead to urinary frequency. The molecular pathogenesis of ketamine­induced cystitis has been scarcely reported. Given previous clinical findings, it may be hypothesized that pathological alterations in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the urinary bladder serve a crucial role in the mechanism underlying cystitis. In the present study, two lineages of SMCs, one from differentiated foreskin­derived fibroblast­like stromal cells and the other from cultured normal aortic SMCs, were used to study ketamine­induced molecular alterations. Polymerase chain reaction was used to study the effects of ketamine on oxidative stress. The effects of adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (CTX) were also investigated. The results indicated that the expression levels of interleukin­6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were decreased, whereas collagen expression and deposition were increased in ketamine­treated SMCs. Conversely, treatment with CTX restored the expression of iNOS, which may prevent or limit oxidative damage. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ketamine may induce several molecular alterations in SMCs and these changes may be associated with the clinical symptoms observed in ketamine abusers. In addition, the specific chemotherapeutic agent CTX may reverse these ketamine­induced aberrations.

Classification of common human diseases derived from shared genetic and environmental determinants.

In this study, we used insurance claims for over one-third of the entire US population to create a subset of 128,989 families (481,657 unique individuals). We then used these data to (i) estimate the heritability and familial environmental patterns of 149 diseases and (ii) infer the genetic and environmental correlations for disease pairs from a set of 29 complex diseases. The majority (52 of 65) of our study's heritability estimates matched earlier reports, and 84 of our estimates appear to have been obtained for the first time. We used correlation matrices to compute environmental and genetic disease classifications and corresponding reliability measures. Among unexpected observations, we found that migraine, typically classified as a disease of the central nervous system, appeared to be most genetically similar to irritable bowel syndrome and most environmentally similar to cystitis and urethritis, all of which are inflammatory diseases.

BRAF mutation as a novel driver of eosinophilic cystitis.

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare manifestation of hypereosinophilia and a cause of morbidity, including dysuria and hematuria. Although some cases can be attributed to infection or allergy, most cases are assessed to be idiopathic and treated with corticosteroids. However, hypereosinophilia can also be due to actionable clonal molecular alterations in the haematopoietic cells, similar to other myeloproliferative neoplasms. Common mutations associated with eosonophilic syndromes are of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α or ß or c-kit, though other pathogenic mutations have been found by next generation sequencing. Determination of a specific mutation may therefore identify clonality and refine treatment of some cases. Here we review the molecular features of eosinophilic disorders. We also describe the use of a liquid biopsy of circulating cell-free DNA in the workup of a case of eosinophilic cystitis in which next generation sequencing of cell-free DNA showed a BRAF I463T mutation. In silico modeling supports the functional impact and potential clinical relevance of BRAF I463T.

Identification and Validation of Gene Expression Patterns in Cystitis Glandularis Patients and Controls.

Our aim was to investigate differences in gene expression in bladder tissues between cystitis glandularis (CG) patients and healthy controls. Subsequent RNA was isolated from urinary bladder samples from CG patients and healthy controls, followed by RNA sequencing analysis. There were 4263 differentially expressed genes in urinary bladder between CG patients and controls, and 8 genes were verified with real-time PCR, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that 25 signaling pathways were upregulated in CG patients, and 17 signaling pathways were found upregulated in healthy controls. The mRNA expression levels of the indicated genes, including CCND1, CCNA1, EGFR, AR, CX3CL1, CXCL6, and CXCL1, were significantly increased in urinary bladder from CG and bladder cancer (BC) patients compared with healthy controls, while TP53 was decreased. CX3CL1, CXCL6, and CXCL1 concentrations in peripheral blood from CG and BC patients were significantly increased compared with healthy controls. The protein expression levels of CCND1, EGFR, and AR were significantly increased in urinary bladder from CG and BC patients compared with healthy controls. In conclusion, the gene expression profile of CG patients has established a foundation to study the gene mechanism of CG and BC progression.

Novel evidences of atypical manifestations in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.

OBJECTIVES: Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) usually start during infancy as an urticarial-like rash and a marked acute phase response, with additional manifestations appearing during its evolution. The aim of this study was to expand the clinical diversity of CAPS by the description of novel atypical features. METHODS: Clinical data were collected from patients' medical charts. Sanger sequencing analyzed NLRP3. Response to anti-IL-1 blockade was evaluated by clinical assessments and by measurements of laboratory parameters. RESULTS: Seventeen patients from two families (A and B), carrying the p.Ala439Thr and p.Arg260Trp NLRP3 mutations respectively, were enrolled. The disease was unexpectedly atypical in all members of Family A, with a 16-year-old asymptomatic carrier, and onset in adulthood associated with absence of skin lesions in four affected members. Surprisingly, one patient from each family suffered from severe haemorrhagic cystitis due to AA amyloidosis in the urinary bladder. Members of Family B displayed a classical phenotype, with two patients suffering from olfactive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Our evidence suggests that CAPS may occasionally be presented as a late-onset, recurrent inflammatory disease without urticarial-like rash. In some patients, AA amyloidosis in strange locations like urinary bladder may complicate the clinical course. The response to IL-1 blockade in these atypical CAPS was similar to that described in classical forms. Consequently, we suggest that CAPS should be included in the differential diagnosis of adult patients with unexplained, recurrent inflammatory diseases, and once confirmed, the early initiation of anti-IL-1 blockade will probably prevent the development of life-threatening complications.